Barron Hilton
Hilton in 2007
Born
William Barron Hilton

(1927-10-23)October 23, 1927
Dallas, Texas, U.S.
DiedSeptember 19, 2019(2019-09-19) (aged 91)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Alma materUniversity of Southern California Aeronautical School
Occupations
Spouse
Marilyn June Hawley
​
​
(m. 1947; died 2004)​
Children8, including Richard
Parent
RelativesHilton family
Signature

William Barron Hilton (October 23, 1927 – September 19, 2019) was an American business magnate, philanthropist and sportsman. The second son and successor of hotelier Conrad Hilton, he was the chairman, president and chief executive officer of Hilton Hotels Corporation and chairman emeritus of the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation. Hilton, a notable pilot and outdoorsman, was also a founder of the American Football League as the original owner of the Los Angeles Chargers, and helped forge the merger with the National Football League that created the Super Bowl. Like his father before him, he pledged 97 percent of his wealth to the humanitarian work of the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation.[1] At the time, the gift was projected to increase the foundation's endowment from $2.9 billion to $6.3 billion,[2] and will make his estate the organization's most significant donor.[3]

Early life

Hilton was born in Dallas, Texas, to Mary Adelaide (née Barron) and Conrad Nicholson Hilton, founder of Hilton Hotels. Hilton grew up with three siblings, Conrad Nicholson Hilton, Jr., Eric Michael Hilton, and Constance Francesca Hilton. His father was of Norwegian and German descent and from New Mexico while his mother was from Kentucky.[4]

He served in the Navy during World War II as a photographer. As a child, Hilton was fascinated by aviation, and learned to fly when he was 17. After his wartime discharge, he attended the University of Southern California Aeronautical School, where he earned his twin-engine rating at age 19.[5]

Early career, Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers

Before joining his father in the hotel industry, Barron Hilton honed his business skills in a variety of entrepreneurial ventures. He acquired the Los Angeles-area distributorship of Vita-Pakt Citrus Products, co-founded MacDonald Oil Company, and founded Air Finance Corporation, one of the nation's first aircraft leasing businesses. In 1954, Barron was elected vice president of Hilton Hotels, running the company's franchise operations and creating the Carte Blanche credit card as a service to the company's customers.[6]

In 1959, Lamar Hunt offered Hilton the Los Angeles franchise in the new American Football League (AFL). Hilton named his team the Chargers, but denied that he did it to create synergy with his new credit card business. A fan had nominated the name in a contest, and Hilton selected it because of the bugle call and "Charge!" cheer that was often sounded during USC football games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The Chargers began playing at the Coliseum in 1960, but in spite of winning the Western Division, the club found it difficult to compete for fans with the Rams of the National Football League (NFL) in their own stadium. Hilton moved the team to San Diego in time for the 1961 season and played in tiny Balboa Stadium, which the city had expanded to 30,000 seats.[7]

Hilton began working with the local newspapers to engender support for construction of a state-of-the-art stadium. Encouraged by San Diego Union sports editor Jack Murphy, among others, a referendum was passed in 1965, and the Chargers began play in the new San Diego Stadium in 1967. With the availability of a new stadium, the city received a baseball expansion franchise from the National League, and the San Diego Padres began play in 1969.[7]

Hilton also served as AFL president in 1965, and helped forge the merger between the AFL and the NFL, announced in 1966, which created the Super Bowl. In all, the Chargers won five divisional titles, and one AFL Championship, during Hilton's six years at the helm of the club. In 1966, directors of Hilton Hotels Corporation asked Hilton to succeed his father as president and chief executive officer of the company, provided that he drop his football responsibilities. He sold his majority interest in the team for $10 million—a record for any professional sports franchise at the time—after an initial investment in a franchise fee of just $25,000.[7]

With the death of the Bills' Ralph Wilson in 2014, Hilton became the last surviving member of the Foolish Club—the nickname the original AFL owners gave each other, as they absorbed the start-up expenses and player salaries necessary to compete with the established NFL.[8]

