A medical classification is used to transform descriptions of medical diagnoses or procedures into standardized statistical code in a process known as clinical coding. Diagnosis classifications list diagnosis codes, which are used to track diseases and other health conditions, inclusive of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and heart disease, and infectious diseases such as norovirus, the flu, and athlete's foot. Procedure classifications list procedure code, which are used to capture interventional data. These diagnosis and procedure codes are used by health care providers, government health programs, private health insurance companies, workers' compensation carriers, software developers, and others for a variety of applications in medicine, public health and medical informatics, including:

There are country specific standards and international classification systems.

Classification types

Many different medical classifications exist, though they occur into two main groupings: Statistical classifications and Nomenclatures.

A statistical classification brings together similar clinical concepts and groups them into categories. The number of categories is limited so that the classification does not become too big. An example of this is used by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (known as ICD). ICD-10 groups diseases of the circulatory system into one "chapter", known as Chapter IX, covering codes I00–I99. One of the codes in this chapter (I47.1) has the code title (rubric) Supraventricular tachycardia. However, there are several other clinical concepts that are also classified here. Among them are paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, paroxysmal junctional tachycardia, auricular tachycardia and nodal tachycardia.

Another feature of statistical classifications is the provision of residual categories for "other" and "unspecified" conditions that do not have a specific category in the particular classification.

In a nomenclature there is a separate listing and code for every clinical concept. So, in the previous example, each of the tachycardia listed would have its own code. This makes nomenclatures unwieldy for compiling health statistics.

Types of coding systems specific to health care include:

WHO Family of International Classifications

The World Health Organization (WHO) maintains several internationally endorsed classifications designed to facilitate the comparison of health related data within and across populations and over time as well as the compilation of nationally consistent data.[2] This "Family of International Classifications" (FIC) include three main (or reference) classifications on basic parameters of health prepared by the organization and approved by the World Health Assembly for international use, as well as a number of derived and related classifications providing additional details. Some of these international standards have been revised and adapted by various countries for national use.

Reference classifications

Derived classifications

Derived classifications are based on the WHO reference classifications (i.e. ICD and ICF).[2] They include the following:

  • International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition (ICD-O-3)
  • The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders – This publication deals exclusively with Chapter V of ICD-10,[6] and is available as two variants;
    • Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines,[7] also known as the blue book.[6]
    • Diagnostic criteria for research,[8] also known as the green book.[6]
  • Application of the International Classification of Diseases to Dentistry and Stomatology, 3rd Edition (ICD-DA)[9]
  • Application of the International Classification of Diseases to Neurology (ICD-10-NA)[10]
  • EUROCAT is an extension of the ICD-10 Chapter XVII, which covers congenital disorders.

National versions

Several countries have developed their own version of WHO-FIC publications, which go beyond a local language translation. Many of these are based on the ICD:

Related classifications in the WHO-FIC are those that partially refer to the reference classifications, e.g. only at specific levels.[2] They include:

Historic FIC classifications

ICD versions before ICD-9 are not in use anywhere.[16] ICD-9 was published in 1977, and superseded by ICD-10 in 1994. The last version of ICD-10 was published in 2019, and it was replaced by ICD-11 on 1 January 2022.[17] As of February 2022, 35 of the 194 member states have made the transition to the latest version of the ICD.[18]

The International Classification of Procedures in Medicine (ICPM) is a procedural classification that has not updated since 1989, and will be replaced by ICHI.[19] National adaptions of the ICPM includes OPS-301, which is the official German procedural classification.[20]

International Classification of External Causes of Injury (ICECI) was last updated in 2003 and, with the development ICD-11, is no longer maintained.[21] The concepts of ICECI are represented within ICD-11 as extension codes.

