Ambel
Waigeo
Native toIndonesia
RegionWaigeo
Native speakers
1,600 (2018)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3wgo
Glottologwaig1244
Approximate location where Ambel is spoken
Approximate location where Ambel is spoken
Ambel
Coordinates: 0°11′S 130°55′E / 0.18°S 130.92°E / -0.18; 130.92

Ambel (Amber), also known as Waigeo after the island where it is primarily spoken, is a heavily Papuan-influenced Austronesian language spoken on the island of Waigeo in the Raja Ampat archipelago near the northwestern tip of West Papua, Indonesia. It is spoken by approximately 1,600 people.[2] It is endangered, as the population is shifting to Papuan Malay and few people born after the year 2000 have any knowledge of the language.[3]

Dialects

Ambel is spoken by approximately 1,600 people on Waigeo, an island in the Raja Ampat archipelago near the northwestern tip of West Papua, Indonesia. There are two dialects of Ambel:[4]

  • Metsam Ambel, spoken in the two villages of Warsamdin and Kalitoko on Waigeo Island
  • Metnyo Ambel, spoken in the nine villages of Warimak, Waifoi, Kabilo, Go, Kapadiri, Kabare, Bonsayor, Darumbab, and Andey on Waigeo Island

Ambel speakers live alongside Biak speakers in the three villages of Warsamdin, Kabare, and Andey.[5]

Distribution

Ambel is spoken in the following locations within Raja Ampat Regency:[6]

  • Waigeo Utara District: Kabare and Kapadiri villages.
  • Teluk Manyalibit District: Kabilol, Go, Waifoy, Warimak, Kalitoko and Warsamdin villages.

Phonology

The sounds of the Ambel language are as follows:[7]

Consonant sounds
Labial Dental/
Alveolar		 Palatal Velar
Plosive p b t̪ d k g
Fricative s h
Nasal m n
Rhotic r
Lateral l
Glide j w

/h/ can be heard as [f] or [ɸ] in free variation.

Vowel sounds
Front Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

Proto-language

Arnold (2018) reconstructs two tonemes for proto-Ambel, high /3/ and rising /12/, which is similar to the tonal system of Ma'ya.[8]

Below are some monosyllabic proto-Ambel reconstructed lexical forms that have cognates with Matbat and Ma'ya. The Misool dialect is given for some Ma'ya forms; they are otherwise from the Salawati dialect.[8]

glossProto-AmbelMatbatMa'ya
'betel leaf'*nyanna¹nˈnya¹²n
'breast'–su³ˈsu³s
'canoe'*wanwa³ŋˈwa¹²k
'come'–bo³tˈbo³t
'die'*mna³tma¹²tˈma¹²t
'eight'*wa³l-wa³lˈwa³l
'enter'*sunhu³ŋˈsu³n
'fire'*lapya³pˈla¹²p
'fish'*dun–ˈdo³n
'five'*limli³mˈli³m
'four'*fa³tfa³tˈfa¹²t
'full'*fonfo³nˈfo¹²n
'give'*bibe²¹ˈbe (Misool)
'good'*fifi³ˈfi³
'green/blue'*bya³wbla¹²w–
'ground, earth'*ba³tba³tˈba¹²t
'hear'–no⁴¹ŋˈdo¹²n
'kill'*bunbu³nˈbu³n
'know'*un-u²¹n-ˈun (Misool)
'louse'*o¹²wtwu³tˈu³t
'man'*ma³n(wa³y)ma²¹nˈma¹²n (Misool)
'mother'*ne³nne³nˈne¹²n
'mountain'*i³lhe³lˈye³l
'mouth'–ga²¹lˈgal
'much'–to¹²ˈmo¹²t
'needle'*yamla¹m–
'night'*gamka¹m–
'person'*me³tma³tˈmat
'rice'*fafa³sˈfa¹²s
'rise, ascend'*saha³ˈsa³
'sago'*bi¹²–ˈbi³
'sand'*laynye³nˈle¹²n
'sea turtle'*fi³nfe³nˈfe³n
'seawards'–lo³lˈlo³l
'see'*e³m-ɛ³ŋ-ˈe¹²m
'shoot'–-a¹nˈfa¹²n
'snake'*kokko³kˈko¹²k
'swim'*la³la³s-ˈa¹²s (Misool)
'three'*tu³lto³lˈto³l
'tree, wood'*a³yha³yˈai
'two'*lulu³ˈlu³
'village'*nu 'house'nu³ˈpnu³
'walk'*ta³n–ˈdak (Misool)
'white'*busbu³ˈbu³s
'woman'*bin(wa¹t)bi³n
'kind of mangrove'		ˈpi³n

Further reading

  • Arnold, Laura (2022). "Ambel". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 52 (2): 368–388. doi:10.1017/S0025100320000237, with supplementary sound recordings.

References

  1. ↑ Ambel at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ↑ Arnold 2018, p. 12.
  3. ↑ Arnold 2018, pp. 9–10.
  4. ↑ Arnold 2018, p. 6
  5. ↑ Arnold 2018
  6. ↑ Ronsumbre, Adolof (2020). Ensiklopedia Suku Bangsa di Provinsi Papua Barat. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kepel Press. ISBN 978-602-356-318-0.
  7. ↑ Arnold 2018.
  8. 1 2 Arnold, Laura (2018c). "A preliminary archaeology of tone in Raja Ampat". In Antoinette Schapper (ed.). Contact and substrate in the languages of Wallacea, Part 2. NUSA. Vol. 64. pp. 7–37. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1450778. hdl:10108/92289.

Bibliography

  • Arnold, Laura (2016). Lexical tone in Ambel. Paper presented at the 8th Austronesian and Papuan Languages and Linguistics Conference.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Arnold, Laura Melissa (2018). Grammar of Ambel, an Austronesian language of Raja Ampat, west New Guinea (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/31120.
  • Arnold, Laura (2018b). "Lexical Tone in Metnyo Ambel". Oceanic Linguistics. 57 (1): 199–220. doi:10.1353/ol.2018.0007. S2CID 149762919.
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