Tripoli protests and clashes
Part of Libyan civil war (2011)

Situation as of 1 March
  Areas controlled by Anti-Gaddafi forces
Date17–25 February 2011
Location
Tripoli, Libya
Result

Decisive pro-Gaddafi victory[1]

  • Pro-Gaddafi forces solidify control of the city
  • All anti-Gaddafi protests crushed
  • Anti-Gaddafi protesters forced to go underground
  • The civil war escalates
Belligerents
Libya Anti-Gaddafi forces Libya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
foreign support:
Mercenaries from Eastern Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa (disputed) [2]
 Belarus[3][4]
Casualties and losses
300[5]-700[6] killed Unknown

The Tripoli protests and clashes were a series of confrontations between Libyan anti-government demonstrators and forces loyal to Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi in the capital city of Tripoli that took place in February 2011, at the beginning of the Libyan civil war. During the early days of the uprising, there was significant unrest in the city, but the city remained under the control of the government.[7][8][9][10]

Background

Gaddafi had ruled Libya since overthrowing the Libyan monarchy in 1969.[11] As the Arab Spring caused revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt, which both border Libya, Gaddafi was reportedly still in full control, being the longest-ruling non-royal head of state.[12] However, the protestors wanted democracy, and Libya's corruption perception index in 2010 was 2.2, worse than Tunisia or Egypt.[13]

February clashes

On 17 February 2011, it was reported that supporters of the Libyan opposition had taken to the streets and Green Square during the Day of Revolt.[14][15]

On 20 February, it was claimed that snipers fired on crowds to control Green Square, as protesters started fires at police stations and the General People's Congress building.[16] Reportedly, the state television building was also set on fire on 21 February.[17][18] On the morning of 21 February, activists claimed that protesters surrounded Gaddafi's Bab al-Aziza compound and were trying to storm it, but were forced back by heavy gunfire that killed up to 80 people.[19] On 22 February, it was stated that the justice ministry at al-Shuhadaa square and the Shaabia headquarters were attacked.[16]

Tripoli's Mitiga International Airport may have been taken by the protesters on 25 February.[20][21] The Tajura district of Tripoli rose up against control by the Gaddafi government on 25 February.[22] However, it was quickly confronted by government troops who reportedly fired on the protestors and killed 25 of them.[23]

The National Transitional Council formed by the rebels in Benghazi, their interim capital, said through their spokesman Hafiz Ghoga that "we will help liberate other Libyan cities, in particular Tripoli through our national army, our armed forces, of which part have announced their support for the people."[24] Various countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States, were considering creating a no-fly zone under United Nations guidance, which would prevent warplanes being used and mercenaries being flown in.[25] The Russian foreign minister rejected the idea and instead supported sanctions, while the Chinese spokesman said their priority was, "for the violence to end, to avoid casualties and to make constructive efforts to help Libya return to peace and stability" and likewise rejected the no-fly zone.[26] On 1 March, British prime minister David Cameron backtracked from his comments regarding the no-fly zone. Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam, who is British-educated, accused Cameron of wanting to be a hero,[27] and described Cameron's military threats as "like a joke". He also stated that if military action was taken, "we are ready, we are not afraid."[28]

Gaddafi loyalists remained in control in Tripoli, and on 1 March it was reported that many shops were closed and the few banks that opened had queues outside.[29] Also on 1 March, a convoy of twenty government aid trucks left Tripoli with food and medicine for the rebel-held eastern city of Benghazi.[27]

Public appearances by Gaddafi

On 25 February, Gaddafi made a public speech in Green Square, stating "We will fight them and we will beat them. Sing, dance and prepare yourselves. If needs be, we will open all the arsenals."[30]

Subsequent attempts at protests

UNSC Resolution 1973

On the night of 17–18 March, following United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, more clashes occurred between protesters and pro-Gaddafi forces in Tripoli in several different areas. Protests were also planned for 18 March.[31] However, instead, protests against the UN military intervention and in support of Gaddafi's government took place over the coming days.[32]

Iman al-Obeidi

In late March, postgraduate law student and Gaddafi opponent Iman al-Obeidi was gang-raped by pro-Gaddafi forces in Tripoli, escaped and reported the event to foreign reporters at the Rixos Al Nasr hotel, and was detained and released several times by pro-Gaddafi forces,[33] attracting worldwide support,[34] and giving interviews with the anti-Gaddafi Libya TV and other media in early April.[33]

