Western Stars
Studio album by
Bruce Springsteen
ReleasedJune 14, 2019 (2019-06-14)
Recorded2010, 2014, 2018–2019[1]
StudioStone Hill, Colts Neck, New Jersey; Ocean Studios, Burbank, California; Very Loud House, Woodland Hills, California; Avatar, New York City; Sage and Sound, Hollywood, California
Genre
Length51:00
LabelColumbia
ProducerRon Aniello, Bruce Springsteen
Bruce Springsteen chronology
Springsteen on Broadway
(2018)		 Western Stars
(2019)		 Letter to You
(2020)
Singles from Western Stars
  1. "Hello Sunshine"
    Released: April 26, 2019
  2. "There Goes My Miracle"
    Released: May 17, 2019
  3. "Tucson Train"
    Released: May 30, 2019
  4. "Western Stars"
    Released: June 14, 2019

Western Stars is the nineteenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen, released on June 14, 2019, by Columbia Records. It was produced by Ron Aniello, who worked with Springsteen on his two previous albums: Wrecking Ball (2012) and High Hopes (2014).

The album was a chart success in the United States—where it became Springsteen's 20th top-10 album—and abroad. It was also met with widespread acclaim from critics, who found the music elegiac and evocative of the American West.

A full performance of the album was filmed and released by Warner Bros. Pictures. The soundtrack of this movie (Western Stars – Songs from the Film) has an almost identical track list and was released in September 2019.

Background

Springsteen stated in April 2019 that the album was influenced by "Southern California pop music" of the 1970s, including artists such as Glen Campbell and Burt Bacharach. Upon announcing the album in April 2019, he called it "a return to my solo recordings featuring character-driven songs and sweeping, cinematic orchestral arrangements", with a press release characterizing it as about a "range of American themes, of highways and desert spaces, of isolation and community and the permanence of home and hope".[6]

Marketing

"Hello Sunshine" was released on April 26, 2019, as the album's lead single, along with a music video.[7] "There Goes My Miracle" was released as the album's second single on May 17.[8][9] The album's third single, "Tucson Train", was released on May 30, along with a music video directed by Thom Zimny.[10] A music video for the album's fourth single, "Western Stars", also directed by Zimny, was released on June 14. A limited edition 7" vinyl double A-side single, featuring "Western Stars" and "The Wayfarer", was released on Black Friday Record Store Day on November 29, 2019.[11]

Western Stars was released by Columbia on June 14, 2019.[12] The following week, it debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 with 66,000 album-equivalent units sold, of which 62,000 were pure album sales. It is Springsteen's 20th US top 10 album.[13]

A documentary film, which marked Springsteen's directorial debut and features a full performance of the album, premiered at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival in September 2019, with a wide theatrical release in October 2019 along with an accompanying soundtrack for the film.[14] Springsteen did not tour for the album and announced that he would shift focus towards recording a new studio album with the E Street Band in the fall of 2019.[15][16]

Critical reception

Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
SourceRating
AnyDecentMusic?8.0/10[17]
Metacritic84/100[18]
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[19]
The A.V. ClubB−[20]
Entertainment WeeklyA−[21]
The Guardian[22]
The Independent[23]
The Irish Times[24]
NME[25]
Pitchfork7.8/10[26]
Q[27]
Rolling Stone[28]

Western Stars was met with widespread critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews and ratings from selected mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 84, based on 31 reviews.[29]