Hilton Hotels

Once charged with the responsibility for Hilton Hotels Corporation, Barron Hilton soon showed his father's genius for cost controls and real estate deals. In 1970, he convinced the board to expand into Las Vegas by purchasing the International and the Flamingo from financier Kirk Kerkorian. Hilton Hotels thus became the first company listed on the New York Stock Exchange to venture into the gaming market. Renamed the Las Vegas Hilton and the Flamingo Hilton, the two resorts tapped a new source of income from gambling in a state where it had been legal since 1931. Barron could also see that Las Vegas would become a leading convention destination, capitalizing on the company's strength in that important market segment.[9]

Hilton personally introduced two innovations that have become standard features of casinos everywhere. Calling on his background in photography, he installed video cameras throughout the casinos to replace the "eye in the sky" system of observers peering through two-way mirrors in the ceiling.[10]

Las Vegas would also become the self-proclaimed "Entertainment Capital of the World". Of all the headliners to perform at the Hilton or the Flamingo, the most successful and spectacular were certainly Liberace and Elvis Presley. After a decade in the movies, Elvis Presley again began performing in front of live audiences in 1969 at the opening of the International (a few years later renamed the Las Vegas Hilton). He went on to star at the Las Vegas Hilton two months a year—performing two shows a night, seven nights a week—until shortly before his death in 1977. Presley set a world entertainment record at the Las Vegas Hilton for selling out 837 consecutive concerts.

Having played Las Vegas since 1944,[11] Liberace had created the resident entertainer model on the Las Vegas Strip the year before he befriended Elvis at Presley's first, and less-than-successful foray on the Strip in 1956.[12] Liberace was signed by Hilton to the same showroom as Presley beginning in 1972, for an unprecedented $300,000 per week. Barron Hilton was a major influence in pushing Liberace to always outperform his previous shows, with more and more of the entertainer's famous brand of showmanship. True to form, Liberace played his last show at the Las Vegas Hilton in 1980, arriving on stage in a classic car, and closing by flying off stage in a 110 lbs. crystal and ostrich feather cape.[13]

The company's expansion into Nevada had an immediate impact on its net income. By 1972, the two resorts contributed 45 percent of the company's income (before interest income, interest expense, write down of investments and sales of properties), nearly matching the income from the other 160 Hilton hotels in the United States.[14]

On the hotel front, in 1975 Hilton sold a 50 percent interest in six of the company's largest hotels to Prudential Insurance Company for $83 million. He took a leaseback to manage the properties, collecting lucrative management fees and a percentage of their gross profits. Perhaps more importantly, the sale proved that these hotels were worth double their book value, demonstrating the underlying value of the company's real estate holdings.[15] The transaction also enhanced the value of the stock held by every HHC shareholder. Hilton used the proceeds to pay down high interest debt, and repurchase 20 percent of the company's stock—all at market rate—which was still trading well below the company's book value.[16]

Hilton continued to expand the domestic hotel chain through franchising and the selective acquisition of management contracts and hotels in emerging markets. In 1977, he completed a hotel purchase that his father had initiated 28 years earlier. When Conrad Hilton bought the Waldorf-Astoria in 1949, he actually bought the hotel's operating company and its 30-year lease to run the hotel. The building, and the land under it, were still owned by the realty arm of the Penn Central Railroad. Knowing that the lease would expire in 1979, Hilton deftly negotiated to buy the hotel and real estate from the railroad. The landmark property, whose current value is estimated around $1 billion, was purchased by Hilton for just $35 million.[17]

As competitors aggressively spread across the U.S. in the '80s, Barron held his own by rehabbing his own hotels and increasing revenues in Las Vegas. Through a series of massive additions to the Flamingo Hilton and the Las Vegas Hilton, the company nearly tripled its rooms in Las Vegas by 1990, from 2,277 to 6,703. He also launched Conrad International in the '80s,[18] and Hilton Garden Inn in the '90s.[19]

