Rakija, rakia, rachiu, raki or rakiya (/ˈrɑːkiə, ˈræ-, rəˈkiːə/), is the collective term for fruit spirits (or fruit brandy) popular in the Balkans. The alcohol content of rakia is normally 40% ABV, but home-produced rakia can be stronger (typically 50–80%).[1]

Etymology

Fruit spirits are known by similar names in many languages of the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian: rakija/ракија; Albanian: rakia; Greek: ρακή, romanized: raki; Bulgarian: ракия, romanized: rakiya; Macedonian: ракија, romanized: rakija; Turkish: rakı (/rɑːˈkiː/, /rɑːˈkuː/, /rɑːˈkɜːr/). Similar drinks include sadjevec in Slovenia, țuică or pălincă in Romania, pálinka in Hungary, and pálenka in Slovakia and the Czech Republic.

Overview

Rakija is produced from fermented and distilled fruits, typically plums and grapes, but also apricots, pears, cherries or raspberries.[2] Other fruits but less commonly used are peaches, apples, figs, blackberries, and quince. Common flavours are šljivovica and țuică, produced from plums,[3] kajsija, produced from apricots, or grozdova/lozova in Bulgaria, raki rrushi in Albania and Kosovo, lozovača/komovica in Croatia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina all produced from grapes.[4][5] These are the same as "Zivania" in Cyprus.

Similar spirits are produced in Romania, Moldova, Poland, Ukraine, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria and the Caucasus. In Albania, rakia is most commonly made out of grapes in mild climate regions and out of plums (and sometimes out of mulberry, thanë (carnelian cherry), or walnuts) in colder climate areas.

Plum and grape rakia are sometimes mixed with other ingredients, such as herbs, honey, sour cherries and walnuts, after distillation.[2]

Normally, rakia is colorless, unless herbs or other ingredients are added. Some types of rakia are kept in wooden barrels (oak or mulberry) for extra aroma and a golden color.

It is supposed to be drunk from special small glasses which hold from 30 to 50 ml.

Greek ouzo (from grape) and tsipouro (from pomace), Turkish rakı (from sun-dried grapes) and arak in Lebanon and Levant region differ from rakia as they are redistilled with some herbs (commonly anise). Some tsipouro in Greece is made without anise in the same manner as pomace rakia (or pomace brandy). "Boğma rakı" in Turkey (common name of the domestic raki which is produced at homes and villages) is similar to rakia in the Balkans.

By country

Albania

Raki (Albanian definite form: rakia) (a type of rakia) is a traditional drink in Albania.[6][7] Until the 19th century, meyhanes would serve wine or meze.[8] Rakia is deeply connected to the Albanian tradition and as such it is produced everywhere in Albania and Kosovo, sometimes professionally and sometimes in an artisanal way. Skrapar is a region of Albania known for the production of rakia. In fact, Skrapar spirit is very popular not only in Albania but also elsewhere in Europe. In every part of Albania, Skrapar spirit is always required in all festive ceremonies, as the best alcoholic beverage. Grapes are grown in pergolas that are arranged in tall trees such as oaks, plums, etc. Overall, the Skrapar area produces a strong spirit with an alcohol content of up to 45%. The most famous villages for the production of rakia are Zaberzan, Muzhakë, Rog, and Vendreshë. After the grapes are harvested, they are pressed and collected in wooden barrels. Today, plastic barrels are used. The crushed grape, at this stage is called bërsi, is left for 25 days, almost a month which is also the right time for fermentation. Proper grape fermentation is also understood by a strong characteristic odor. When this fermentation is achieved, the shoots are ready to produce spirit. The grape shoots are then boiled in tinned and sealed copper pots, the wood used must be oak wood which produces a lot of heat needed to turn the shoots into steam. These vapors then pass through copper pipes which pass through a cold container from where the opposite process is achieved, that of distillation, ie the return to liquid state of the vapors. At the bottom of the tube is placed a small nape from which the spirit flows into a glass or plastic container. The spirit is then stored in small glass bottles.[9] Rakia is produced in a similar way in Kosovo, where it is usually served with meze. Rahovec is the best-known producer of rakia in the country and there is an annual festival dedicated to rakia.[10]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Rakija (Cyrillic: Ракија) is very popular and widespread in Bosnia and Herzegovina, just like in its neighboring countries. A major contributing factor to the production of rakija in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the diversity and availability of fruit in the valley of the river Drina and the untouched and very often wild nature in the mountains. The traditional old craft of producing rakija has managed to survive long throughout time and it is still widely practiced. The production of homemade rakija for private use is the most popular.