Reviewing for Rolling Stone in May 2019, Will Hermes said that, while several songs "straddle the classic and the cliché", the album's music "evokes country-tinged California pop from the Sixties and Seventies, sounding like nothing [Springsteen]'s done before".[28] In Entertainment Weekly, Maura Johnston applauded Springsteen for "transforming the enormous into the intimate" on the album,[21] while The Independent's Mark Beaumont said the "sumptuous, cinematic album is nothing short of a late-period masterpiece" for the musician.[23] Writing for NME, Thomas Smith regarded Western Stars as "majestic in its scale, but traditional in its subject matter and narratives … a wonderful thing."[25] Pat Carty in Hot Press described the album as a "heartbreaking yet life-affirmingly beautiful record - both elegiac and warm, a trick few others, if any, could pull off."[30] Sam Sodomsky from Pitchfork said, "Springsteen returns with elegiac and wise songwriting conjuring the golden expanse of the American West; it’s his best studio album in years."[26] In the opinion of AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine, "This isn't a piece of nostalgia on Springsteen's part, though. These references deepen a collection of songs that are sweet, sad, and searching, songs that feel finely etched on their own terms but gather a deep, lasting resonance when collected on this enchanting album."[19] The songs were also regarded by Alexis Petridis as "strong enough to withstand the treatment" and rarely reducing themselves to pastiches of "the grownup American pop of Glen Campbell's collaborations with Jimmy Webb or Harry Nilsson's [recordings] of 'Everybody's Talkin'' and 'I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City'." Writing in The Guardian, Petridis hoped Springsteen will "take more stylistic detours in the future", as "it adds up to an album that manages to be both unexpected and of a piece with its author’s back catalogue."[22]

Some reviewers had reservations about the album. In his "Consumer Guide" column, Robert Christgau deemed it a worthy effort and cited its highlights as "Tucson Train" and "Moonlight Motel". However, he believed Springsteen was trying to put across the message that "America used to be better", which the critic said brings to question in what manner will fans receive the musician's nostalgia for America's past: "How many of his faithful will blame it on the rich and how many on the young?"[31] Ludovic Hunter-Tilney issued different complaints in his review for the Financial Times, being especially critical of the record's roots rock and orchestral pop setting. "The combination of twanging western rock and orchestra has a confected, forced feel", he said, adding that "the effect is intended to dignify the lives of the hard-bitten individuals in his lyrics, but instead it sounds like they are being smothered by overbearing string and horn arrangements."[4]

Track listing

All tracks are written by Bruce Springsteen

Western Stars track listing
No.TitleLength
1."Hitch Hikin'"3:37
2."The Wayfarer"4:18
3."Tucson Train"3:31
4."Western Stars"4:41
5."Sleepy Joe's Café"3:14
6."Drive Fast (The Stuntman)"4:16
7."Chasin' Wild Horses"5:03
8."Sundown"3:17
9."Somewhere North of Nashville"1:52
10."Stones"4:44
11."There Goes My Miracle"4:05
12."Hello Sunshine"3:56
13."Moonlight Motel"4:16
Total length:51:00

The film version has the same track list, with the addition of the cover song "Rhinestone Cowboy".

Personnel

Musicians

  • Bruce Springsteen – vocals, acoustic guitar, glockenspiel, synth strings, banjo, percussion, electric guitar, B3, piano, orchestral samples, celeste, organ solo, 12-string guitar, Mellotron
  • Patti Scialfa – vocals (tracks 2, 8, 9, 11), vocal arrangement (tracks 2, 8, 9, 11)
  • Ron Aniello – upright bass, piano, electric guitar, percussion, vibraphone, bass guitar, synth strings, orchestral samples, acoustic guitar, drums, B3, celeste, loops, synth, background vocal
  • Charlie Giordano – accordion (track 5), piano (track 9)
  • David Sancious – piano (track 2), B3 (track 6)
  • Matt Rollings – piano (tracks 3, 4, 8, 13)
  • Jon Brion – drums (track 13), timpani (tracks 10, 11), electric guitar (track 4), Moog (track 4, 5, 11), Farfisa (track 5), celeste (track 13)
  • Gunnar Olsen – drums (tracks 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11)
  • Matt Chamberlain – drums (track 2, 4, 12)
  • Marc Muller – lap steel (track 4), pedal steel (tracks 6, 7, 12)
  • Rob Lebret – electric guitar (track 4), baritone guitar (track 4)
  • Marty Rifkin – pedal steel (track 9)
  • Greg Leisz – pedal steel (track 13)
  • Lenny Castro – conga (tracks 4, 5), tambourine (tracks 4, 11), shaker (tracks 5, 11)
  • Toby Scott – loop (track 3), programming (track 3)
  • Soozie Tyrell – background vocal (tracks 2, 8, 9), violin (track 9)
  • Michelle Moore – background vocal (tracks 4, 11)
  • Curtis King – background vocal (track 4)
  • Cindy Mizelle – background vocals (track 4)
  • Matthew Koma – background vocal (track 11)
  • Curt Ramm – trumpet (tracks 2–5, 8, 11), flugelhorn (track 2)
  • Barry Danielian – trumpet (tracks 3–5, 7, 8, 11)
  • Clark Gayton – trombone (tracks 5, 8, 11)
  • Dan Levine – trombone (tracks 3, 4)
  • Ed Manion – saxophone (track 5)
  • Rachel Drehmann – French horn (tracks 2–4, 7, 10)
  • Leelanee Sterrett – French horn (tracks 2–4, 7, 10)
  • Alden Banta – bassoon (tracks 3, 4)
  • Andrew Sterman – alto flute (tracks 3, 4)
  • Charles Pillow – oboe (tracks 3, 4)
  • Luis Villalobos – violin (track 6, 10)
  • Avatar Strings (tracks 1, 7, 8, 10, 12):
    • Rob Mathes – conductor, arranger
    • Sandy Park – contractor
    • Lisa Kim (concertmaster), Hyunju Lee, Joanna Maurer, Sharon Yamada, Annaliesa Place, Suzanne Ornstein, Liz Lim, Jung Sun Yoo, Emily Popham – violins
    • Robert Rinehart, Vivek Kamath, Desiree Elsevier – violas
    • Alan Stepansky, Nathan Vickery – cellos
  • Stone Hill Strings (tracks 2–4, 6, 11):
    • Scott Tibbs – conductor
    • Sandy Park – contractor
    • Lisa Kim (concertmaster), Hyunju Lee, Joanna Maurer – violins
    • Shmuel Katz, Rebecca Young – violas
    • Alan Stepansky – cello