In contrast to his gamble on gaming, Hilton earned a reputation as a financial conservative. After seeing his father struggle to overcome the effects of the Great Depression and World War II, he maintained the strongest balance sheet in the industry. Throughout his 30 years as CEO, he carried a low debt-to-capital ratio and a high credit rating, enabling him to gobble up such properties as Bally's Reno (formerly the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino-Reno). The 2,000-room resort was opened in 1978 for $230 million, and purchased by Hilton in 1992 for $88 million. With strong cash flow and plenty of liquid investments on hand, he was able to weather the inevitable recessions and business interruptions that struck the industry from the mid-'60s to the mid-'90s.[20]

Hilton continued as chairman of the board through the next decade as his hand-picked successor, Steve Bollenbach, dramatically expanded the company through a series of mergers and acquisitions. The advent of friendly capital markets in the late '90s enabled him to acquire such brands as Embassy Suites, Doubletree, Hampton Inn, Homewood Suites, Bally's and Caesars.[21] Then, in 2005, he reacquired Hilton International, 38 years after it had been sold to TWA. With the company now strategically complete, Bollenbach spun off the gaming business, which merged with Harrah's in 2005 and was renamed Caesars Entertainment.[22]

In 2007, private equity firm The Blackstone Group purchased Hilton Hotels Corporation, consisting of 2,800 hotels with 480,000 rooms in 76 countries and territories. Blackstone paid $47.50 per share, a 32 percent premium over the July 2 closing price. The $26 billion, all-cash transaction included $7.5 billion of debt.[23]

Host Hotels & Resorts veteran Chris Nassetta was hired to manage the company, which was renamed Hilton Worldwide, Inc. and is now known as Hilton, Inc. Now celebrating the 100th year since Conrad Hilton purchased his first hotel, the company has expanded to include 17 brands, 5,800 hotels, and 939,000 rooms in 114 countries of the world.[24]

Hilton family fortune

In 1979, Barron Hilton's father, Conrad Hilton, died at age 91. He left 13.5 million shares of Hilton Hotels Corporation stock—97 percent of his estate—to the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation, a humanitarian charity which he had established in 1944.

In his will, Conrad also gave Barron the right to purchase those shares in order to maintain family control of the company, but the foundation challenged the option in probate court. It took an entire decade to resolve the issue. Hilton's right to exercise his option was upheld in an appeals court ruling in March 1988, giving him voting power over roughly 34 percent of the company's outstanding shares. Conrad's bequest of stock was worth $160 million when he died in 1979. Thanks to his son's successful management of the Hilton Hotels Corporation, those shares were worth $654 million when the settlement was reached late in 1988. In a press statement issued after the favorable ruling, Hilton said it gave him "the opportunity to structure an arrangement whereby my father's two objectives, retaining control of the stock in family hands, and benefiting charity through the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation, can both be achieved. I am confident that my father would be pleased with this accord."[25]

The settlement was finalized in 1989. Neither Hilton, nor the foundation, had to actually pay for the shares; they split them instead. Hilton received 4 million shares, the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation received 3.5 million shares, and the remaining 6 million shares were placed in the W. Barron Hilton Charitable remainder unitrust, of which Barron was the executor. He received 60 percent of the unitrust income, and the foundation 40 percent, during his lifetime, then the fund would transfer to the foundation.[26]

On December 25, 2007, Hilton announced that he would follow in his father's footsteps by leaving about 97 percent of his estate, estimated at that time to be $2.3 billion, to the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation.[27][28] Included was an immediate pledge of $1.2 billion, the proceeds of the sale of Hilton Hotels Corporation and Harrah's Entertainment Inc., which was placed in a charitable remainder unitrust that would be transferred to the foundation upon Hilton's death at whatever value the trust was worth at that time.[27][29] The remainder of the funds that constitute Hilton's pledge of 97 percent of his estate will come from his personal assets, which were estimated at $1.1 billion at the time.[30]

