Veerapandiya Kattabomman
Palaiyakkarar of Tenkasi
Veerapandiya Kattabomman on a 1999 stamp
Reign1792-16 October 1799
Born3 January 1760 (1760-01-03)
Panchalankurichi
(in present-day
Thoothukudi District,
Tamil Nadu, India)
Died16 October 1799(1799-10-16) (aged 39)
Kayatharu, (now in Thoothukudi District,
Tamil Nadu, India)
SpouseJakkammal
FatherJagaveera Kattabomman
MotherArumugathammal

Veerapandiya Kattabomman[1] was an 18th-century Palayakarrar and king of Panchalankurichi[2][3] in Tamil Nadu, India. He fought the British East India Company and was captured by the British with the help of the ruler of the kingdom of Pudukottai, Vijaya Raghunatha Tondaiman, and at the age of 39 he was hanged at Kayathar on 16 October 1799.[4]

Early life

Veerapandiya Kattabomman was born to Jagaveera Kattabomman and Arumugathammal, with his father Jagaveera being the polygar of Panchalankurichi. He belonged to the Bommu and Aathi Kattabomman clans of Panchalankurichi. He inherited his father's position as the polygar of Panchalankurichi when he turned 30, becoming the 47th polygar of the village.[5]

Rebellion against the British

Background

Veerapandiya as a polygar retained the right to collect taxes and recruit soldiers in his domain, the British viewed the polygars as illegitimate rulers and wanted to end their taxation powers, and curtail their power and influence. To this end they introduced a new tax policy through which they intended to completely bypass the polygars and other intermediaries during tax collection.[6] Kattabomman saw this as an attempt to usurp his sovereignty over his domain by the British and stopped paying them tributes contending that his taxes ought to be waived due to the prolonged drought in his domain,[7] whilst fighting against polygars allied with the British.[4]

In 1798 Kattabomman and the then Tirunelveli collector Jackson got into a disagreement over left over taxes, when Kattabomman was able to meet with Jackson three months later in Ramnathapuram, where there was an altercation between company troops and the polygar resulting in the death of the deputy commandant of the company's forces Clarke, Kattabomman was acquitted from this following an inquiry. In 1799 following his refusal to meet with the collector, the British sent an armed force under Major. John Alexander Bannerman.[8]

Fighting

Kattabomman had to make a stand at his fort in Panchalankurichi, largely unprepared, although his forces were able to hold back the company troops initially, his fort was incapable of taking on British artillery, so he withdrew from the fort into nearby forests, fighting a guerilla campaign till his capture on October 1 1799 with the assistance of polygars allied to the British like Ettappan of Ettaiyapuram and the king of Pudukkottai Vijaya Raghunatha Thondaiman.[8][9]

Arrest and Execution

Following his capture, Kattabomman was interrogated for 15 days and sentenced to death. He was hanged to death at Kayathar on 16 October 1799.[7]

His surviving relatives including his deaf-mute brother Umaidurai were also arrested and locked up in the fort of Palayamkottai, however Umaidurai escaped, joined up with other polygars and continued fighting the British. After his defeat and capture in October 1801, he too was hanged along with the other polygars who resisted the British, while the Panchalankurichi fort was razed to the ground, with its site ploughed over and planted with castor seeds, and its name expunged from all registers in the district.[4]

Legacy

Kattabomman memorial at Kayathar

The historian Susan Bayly says that Kattabomman is considered a Robin Hood-like figure in local folklore and is the subject of several traditional narrative ballads in the kummi verse form. The site of his execution at Kayathar has become a "powerful local shrine" and at one time sheep were sacrificed there.[10] The Tamil Nadu government rebuilt the Panchalankurichi fort in 1974.[7] The Government of Tamil Nadu maintains a memorial at Kayathar and the remnants of the old fort at Panchalankurichi is protected by the Archaeological Survey of India.[11][12] In 2006, the Tirunelveli district administration organised a festival at Panchalankurichi on his birth anniversary.[13]

The Tamil-language film Veerapandiya Kattabomman, starring Sivaji Ganesan, is based on his life.[14]

To commemorate the bicentenary of Kattabomman's hanging, the Government of India released a postal stamp in his honour on 16 October 1999.[15] The Indian Navy communications centre at Vijayanarayanam is named INS Kattabomman.[16]

See also

Further reading

  • Sivagnanam, M. P. (1940). Veerapandiya Kattabomman.
  • Karunakarapandian, K. (2011). "A Political History of Ettayapuram of Thirunelvelli District, Tamil Nadu". In Ganeshram, S.; Bhavani, C. (eds.). History of People and Their Environs: Essays in Honour of Prof. B.S. Chandrababu. Bharathi Puthakalayam. ISBN 978-9-38032-591-0.
  • Mukund, Kanakalatha (2005). The View from Below: Indigenous Society, Temples, and the Early Colonial State in Tamilnadu, 1700–1835. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-8-12502-800-0.

References

  1. ↑ Narwekar, Sanjit (1994). Directory of Indian film-makers and films. ISBN 9780948911408.; "Glimpse into history". The Hindu. 20 July 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2018.; "Metro Plus Vijayawada". The Hindu. 22 January 2005. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  2. ↑ "The Valour". Educreation Publishing. 11 July 2017. p. 117.
  3. ↑ "Down the Memory Lane". Notion Press. 2020. p. All.
  4. 1 2 3 Yang, Anand A. (November 2007). "Bandits and Kings: Moral Authority and Resistance in Early Colonial India". The Journal of Asian Studies. 66 (4): 881–896. doi:10.1017/S0021911807001234. JSTOR 20203235.
  5. ↑ S, Lekshmi Priya (3 January 2018). "Kattabomman: The Legendary Chieftain Who Didn't Bow Down to the British". The Better India. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  6. ↑ Gilady, Lilach; MacKay, Joseph (20 October 2015). "Bringing the Insurgents Back In: Early Wars in British India". Terrorism and Political Violence. 27 (5): 797–817. doi:10.1080/09546553.2013.859143. ISSN 0954-6553.
  7. 1 2 3 "The Panchalankurichi Fort: An Ode to Veerapandiya Kattabomman". INDIAN CULTURE. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  8. 1 2 "Poolithevar, Kattabomman in TN birth place of India' first war of independence?". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  9. ↑ "Poolithevar, Kattabomman in TN birth place of India' first war of independence?". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  10. ↑ Bayly, Susan (1989). Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian society, 1700–1900. Cambridge University Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-521-37201-5.
  11. ↑ "Tourism in Thoothukudi district". Government of Tamil Nadu.
  12. ↑ "Jayalalithaa inaugurates memorial for Veerapandia Kattaboman". The Hindu. 19 June 2015.
  13. ↑ "Kattabomman festival celebrated". The Hindu. 14 May 2006. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  14. ↑ Guy, Randor (9 May 2015). "Veera Pandya Kattabomman 1959". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  15. ↑ "Tamilnadu postal circle — stamps". Tamil Nadu post.
  16. ↑ "INS Kattabomman". Global security.
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