Technical

  • Ron Aniello, Bruce Springsteen – production
  • Rob Lebret, Ross Petersen, Toby Scott, Ron Aniello – engineering
  • Brett Rouche, Greg Koller, Alec Dixon, Rob Lebret, Ross Petersen, Chris Steffen – additional engineering
  • James Brown – additional engineering (track 9)
  • Tom Elmhirst – mixing
  • Bob Ludwig – mastering
  • Toby Scott – production coordinator
  • Shari Sutcliffe – musician contractor
  • Kevin Buell – guitars and technical services
  • Michelle Holme – art and design
  • Kalle Gustafsson (Trunk Archive) – cover photography
  • Danny Clinch – additional photography

Charts

Certifications

Certifications for Western Stars
Region CertificationCertified units/sales
France (SNEP)[71] Gold 50,000‡
Germany (BVMI)[72] Gold 100,000‡
Italy (FIMI)[73] Platinum 50,000‡
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[74] Gold 20,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)[75] Gold 100,000‡

‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Film

It was announced on July 23, 2019, that Springsteen would world premiere his co-directed film, Western Stars, at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival. The film marks the first directing credit for Springsteen and was co-directed by his longtime collaborator Thom Zimny. The film features Springsteen and his backing band and orchestra performing the music from the album to a live audience. The live performances were filmed during two nights in April 2019 in a historic barn on the artist's property, the outdoor sequences were filmed at Joshua Tree National Park.[76]

Cameron Bailey, artistic director of the festival, said of the film, "We have Bruce Springsteen's directorial debut at the festival, I think he's got a big future ahead of him. It's largely performance, but there is a framing to it. It's very filmic, which is what attracted me. The album and the film are both about this fading Western movie B-level star who's looking back on his life and the decisions he's made. That narrative and that character shape all the songs. In between the songs, you've got Bruce really talking about this character he invented, the story he wrote for the character, and how it reflects back on his own life as he ages and other kind of narratives he's had in his previous albums."[77]

Warner Bros. Pictures released the film on October 25, 2019. The companion soundtrack for the movie, titled Western Stars – Songs from the Film, was released on the same day by Columbia Records.[78]