Other medical classifications

Diagnosis

The categories in a diagnosis classification classify diseases, disorders, symptoms and medical signs. In addition to the ICD and its national variants, they include:

Procedure

The categories in a procedure classification classify specific health interventions undertaken by health professionals. In addition to the ICHI and ICPC, they include:

Drugs

Drugs are often grouped into drug classes. Such classifications include:

National Drug File-Reference Terminology (NDF-RT)

National Drug File-Reference Terminology was a terminology maintained by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). It groups drug concepts into classes. It was part of RxNorm until March 2018.

Medication Reference Terminology (MED-RT)

Medication Reference Terminology (MED-RT) is a terminology created and maintained by Veterans Health Administration in the United States.[24] In 2018, it replaced NDF-RT that was used during 2005–2017. Med-RT is not included in RxNorm but is included in National Library of Medicine's UMLS Metathesaurus. Prior 2017, NDF-RT was included in RxNorm. The first release of MED-RT was in the spring of 2018.[25]

The United States Food and Drug Administration requires in its Manual of Policies and Procedures (MaPP) 7400.13 dated July 18, 2013 and updated on July 25, 2018, that MED-RT be used for selecting an established pharmacologic class (EPC) for the Highlights of Prescribing Information in drug labeling. Each EPC text phrase is associated with a term known as an EPC concept. EPC concepts use a standardized format derived from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Medication Reference Terminology (MED-RT). Each EPC concept also has a unique standardized alphanumeric identifier code, used as the machine-readable tag for the concept. These codes enable SPL indexing. The exact EPC text phrase used in INDICATIONS AND USAGE in Highlights might not be identical to the wording used to describe the EPC concept, because the standardized language used for the EPC concept might not be considered sufficiently clear to the readers of the labeling. Each active moiety also may be assigned MOA, PE, and CS standardized indexing concepts, which are also linked to unique standardized alphanumeric identifier codes. MOA, PE, and CS standardized indexing concepts may or may not be related to the therapeutic effect of the active moiety for a particular indication, but they should still be scientifically valid and clinically meaningful. Even if the MOA, PE, and CS standardized indexing concepts are not known with certainty to be related to the therapeutic effect, they may still be useful for identifying drug interactions and permitting other safety assessments for a moiety based upon appropriate and relevant considerations, such as enzyme inhibition and enzyme induction. MOA, PE, and CS concepts are maintained in a standardized format as part of the MED-RT hierarchy. https://www.fda.gov/media/86437/download

The United States Food and Drug Administration Study Data Technical Conformance Guide dated July 2020 states, "6.5 Pharmacologic Class 6.5.1 Medication Reference Terminology 6.5.1.1 General Considerations The Veterans Administration's Medication Reference Terminology (MED-RT) should be used to identify the pharmacologic class(es) of all active investigational substances that are used in a study (either clinical or nonclinical). This information should be provided in the SDTM TS domain when a full TS is indicated. The information should be provided as one or more records in TS, where TSPARMCD= PCLAS. Pharmacologic class is a complex concept that is made up of one or more component concepts: mechanism of action (MOA), physiologic effect (PE), and chemical structure (CS).51 The established pharmacologic class is generally the MOA, PE, or CS term that is considered the most scientifically valid and clinically meaningful. Sponsors should include in TS (the full TS) the established pharmacologic class of all active moieties of investigational products used in a study. FDA maintains a list of established pharmacologic classes of approved moieties.52 If the established pharmacologic class is not available for an active moiety, then the sponsor should discuss the appropriate MOA, PE, and CS terms with the review division. For unapproved investigational active moieties where the pharmacologic class is unknown, the PCLAS record may not be available." https://www.fda.gov/media/136460/download

The United States Food and Drug Administration publishes a Data Standards Catalog that lists the data standards and terminologies that FDA supports for use in regulatory submissions to better enable the evaluation of safety, effectiveness, and quality of FDA-regulated products. In addition, the FDA has the statutory and regulatory authority to require certain standards and terminologies and these are identified in the Catalog with the date the requirement begins and, as needed, the date the requirement ends, and information sources. The submission of data using standards or terminologies not listed in the Catalog should be discussed with the Agency in advance. Where the Catalog expresses support for more than one standard or terminology for a specific use, the sponsor or applicant may select one to use or can discuss, as appropriate, with their review division. Version 7.0 of the FDA Data Standards Catalog dated 03-15-2021, specifies that MED-RT was a required terminology by the White House Consolidated Health Informatics Initiative in various Federal Register Notices beginning as early as May 6, 2004, for NDAs, ANDAs, and certain BLAs beginning on December 17, 2016, and for certain IND's beginning on December 17, 2017. https://www.fda.gov/media/85137/download

