Voiceless palatal lateral fricative
𝼆
ʎ̥˔
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)𝼆
Unicode (hex)U+1DF06
Voiceless palatal lateral approximant
ʎ̥
IPA Number157 402A
Encoding
X-SAMPAL_0

The voiceless palatal lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in a few spoken languages.

This sound is somewhat rare; Dahalo has both a palatal lateral fricative and an affricate; Hadza has a series of palatal lateral affricates. In Bura, it is the realization of palatalized /ɬʲ/ and contrasts with [ʎ].

The extensions to the IPA transcribes this sound with the letter ⟨𝼆⟩ (⟨ʎ⟩ with a belt, analogous to ⟨ɬ⟩ for the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative), which was added to Unicode in 2021.

If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral fricative may be transcribed as ⟨ɬ̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized ⟨ɬ⟩) or as advanced ⟨𝼆̟⟩; these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are K_-_j or K_-' and L_0_+_r, respectively. A non-IPA letter ⟨ȴ̊˔⟩ (devoiced and raised ⟨ȴ⟩, which is an ordinary "l", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩) can be used.

Some scholars also posit a voiceless palatal lateral approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ʎ̥⟩.

Features

Features of the voiceless palatal lateral fricative:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Bura Contrasts with /l, ʎ, ɬ, ɮ, ʎ̝̊/.
Dahalo [𝼆aːbu] 'leaf' Contrasts with [ɬ] and [ɬʷ]
Faroese[1] kjálki [ˈt͡ʃʰaʎ̥t͡ʃɪ] 'jaw' Allophone of /l/.[1] See Faroese phonology
Inupiaq[2] sikł̣aq [sik𝼆̟ɑq] 'pickaxe' Alveolo-palatal;[2] also described as an approximant.[3] Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/.
nuiŋił̣ł̣uni [nuiŋi𝼆̟ːuni] 'because it did not appear'
Kumeyaay[4] kałyəxwiiw [kɑ𝼆əxʷeːw] 'skunk' Rare in word-initial position.[4] Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/.
Norwegian Trondheim subdialect of Trøndersk[5] alt [ɑʎ̥c] 'everything, all' Allophone of /ʎ/ before /c/.[5] See Norwegian phonology
Some subdialects of Trøndersk[5] tatle [tɑʎ̥] 'acting silly' According to some scholars,[6][7] it is a phoneme that contrasts with /ʎ/ (as in /tɑʎ/ 'softwood'.)[5] See Norwegian phonology
Turkish[8] dil [ˈd̟iʎ̟̊] 'tongue' Devoiced allophone of alveolo-palatal /l/, frequent finally and before voiceless consonants.[8] See Turkish phonology
Xumi Lower[9] [ʎ̥˖o˦] 'spirit' Described as an approximant. Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiced /ʎ/.[9][10]
Upper[10] [ʎ̥˖ɛ˦] 'flavorless'

Notes

  1. 1 2 Árnason (2011), p. 115.
  2. 1 2 MacLean (1980), p. XX.
  3. ↑ Kaplan (1981), p. 29.
  4. 1 2 Langdon (1966), p. 33.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Vanvik (1979), p. 37.
  6. ↑ Such as Vanvik (1979)
  7. ↑ An example of a scholar disagreeing with this position is Scholtz (2009). On page 15, she provides a phoneme chart for Trøndersk, in which /ʎ/ is included. Under the phoneme chart she writes "Vanvik also lists /ʎ̥/ as an underlying phoneme, but that’s ridiculous." She provides no further explanation for that.
  8. 1 2 Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–155.
  9. 1 2 Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
  10. 1 2 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.

References

  • Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
  • Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
  • MacLean, Edna Ahgeak (1980), Iñupiallu Tanņiḷḷu Uqaluņisa Iḷaņich = Abridged Iñupiaq and English Dictionary (PDF), Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, p. xvii-xx, retrieved 20 December 2017
  • Kaplan, Lawrence D. (1981), Phonological Issues in North Alaskan Inupiaq (PDF), Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, p. 21-29, retrieved 20 December 2017
  • Scholtz, Anna (2009), A phonetic study of the status of three mergers in the Trøndersk dialect of Norwegian (PDF), Williamstown, Massachusetts: Williams College
  • Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
  • Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7

See also

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