Bulgaria

A glass of rakiya in a restaurant in Sofia, Bulgaria

Bulgaria cites an old piece of pottery from the 14th century in which the word rakiya (Bulgarian: ракия) is inscribed. The inscription on it reads: “I have celebrated with rakija.”[11] The country has taken measures to declare the drink as a national drink in the European Union to allow lower excise duty domestically but has yet yielded no concrete results.[12] During an archaeological study, Bulgarian archaeologists discovered an 11th-century fragment of a distillation vessel used for the production of rakiya. Due to the age of the fragment, contradicting the idea that rakiya production only began in the 16th century, some historians believe this indicates that rakiya did originally come from Bulgaria.[13] The EU recognizes 12 brands of Bulgarian rakiya through the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) marks, which protect the name of products from a specific region that follow a traditional production process.[14]

Serbia

Quince rakija from Serbia in traditional flasks

Rakija (Serbian Cyrillic: Ракија) is one of the most popular alcoholic drinks in Serbia.[15] It is the national drink of Serbia.[16][17][18] According to Dragan Đurić, President of the Association of Producers of Natural Spirits, the EU protects the names of beverages by allowing the prefix Serbian.[15] In Serbia there are 10,000 private producers of rakija. Two thousand are on the official register and only about a hundred cellars produce high-quality spirit.[15] The most popular rakijas in Serbia are: "sljivovica"-it is made from plum, apricot rakija and pear rakija. Belgrade is the site of a Rakija museum.[19] A 14th century Serbian source is the earliest confirmation of Rakija-making.[11]

Croatia

Traditional distillation of rakija (plum spirit) in Međimurje (northern Croatia)

Rakija is the most popular spirit in Croatia.[20] Travarica (herbal rakija) is usually served at the beginning of the meal, together with dried figs. The Croatian Adriatic coast is known for a great variety of herbal rakija, some typical for only one island or group of islands.[21] The island Hvar is famous for rakija with the addition of Myrtus (mrtina—bitter and dark brown). Southern islands, such as Korčula, and the city of Dubrovnik are famous for rakija with anise (aniseta), and in central Dalmatia the most popular rakija is rakija with walnuts (orahovica). It's usually homemade, and served with dry cookies or dried figs. In the summer, it's very typical to see huge glass jars of rakija with nuts steeping in the liquid on every balcony, because the process requires the exposure of orahovica to the sun. In the northern Adriatic—mainly Istria—rakija is typically made of honey (medica) or mistletoe (biska). Biska, which is yellow-brown and sweet, is a typical liquor of Istria. In the interior of the country a spirit called šljivovica (shlivovitza) is made from plums, and one called viljamovka (viliam-ovka) is made from Williams pears. Croatia has EU Protected Geographical Indication of 6 rakija products (Zadarski maraschino ,Hrvatska travarica, Hrvatski pelinkovac, Hrvatska stara šljivovica, Slavonska šljivovica and Hrvatska loza).[14]

Turkey

Raki or rakı (/rɑːˈkiː/, /rɑːˈkuː/, /rɑːˈkɜːr/, Turkish pronunciation: [ɾaˈkɯ]) is an unsweetened, occasionally (depending on area of production) anise-flavoured, alcoholic drink that is popular in Iran, Turkic countries, and in the Balkan countries as an apéritif. It is often served with seafood or meze. It is comparable to several other alcoholic beverages available around the Mediterranean and the Middle East, such as pastis, ouzo, sambuca, arak and aguardiente. In Turkey, it is considered a national drink.