Medical Devices

Other

Library classification that have medical components

ICD, SNOMED and Electronic Health Record (EHR)

SNOMED

The Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) is the most widely recognised nomenclature in healthcare.[27] Its current version, SNOMED Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT), is intended to provide a set of concepts and relationships that offers a common reference point for comparison and aggregation of data about the health care process.[28] SNOMED CT is often described as a reference terminology.[29] SNOMED CT contains more than 311,000 active concepts with unique meanings and formal logic-based definitions organised into hierarchies.[28] SNOMED CT can be used by anyone with an Affiliate License, 40 low income countries defined by the World Bank or qualifying research, humanitarian and charitable projects.[28] SNOMED CT is designed to be managed by computer, and it is a complex relationship concepts.[27]

ICD

The International Classification of Disease (ICD) is the most widely recognized medical classification. Maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO),[30] its primary purpose is to categorise diseases for morbidity and mortality reporting. However the coded data is often used for other purposes too; including reimbursement practices such as medical billing. ICD has a hierarchical structure, and coding in this context, is the term applied when representations are assigned to the words they represent.[30] Coding diagnoses and procedures is the assignment of codes from a code set that follows the rules of the underlying classification or other coding guidelines. The current version of the ICD, ICD-10, was endorsed by WHO in 1990. WHO Member states began using the ICD-10 classification system from 1994 for both morbidity and mortality reporting. The exception was the US, who only began using it for reporting mortality in 1999 whilst continuing to use ICD-9-CM for morbidity reporting. The US only adopted its version of ICD-10 in October 2015. The delay meant it was unable to compare US morbidity data with the rest of the world during this period. The next major version of the ICD, ICD-11, was ratified by the 72nd World Health Assembly on 25 May 2019, and member countries have been able to report data using ICD-11 codes since 1 January 2022.[17] ICD-11 is a fully digital product with integration of clinical terminology and classification. It allows documentation at any level of detail. It includes extension codes, a terminology system, with medicaments, chemicals, infections agents, histopathology, anatomy and mechanisms, objects and animals, and other elements that serve to describe sources of injury or harm.

Comparison

SNOMED CT and ICD were originally designed for different purposes and each should be used for the purposes for which they were designed.[31] As a core terminology for the EHR, SNOMED CT and ICD-11 provide a common language that enables a consistent way of capturing, and sharing health data across specialities and sites of care. SNOMED is a highly detailed terminology designed for input not reporting, without a specific use case. ICD-11 and SNOMED, are clinically based, and document whatever is needed for patient care. In contrast to SNOMED, ICD-11 allows full clinical documentation while permitting internationally agreed statistical aggregation for specific use cases. The foundation of ICD-11 together with the WHO Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI) and the WHO Classification for Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), comprising also the WHO lists of anatomy, substances and more, are a complete ecosystem for lossless documentation in digital records and at the same time they address specific usecases for data aggregation in a multilingual, freely usable way. SNOMED CT and ICD are used directly by healthcare providers during the process of care,[32] in addition, ICD can be also used for coding after the episode of care, in lower technology environments. SNOMED CT has multiple hierarchy, whereas there is single primary hierarchy for ICD-11 with alternative multiple hierarchies. SNOMED CT concepts are defined logically by their attributes, as is the case in ICD-11, that in addition has textual rules and definitions.