April

An anti-Gaddafi street protest took place in the Fashloom suburb of Tripoli on 7 April.[35] At a small anti-Gaddafi protest at dawn on 9 April, the participants released a protest statement. They stated, "These are our streets, and these are our alleys, for we vow to you shameful and disgraceful Gaddafi, not you nor your battalions, nor your snipers, nor your mercenaries however many they are, will not terrify us anymore, and we will not back down on our revolution and up rise no matter how greater the sacrifice."[36]

According to local residents interviewed by Reuters, several attacks by local Tripoli residents against military checkpoints and a police station in Tripoli took place during the first full week of April, with gunfights being heard at night. An exiled anti-Gaddafi Libyan who kept in daily contact with people from the suburb of Tajoura stated, "There have been attacks by Tripoli people and a lot of people have been killed on the Gaddafi army side." Hundreds of young men suspected of being Gaddafi opponents were imprisoned in late March and early April. According to one resident interviewed by Reuters, pro-Gaddafi forces controlled most of the major roads and intersections in the suburbs, while smaller streets deeper in the city's outskirts, like Tajura, were under opposition control.[35]

May

On 9 May, an opposition newspaper, Brnieq, reported a "full-scale" uprising in the suburbs of the Tripoli by anti-Gaddafi forces who had been supplied with light weapons by defecting security forces. Protesters planned to head towards the centre of the city.[37] A Libyan official denied the report and said that it was peaceful in Tripoli. Reuters correspondent in the center of the city heard no gunfire.[38] The following day, Al Jazeera reported that opposition members had hoisted their flag at the Mitiga air base in eastern Tripoli before withdrawing.[39] On 13 May, there were anti-government protests again.[40]

Al Jazeera English reported on 30 May that "unprecedented protests" occurred in Tripoli. Large demonstrations such as those had previously been limited by the heavy security presence, indicating the growing boldness of the populace of Tripoli. The protesters were eventually dispersed by live fire from security forces.[41]

June

By June, there were ongoing guerrilla attacks on military checkpoints in the city.[35][42]

August

Rebels made significant military advances from their stronghold in the Nafusa Mountains, taking large parts of the coastal town of Zawiya, roughly 50 kilometres (31 miles) west of Tripoli, seizing parts of the Libyan Coastal Highway, preventing military supplies and fuel reaching Tripoli from Tunisia. They also claimed to have seized Gharyan to the south, cutting off supplies to Tripoli from there also, seemingly in an attempt to cut off, and then besiege, the capital.[43][44] On 20 August, it was reported that the Battle of Tripoli had started and that heavy gunfire and explosions were occurring in parts of the city, and that clashes were ongoing in the eastern suburb of Tajoura. Text messages were sent out to Tripoli residents by the government, demanding they go out to the streets to fight against "agents with weapons".[45]