Conrad N. Hilton Foundation

Throughout his career, Conrad Hilton supported a variety of causes, particularly those involving the nuns that had helped educate him in his native New Mexico. He established the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation in 1944, and made a total of $7.6 million of gifts before his death.[31]

In his last will and testament, Conrad left general guidance for the use of his endowment. He wrote: "There is a natural law, a Divine law, that obliges you and me to relieve the suffering, the distressed and the destitute. Charity is a supreme virtue, and the great channel through which the mercy of God is passed on to mankind. It is the virtue that unites men and inspires their noblest efforts. 'Love one another, for that is the whole law;' so our fellow men deserve to be loved and encouraged—never abandoned to wander alone in poverty and darkness. The practice of charity will bind us—will bind all men in one great brotherhood. As the funds you will expend have come from many places in the world, so let there be no territorial, religious, or color restrictions on your benefactions, but beware of organized, professional charities with high-salaried executives and a heavy ratio of expense. Be ever watchful for the opportunity to shelter little children with the umbrella of your charity; be generous to their schools, their hospitals and their places of worship. For, as they must bear the burdens of our mistakes, so are they in their innocence the repositories of our hopes for the upward progress of humanity. Give aid to their protectors and defenders, the Sisters, who devote their love and life's work for the good of mankind, for they appeal especially to me as being deserving of help from the Foundation."[32]

Aviation career

Hilton was born the year Charles Lindbergh flew the Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic. When he was 7 or 8 years old, he would ride his bike to Love Field in Dallas to watch the exotic planes of the day take off and land. He promised himself that he would one day learn to fly. He took private flying lessons at a field on the north shore of Oahu during his time in the Navy, and got his pilot's license at age 17.[33]

In addition to his single-engine and multi-engine ratings, Hilton eventually earned glider, lighter than air (balloons) and helicopter ratings as well. He maintained a small fleet of aircraft at his Flying M Ranch east of the sierras in northern Nevada that includes sailplanes, tow planes, aerobatic aircraft, hot air balloons and classic, restored biplanes.[33] He flew them all until he retired from the cockpit in 2012 at age 84.[34]

In the '90s, he boldly backed the first attempts to capture one of the last great milestones in aviation—flying non-stop around the world in a balloon—with the Earthwinds Hilton and Global Hilton campaigns. While falling short of the ultimate goal, Hilton is credited with inspiring the efforts of those who achieved the feat. Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones were the first to make a trans-global flight in 1999; Steve Fossett became the first to complete the flight solo in 2002.[33]

From 1980 to 2009, he also hosted the Barron Hilton Cup, a unique, worldwide glider competition. Pilots who flew the longest triangular flights during each two-year period in six regions of the world earned participation in a weeklong soaring camp at his Flying M Ranch. Co-founder Helmut Reichmann, Germany's three-time world soaring champion, devised a handicap system that enabled pilots flying older gliders to compete with elite pilots in high-performance aircraft of the latest design. Once at the Flying M, they flew recreationally alongside world champions and celebrities invited to attend by Hilton. Beginning in 1996 with its predecessors, the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Co., EADS, had served as a partner in the event.[33]

Over the years, a number of notable pilots regularly joined Hilton for weekends at the Flying M. They include entertainers John Denver and Cliff Robertson; astronauts Neil Armstrong, Gene Cernan, Bill Anders, and Ulf Merbold; and test pilots and record-holders: Chuck Yeager, Johnny Myers, Clay Lacy, Bruno GanTenbrink, Bob Hoover, Carroll Shelby, Sully Sullenberger, and air, sea and land adventurer, Steve Fossett.[33]

