Male cockatiel climbing from a log to a ladder using its beak. In 2022 it was proven that parrots use their necks and heads as a third limb with propulsive and tangential forces equal to or greater than those forces generated by forelimbs in non-human primates when climbing vertical surfaces.[1]

Tripedalism (from the Latin tri = three + ped = foot) is locomotion by the use of three limbs. It has been said that parrots (Psittaciformes) display tripedalism during climbing gaits,[2] which was tested and proven in a 2022 paper on the subject, making parrots the only creatures to truly use tripedal forms of locomotion.[1] Tripedal gaits were also observed by K. Hunt[3] in primates. This is usually observed when the animal is using one limb to grasp a carried object and is thus a non-standard gait. Apart from climbing in parrots, there are no known animal behaviours where the same three extremities are routinely used to contact environmental supports, although the movement of some macropods such as kangaroos, which can alternate between resting their weight on their muscular tails and their two hind legs and hop on all three, may be an example of tripedal locomotion in animals. There are also the tripod fish. Several species of these fish rest on the ocean bottom on two rays from their two pelvic fins and one ray from their caudal fin.[4]

Real-world tripedalism is rare, in contrast to the common bipedalism of two-legged animals and quadrupedalism of four-legged animals. The code for bilateral symmetry seems to have become entrenched very early in evolution, appearing even before appendages like legs, fins or flippers had evolved; with that template came a built-in bias toward even-numbered limb configurations.[5]

Quadrupedal amputees and mutations

Four-legged animals such as dogs sometimes lose limbs and become artificially tripedal.

There are some three-legged creatures in the world today, namely four-legged animals (such as pet dogs and cats) which have had one limb amputated. With proper medical treatment most of these injured animals can go on to live fairly normal lives, despite being artificially tripedal. There are also cases of mutations or birth abnormalities in animals (including humans) which have resulted in three legs.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Melody W. Young, Edwin Dickinson, Nicholas D. Flaim and Michael C. Granatosky (2022). Overcoming a ‘forbidden phenotype’: the parrot’s head supports, propels and powers tripedal locomotion, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 20220245, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0245
  2. ↑ A Comparative Survey of Climbing Robots and Arboreal Animals in Scaling Complex Environments, C. Webster, 2017
  3. ↑ Hunt, Kevin D.; Cant, John G. H.; Gebo, Daniel L.; Rose, Michael D.; Walker, Suzanne E.; Youlatos, Dionisios (1996). "Standardized descriptions of primate locomotor and postural modes". Primates. 37 (4): 363–387. doi:10.1007/BF02381373. S2CID 37235291.
  4. ↑ oceancontent (6 February 2009). "Tripod Fish". Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 29 September 2016 – via YouTube.
  5. ↑ Tracy J. Thomson (2019) Three‐Legged Locomotion and the Constraints on Limb Number: Why Tripeds Don’t Have a Leg to Stand On, BioEssays 41 (10): 1900061 https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201900061
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.