References

  1. ↑ "Gaddafi Solidifies Control in West, Will Turn East Next". Homeland Security News Wire. 24 February 2011. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  2. ↑ "СМИ: в расправе над ливийскими повстанцами, возможно, участвуют наемники из Белоруссии". 26 February 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  3. ↑ SIPRI: Белоруссия снабдила Каддафи оружием для уничтожения революционеров – news.ru, 1 марта 2011
  4. ↑ Летало ли белорусское оружие в Ливию и Кот-д'Ивуар?. Tut.by
  5. ↑ 275 killed (by 24 Feb.), Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine 25 killed (25 Feb.), Archived 28 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine total of 300 reported killed
  6. ↑ "Tripoli Mortuary Eyewitness: 'Haunted by Libya Deaths'" Archived 4 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News.
  7. ↑ "Libyan Protesters Battle for Control of Tripoli" Archived 13 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. South Wales Echo.
  8. ↑ "Protesters Control Great Part of Tripoli" Archived 11 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine. afrol News.
  9. ↑ "Protesters Battle Regime in Tripoli". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 22 February 2011. Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
  10. ↑ "Terror in Tripoli as Gaddafi Set for Battle" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Al-Ahram.
  11. ↑ Viscusi, Gregory (23 February 2011). "Qaddafi Is No Mubarak as Regime Overthrow May Trigger a 'Descent to Chaos'". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  12. ↑ Whitlock, Craig (22 February 2011). "Gaddafi Is Eccentric But the Firm Master of His Regime, Wikileaks Cables Say". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  13. ↑ "Corruption perceptions index 2010 results". Transparency International. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  14. ↑ "Anti-Government Protesters Killed in Libyan Clash". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  15. ↑ "Libya follows Deadly Crackdown with Mass Arrests". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  16. 1 2 Lowe, Christian (21 February 2011). "Update 1-Government Building on Fire in Libyan Capital". Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  17. ↑ "Libya: Violent Protests Paralyse Country As Colonel Gaddafi's Son Warns of Civil War". Sky News. 22 February 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  18. ↑ "Report: Military Aircraft Bomb Libyan Protesters". MyStateline. 21 February 2011. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
  19. ↑ Tran, Mark; Owen, Paul; Taylor, Matthew; Gabbatt, Adam; Walker, Peter (21 February 2011). "Libya uprising – live updates". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  20. ↑ "Fresh Reports of Tripoli Fighting – Air Base May Have Fallen to Rebels". The Times. 25 February 2011. Archived from the original on 28 February 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
  21. ↑ Taylor, Matthew; Owen, Paul; Davis, Rowenna; Gabbatt, Adam (25 February 2011). "Libya in Turmoil – Live Updates". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
  22. ↑ "Gaddafi Forces Abandon Parts of Tripoli". National Post. 26 February 2011. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  23. ↑ "US Imposes Sanctions on Gaddafi, Tripoli the Focus". Reuters India. 26 February 2011. Archived from the original on 28 February 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
  24. ↑ Abbas, Mohammed (27 February 2011). "Libya Rebels Form Council, Oppose Foreign Intervention". Benghazi. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  25. ↑ Stanglin, Douglas (28 February 2011). "Britain Working on Plans with Allies for a No-Fly Zone over Libya". USA Today. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  26. ↑ Mellen, Tom (1 March 2011). "World China Tells West To Back Off". Morning Star. Archived from the original on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
  27. 1 2 Watt, Nicholas; Beaumont, Peter; MacAskill, Ewan (1 March 2011). "Cameron Backtracks on Libya No-Fly Zone Plan as US Distances Itself". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ↑ "Libya Removed from Human Rights Council". Channel 4 News. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
  29. ↑ "Teacher Wants To Return to Libya". This is Gloucestershire. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
  30. ↑ "Tripoli Braces for Battle as Gaddafi Digs In". ABC News. Agence France-Presse. 27 February 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  31. ↑ Golovnina, Maria; Georgy, Michael (18 March 2011). "Tripoli Journalists in Lockdown Ahead of Protest". Tripoli. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  32. ↑ Black, Ian (19 March 2011). "Libyans Loyal to Gaddafi Scorn UN Resolution and 'al-Qaida' Foes". The Guardian. Tripoli. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  33. 1 2 "Translated: New Libya Satellite Channel in Qatar Confirms Eman Al Obeidy Is Released from Custody via Telephone Interview". Libya TV. 3 April 2011. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  34. ↑ Sly, Liz (27 March 2011). "Mother of Libyan Woman in Rape-Claim Case Says She Is 'Very Proud' of Her Daughter". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 March 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
  35. 1 2 3 Golovnina, Maria (11 April 2011). "Rebels Resort to Guerrilla Tactics in Western Libya". Reuters UK. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  36. ↑ "Tripoli Feb17 Youth – Are Here and Standing". feb17.info. 9 April 2011. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  37. ↑ Nasr, Joseph; Westall, Sylvia; Dobbie, Andrew (9 May 2011). "Uprising Against Gaddafi in Tripoli Suburbs – Paper". Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  38. ↑ Westall, Sylvia (9 May 2011). "Update 2-Rebels Say Fighting in Tripoli, Govt Denies It". Reuters. Tunis. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  39. ↑ "AJE Libya Live Blog – May 10, 2:00PM". Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  40. ↑ "Libya Live Blog" Archived 12 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  41. ↑ "Monday, May 30, 2011 – 23:50" Archived 1 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. 'Libya Live Blog', Al Jazeera.
  42. ↑ Kirkpatrick, David D. (17 June 2011). "In Libya, More Novice Soldiers in Defense of Qaddafi". The New York Times. Tripoli. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  43. ↑ Georgy, Michael (15 August 2011). "Gaddafi Defiant, Rebels Put Capital Under Siege". Zawiya. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  44. ↑ Laub, Karin (15 August 2011). "Libyan Rebels Hope To Cut 2 Tripoli Supply Routes". San Francisco Chronicle. Zawiya. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  45. ↑ "'Multiple Blasts and Gunfire' in Tripoli". Al Jazeera. 20 August 2011. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.

32°54′8″N 13°11′9″E / 32.90222°N 13.18583°E / 32.90222; 13.18583

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