On Labor Day, 2007, Fossett took off from the Flying M Ranch and never returned, perishing in a crash in the Sierras. In spite of an intensive search, the wreckage wasn't discovered until the following spring. The National Transportation Safety Board determined the probable cause(s) of this accident to be "the pilot's inadvertent encounter with downdrafts that exceeded the climb capability of the airplane. Contributing to the accident were the downdrafts, high density altitude, and mountainous terrain." Examination of the airframe and engine revealed no evidence of any malfunctions or failures that would have prevented normal operation.[35]

The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum honored Hilton in 2010 by christening the Barron Hilton Pioneers of Flight Gallery. The redesigned exhibit recognizes aviators like Lindbergh, Amelia Earhart and the Tuskegee Airmen. The gallery includes an early childhood education component funded by the Hilton Foundation to help youngsters catch the same enthusiasm for aviation that he discovered as a child when Lindbergh and Earhart were making headlines.[36]

In 2012, Barron was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[37]

For his lifelong support of aviation, Hilton received the prestigious FAI Gold Air Medal from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale in 2009, the same award bestowed upon some of his closest friends and personal heroes, like Yeager, Armstrong, Cernan, Jones, Fossett, and Lindbergh himself.[38]

In 2012, Hilton was also inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame in San Diego, and was hailed as the "patron saint of sport aviation."[39]

Personal life

In 1947, Barron Hilton married Marilyn June Hawley; they remained married until she died in 2004. They had eight children: William Barron Hilton, Jr.; Hawley Anne Hilton; Stephen Michael Hilton; David Alan Hilton; Sharon Constance Hilton; Richard Howard Hilton; Daniel Kevin Hilton; and Ronald Jeffrey Hilton; William Barron Hilton, Jr. was born in 1948 and Ronald Jeffrey Hilton was born in 1963. Barron Hilton had 15 grandchildren, including Richard Hilton's daughters Paris Hilton and Nicky Hilton Rothschild, and four great-grandchildren.

His primary residence in Holmby Hills was the Jay Paley House, originally designed in the 1930s for Jay Paley[40] by architect Paul Williams. It was used as the 'Colby mansion' in exterior scenes for The Colbys television series.[41] He also maintained a permanent suite in New York's Waldorf, and a 475,000-acre ranch called Flying M stretching across Nevada & California state lines. The ranch included an airport and a two-hole putting green.[42]

Hilton died at his home in Los Angeles on September 19, 2019.[8][43]