Western Stars – Songs from the Film
Soundtrack album by
Bruce Springsteen
ReleasedOctober 25, 2019 (2019-10-25)
RecordedApril 2019
StudioStone Hill Farm, Colts Neck, New Jersey
Length57:04
LabelColumbia
ProducerRon Aniello, Bruce Springsteen
Singles from Western Stars – Songs from the Film
  1. "Sundown"
    Released: October 4, 2019
Western Stars – Songs from the Film track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
1."Hitch Hikin'" 3:43
2."The Wayfarer" 4:45
3."Tucson Train" 3:21
4."Western Stars" 4:39
5."Sleepy Joe's Café" 3:41
6."Drive Fast (The Stuntman)" 4:42
7."Chasin' Wild Horses" 5:46
8."Sundown" 3:12
9."Somewhere North of Nashville" 1:59
10."Stones" 5:35
11."There Goes My Miracle" 4:00
12."Hello Sunshine" 4:22
13."Moonlight Motel" 4:01
14."Rhinestone Cowboy"Larry Weiss3:18
Total length:57:04

Charts

Chart performance for Western Stars – Songs from the Film
Chart (2019) Peak
position
US Billboard 200[79] 141

References

  1. ↑ "Western Stars - Studio Sessions". Brucebase Wiki. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  2. ↑ "Bruce Springsteen – Letter to You (Album Review)". Cryptic Rock. October 19, 2020.
  3. ↑ "Bruce Springsteen Confronts His Ghosts on the Rousing 'Letter to You'". Rolling Stone. October 15, 2020.
  4. 1 2 Hunter-Tilney, Ludovic (June 12, 2019). "Bruce Springsteen's 'Western Stars' — the American dream and hard-bitten reality". Financial Times. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
  5. ↑ Gleiberman, Owen (September 13, 2019). "'Western Stars' Review". Variety. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
  6. ↑ Greene, Andy (April 25, 2019). "Bruce Springsteen Details New Solo Album 'Western Stars'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  7. ↑ Sodomsky, Sam (April 25, 2019). "Bruce Springsteen Announces New Album Western Stars". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  8. ↑ Springsteen, Bruce (May 15, 2019). "There Goes My Miracle coming soon #WesternStarspic.twitter.com/WDgNRGqfq9". Retrieved May 17, 2019 – via Twitter.
  9. ↑ Springsteen, Bruce (May 16, 2019). "Tomorrow #WesternStarspic.twitter.com/sFUuuXNcE1". Retrieved May 17, 2019 – via Twitter.
  10. ↑ BruceSpringsteenVEVO (May 30, 2019). "Bruce Springsteen - Tucson Train (Official Video)" – via YouTube.
  11. ↑ "SpecialRelease - RECORD STORE DAY". October 8, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  12. ↑ "Western Stars by Bruce Springsteen". Apple Music. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  13. ↑ Caulfield, Keith (June 23, 2019). "Madonna Achieves Ninth No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With 'Madame X'". Billboard. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
  14. ↑ Chris Willman, "Bruce Springsteen’s Director, Thom Zimny, on the Move from ‘Broadway’ to ‘Western Stars’". Variety, August 23, 2019.
  15. ↑ s.r.l, Rockol com. "√ Springsteen intervistato a Roma: in studio con la E Street Band in autunno?". Rockol.
  16. ↑ "The Boss is coming: Springsteen says he will tour with E Street Band in 2020". NJ.com. May 27, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  17. ↑ "Western Stars by Bruce Springsteen". AnyDecentMusic?. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
  18. ↑ "Western Stars by Bruce Springsteen Reviews and Tracks". Metacritic. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  19. 1 2 allmusic
  20. ↑ McLevy, Alex (June 12, 2019). "Bruce Springsteen tries to lose himself under the cinematic scope of Western Stars". The A.V. Club. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
  21. 1 2 Johnston, Maura (June 11, 2019). "Bruce Springsteen transforms the enormous into the intimate on Western Stars". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
  22. 1 2 Petridis, Alexis (June 6, 2019). "Bruce Springsteen: Western Stars review – the Boss takes the scenic route". The Guardian. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
  23. 1 2 Beaumont, Mark (June 12, 2019). "Bruce Springsteen review, Western Stars: Sumptuous, cinematic album is nothing short of a late-period masterpiece". The Independent. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
  24. ↑ Breen, Joe (June 7, 2019). "Bruce Springsteen: Western Stars review – His most radical and best album in years". The Irish Times. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
  25. 1 2 Smith, Thomas (June 12, 2019). "Bruce Springsteen – 'Western Stars' review". NME. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
  26. 1 2 Sodomsky, Sam (June 14, 2019). "Bruce Springsteen – 'Western Stars'". Pitchfork. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
  27. ↑ "Review". Q. Summer 2019. p. 106.
  28. 1 2 Hermes, Will (May 30, 2019). "Bruce Springsteen Sets Out for Wide Open Territory on 'Western Stars'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
  29. ↑ "Western Stars by Bruce Springsteen". Metacritic.
  30. ↑ Carty, Pat. "Album Review: Bruce Springsteen, Western Stars". Hotpress.
  31. ↑ Christgau, Robert (September 18, 2019). "Consumer Guide: September 2019". Substack. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
  32. ↑ "Australiancharts.com – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
  33. ↑ "Austriancharts.at – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