Data Mapping

SNOMED and ICD can be coordinated. The National Library of Medicine (NLM) maps ICD-9-CM, ICD-10-CM, ICD-10-PCS, and other classification systems to SNOMED.[33] Data Mapping is the process of identifying relationships between two distinct data models.[30]

Veterinary medical coding

Veterinary medical codes include the VeNom Coding Group, the U.S. Animal Hospital Codes, and the Veterinary Extension to SNOMED CT (VetSCT).

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "ICD - ICD-10-CM - International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020-07-17. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  2. 1 2 3 "Family of International Classifications". World Health Organization. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on October 3, 2004. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  3. ↑ "International Classification of Diseases (ICD)". World Health Organization. World Health Organization.
  4. ↑ "WHO | International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11)". WHO. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
  5. ↑ "ICD-11 tools".
  6. 1 2 3 "ICD-10-CM Release for 2014 now available". Dx Revision Watch. 2013-07-12. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  7. ↑ "The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders, Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines" (PDF). World Health Organization.
  8. ↑ "The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders, Diagnostic criteria for research" (PDF). World Health Organization.
  9. ↑ Bezroukov V (February 1979). "The application of the International Classification of Diseases to dentistry and stomatology". Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 7 (1): 21–4. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1979.tb01180.x. PMID 282953.
  10. ↑ van Drimmelen-Krabbe JJ, Bradley WG, Orgogozo JM, Sartorius N (November 1998). "The application of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases to neurology: ICD-10 NA". J. Neurol. Sci. 161 (1): 2–9. doi:10.1016/S0022-510X(98)00217-2. PMID 9879674. S2CID 12754467.
  11. ↑ "Get ready for the end of ICD-10 'flexibilities'". Modern Healthcare. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
  12. ↑ Killewo, Japhet; Heggenhougen, Kristian; Quah, Stella R. (2010). Epidemiology and Demography in Public Health. Academic Press. ISBN 9780123822017. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  13. ↑ "ICPC-2". World Health Organization.
  14. ↑ Assistive products for persons with disability. Classification and terminology. 30 November 2016. ISBN 9780539089127. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  15. ↑ "International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP)". World Health Organization.
  16. ↑ "ICD - ICD-9 - International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019-03-01. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  17. 1 2 "WHO releases new International Classification of Diseases (ICD 11)". World Health Organization. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  18. ↑ "ICD-11 2022 release". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  19. ↑ "International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI)". World Health Organization. World Health Organization. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  20. ↑ "OPS – German Procedure Classification". Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  21. ↑ "ICECI". World Health Organization.
  22. ↑ Olesen, Jes (2004). "The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition". Cephalalgia. 24 (Suppl 1): 9–160. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2003.00824.x. PMID 14979299. S2CID 208214505.
  23. ↑ Canadian Classification of Health Interventions. CCI.
  24. ↑ "National Drug File – Reference Terminology (NDF-RT™) Documentation" (PDF). U.S. Veterans Health Administration.
  25. ↑ "Introduction to MED-RT as the Replacement for NDF-RT" (PDF). U.S. Veterans Health Administration.
  26. ↑ IMDRF UDI Guidance Unique Device Identification (UDI) of Medical Devices 9.2.8.
  27. 1 2 "SNOMED International". ihtsdo.org. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  28. 1 2 3 "FAQs: Inclusion of SNOMED CT in the UMLS". nih.gov. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  29. ↑ Office, Publications. "SNOMED CT – Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine". sydney.edu.au. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  30. 1 2 3 Margret K. Amatayakul, MBA, RHIA, CHPS, CPHIT, CPEHR&FHIMSS.(2009).Electronic Health Records: A Practical Guide for Professionals and Organizations.Chicago, America:AHIMA
  31. ↑ "Why SNOMED cannot replace the ICD-10-CM/PCS code sets". icd10watch.com. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  32. ↑ "ICD-11 | Implementation or Transition Guide" (PDF). World Health Organization. p. 14. Retrieved 1 June 2022. Certain countries currently use automated coding
  33. ↑ "WHO – SNOMED CT to ICD-10 Cross-Map Technology Preview Release". who.int. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
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