Other

Hilton was a member of a duck club on Venice Island in the Sacramento – San Joaquin River Delta near Stockton in Northern California. Every year he put on a large Fourth of July fireworks display, attracting thousands of boaters to watch it.[44] Hilton and several friends purchased the Flying-M Ranch in Lyon County, Nevada in the mid-1960s, and he bought the others out in 1972.[45]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Barron Hilton to Donate 97% of Estate to Hilton Foundation". Planned Giving Design Center, LLC. December 26, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
  2. ↑ Haggerty, James R., "Hilton Founder's Son Sought His Own Path," Wall Street Journal, 2019-9-21, p. A6
  3. ↑ Foundation 818.851.3700, Conrad N. Hilton. "Conrad N. Hilton Foundation Announces the Death of Barron Hilton". Conrad N. Hilton Foundation. Retrieved September 23, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ "Ancestry of Paris Hilton". Wargs.com (blog). Archived from the original on June 5, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  5. ↑ Robertson, Cliff (June 2006). "Smashing Stereotypes". Airport Journals. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
  6. ↑ "Hospitality Hall of Honor – Inductees – Barron Hilton". University of Houston. Archived from the original on March 26, 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 Dwyre, Bill (November 30, 2009). "Barron Hilton's Chargers turned short stay into long-term success". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
  8. 1 2 Goldstein, Richard (September 20, 2019). "Barron Hilton, Hotel Magnate and Founding A.F.L. Owner, Dies at 91". The New York Times. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  9. ↑ Hilton Hotels Corporation, 1970 Annual Report, pp. 12–16
  10. ↑ Majors, Bob (September 7, 2008). "Old School – Las Vegas Then/Las Vegas Now as perceived by Bob Majors – Bob Majors – Sample Weblogs". Pregame.com. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  11. ↑ Who The Hell Is Liberace? https://vocal.media/beat/who-the-hell-is-liberace
  12. ↑ Liberace on David Letterman 1983: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0SYcwsVkAg&t=279s
  13. ↑ "The 25 greatest headliners in Las Vegas history". Las Vegas Weekly. December 13, 2012. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  14. ↑ Hilton Hotels Corporation, 1973 Annual Report, p. 2
  15. ↑ Hilton Hotels Corporation, 1976 Annual Report, p. 5
  16. ↑ Hilton Hotels Corporation, 1975 Annual Report, p. 4
  17. ↑ Hilton Hotels Corporation, 1976 Annual Report, p. 3
  18. ↑ Hilton Hotels Corporation, 1990 Annual Report, p. 7
  19. ↑ Hilton Hotels Corporation, 1996 Annual Report, p. 5
  20. ↑ Hilton Hotels Corporation 1992 Annual Report, pp. 3–4
  21. ↑ Hilton Hotels Corporation, 1999 Annual Report, p. 2
  22. ↑ "Caesars and Harrah's To Merge". WebProNews.com. March 11, 2005. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  23. ↑ "Hilton Hotels Corporation to be Acquired by Blackstone Investments Funds". Blackstone.com. July 3, 2007. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  24. ↑ "Hilton Brands | Global Hospitality Company". Archived from the original on September 3, 2019. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  25. ↑ Delugach, Al (November 26, 1988). "Barron Hilton Wins Battle for Chain : Settlement of Lengthy Dispute Gives Hotelier Effective Control". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
  26. ↑ Delugach, Al (May 12, 1989). "Hilton Open to Offers but No Deal Pending, CEO Says". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
  27. 1 2 "Barron Hilton to Donate 97% of Estate to Hilton Foundation". Planned Giving Design Center, LLC. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
  28. ↑ "Hilton fortune to go to charity". BBC News. December 27, 2007. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
  29. ↑ Yu, Roger (December 27, 2007). "Hilton to donate bulk of fortune to foundation". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 30, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
  30. ↑ Olson, Elizabeth (December 30, 2007). "A Hilton in the News (and It's Not Paris)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  31. ↑ "History". Hiltonfoundation.org. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  32. ↑ Archived May 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 Archived June 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  34. ↑ Freeze, Di (2013). In the Cockpit with Barron Hilton. p. xv. ISBN 978-0985810368.
  35. ↑ Archived December 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  36. ↑ ""Barron Hilton Pioneers of Flight Gallery" Opens Nov. 19 | Newsdesk". Newsdesk.si.edu. November 16, 2010. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  37. ↑ Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4.
  38. ↑ "General Awards". Fai.org. July 5, 2011. Archived from the original on April 20, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  39. ↑ "San Diego Air & Space Museum – Balboa Park, San Diego". Sandiegoairandspace.org. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  40. ↑ "Jay Paley Residence", Paul Revere Williams Project Gallery, 2010, archived from the original on May 3, 2010, retrieved March 3, 2010
  41. ↑ McClain, James (August 5, 2019). "Nine of L.A.'s Most Lavish Unknown Estates". DIRT. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  42. ↑ Lester, Peter (September 28, 1981). "When This Hotel Barron Says He's Staying at the Hilton, That Means He'll Be at Home". People. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
  43. ↑ Karimi, Faith (September 21, 2019). "Barron Hilton, whose empire included hotels and an NFL team, dies at 91". CNN. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  44. ↑ "Barron Hilton key to AFL-NFL merger". San Diego Union-Tribune. October 6, 2014. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  45. ↑ Freeze, Di (2013). "In the Cockpit with Barron Hilton". Freeze Time Media, p. 18
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