  34. ↑ "Ultratop.be – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  35. ↑ "Ultratop.be – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  36. ↑ "Bruce Springsteen the E Street Band Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  37. ↑ "Czech Albums – Top 100". ČNS IFPI. Note: On the chart page, select 25.Týden 2019 on the field besides the words "CZ – ALBUMS – TOP 100" to retrieve the correct chart. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
  38. ↑ "Danishcharts.dk – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
  39. ↑ "Dutchcharts.nl – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  40. ↑ "Bruce Springsteen: Western Stars" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
  41. ↑ "Lescharts.com – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
  42. ↑ "Offiziellecharts.de – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  43. ↑ "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 2019. 25. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
  44. ↑ "Irish-charts.com – Discography Bruce Springsteen". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
  45. ↑ "Italiancharts.com – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
  46. ↑ "Oricon Top 50 Albums: 2019-06-24" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  47. ↑ "Charts.nz – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  48. ↑ "Norwegiancharts.com – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
  49. ↑ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". OLiS. Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  50. ↑ "Portuguesecharts.com – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars". Hung Medien. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
  51. ↑ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
  52. ↑ "Spanishcharts.com – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
  53. ↑ "Swedishcharts.com – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  54. ↑ "Swisscharts.com – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
  55. ↑ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
  56. ↑ "Bruce Springsteen the E Street Band Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  57. ↑ "Bruce Springsteen the E Street Band Chart History (Top Rock Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  58. ↑ "ARIA End of Year Albums Chart 2019". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  59. ↑ "Jahreshitparade Alben 2019". austriancharts.at. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  60. ↑ "Jaaroverzichten 2019". Ultratop. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  61. ↑ "Rapports Annuels 2019". Ultratop. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  62. ↑ "Jaaroverzichten – Album 2019". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved January 5, 2020.
  63. ↑ "Top de l'année Top Albums 2019" (in French). SNEP. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
  64. ↑ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts". GfK Entertainment (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  65. ↑ White, Jack (January 9, 2020). "Ireland's Official Top 50 biggest albums of 2019". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  66. ↑ "Top 100 Albums Annual 2019". El portal de Música. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  67. ↑ "Årslista Album, 2019". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  68. ↑ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2019". hitparade.ch. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  69. ↑ Copsey, Rob (January 1, 2020). "The Official Top 40 biggest albums of 2019". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  70. ↑ "Top Rock Albums – Year-End 2019". Billboard. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  71. ↑ "French album certifications – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  72. ↑ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Bruce Springsteen; 'Western Stars')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  73. ↑ "Italian album certifications – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved January 27, 2020. Select "2020" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Select "Western Stars" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Album e Compilation" under "Sezione".
  74. ↑ "Spanish album certifications – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars". El portal de Música. Productores de Música de España. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  75. ↑ "British album certifications – Bruce Springsteen – Western Stars". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
  76. ↑ "Bruce Springsteen to Debut 'Western Stars' Film at Toronto Film Festival". Rolling Stone. July 23, 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  77. ↑ "Bruce Springsteen Turns Director for Inventive Concert Film 'Western Stars'". IndieWire. July 23, 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  78. ↑ Minsker, Evan (September 26, 2019). "Bruce Springsteen Announces Western Stars Film Soundtrack". Pitchfork. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
  79. ↑ "Bruce Springsteen the E Street Band Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.