North Macedonia

Rakija (Macedonian: Ракија) is one of the most popular spirits in North Macedonia, with the most common types are yellow and white grape rakija.Tikves winery makes the most famous rakija which is made in Kavadarci. A lot of people in North Macedonia make homemade white rakija with natural process from grape distillate and add anise which gives sweetness. In industrial production, the percentage of alcohol in rakija is between 40 and 45 percent, but in domestic production, this percentage can be more than 60.

Romania and Moldova

In Romania and Moldova, the related word rachiu or rachie is used to refer to a similar alcoholic beverage as these neighboring countries, often a strong fruit-based spirit, usually from grapes. However, the more commonly used terms for similar popular beverages are țuică and palincă; țuică in particular is prepared only from plums. Additionally, the regional term vinars (literally "burnt-wine") in Romania, and divin in Moldova, can refer to brandy in general as well.

Greece

In Greece, raki (Greek: ρακή) ) is the most popular traditional Cretan spirit, also known as tsikoudia (Greek: τσικουδιά). The Cretan raki is a pomace brandy made by single distilling grapes after most of their juice has been extracted to produce wine and having left them to ferment in barrels. Special permits are given from late October until the end of November to produce raki at home in Cretan villages. Cretan raki is not twice distilled like tsipouro and does not contain anise. It is commonly served cold as an apéritif with seafood and meze, usually referred to as rakomezedes, or as a complimentary digestif with spoon sweets or fruit after a meal.

The Cretan raki is an integral element of the island’s culture, identified by many as "the national drink of Crete" and linked to hospitality.[22]

When offered, one should never deny a glass of it. Rakomelo (Greek: ρακόμελο) is also a popular spirit made by combining raki with honey (Greek: μέλι) and several spices, such as cinnamon, cardamom, or other regional herbs.

Serving

In North Macedonia it often served with pristine mountain sheep cheese, variety of salads such as shopska salad cabbage salad, yogurt and cucumber salad, root salads, olives dipped in olive oil, as well as yellow cheese kashkaval and less commonly with pork roast or dried pork meats.

In Bulgaria, rakiya is generally served with shopska salad, yogurt salad, pickled vegetables (turshiya) or other salads, which form the first course of the meal. Muskatova rakiya is made from Muscat grapes, while the preparation method of dzhibrova rakiya is the same as for Italian grappa.

In summer, rakiya is usually served ice cold, while in winter it's served "cooked" (Serbian: кувана / kuvana or грејана / grejana, Bulgarian: греяна (greyana), Croatian: kuhana, rakiya (also called Šumadija tea in Serbia). Rakiya is heated and sweetened with honey or sugar, with added spices. Heated in large kettles, it is often offered to visitors to various open-air festivities, especially in winter. It is similar to mulled wine, as weaker brands of rakiya are used (or stronger ones diluted with water).

Ritual use

Although wine is the essential part of the Eucharist rite in the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in the region, rakia has found uses in certain religious and related rituals across the Balkans.

At the end of the Orthodox Christian burial service, at the exit from the cemetery, visitors are offered a piece of soda bread (pogača) and a glass of rakia. When drinking "for the soul" of the deceased, one spills some rakia on the ground, saying "For the peaceful rest of the soul", before drinking the rest.

During wedding ceremonies, the groom's father goes around all tables and offers a glass of rakia to all guests, sharing a toast for the happiness of the newlyweds. In general, in the Balkans, rakia is offered to guests in one's home as a welcoming gesture.

It is also used as a sacramental element in Bektashi and Alevi Jem ceremonies, where it is not considered alcoholic and is referred to as "dem".[23]

Types

There are many kinds of rakia, depending on the fruit it is produced from:

Fruits Bulgaria Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia Greece Albania and Kosovo
Basic types
plum (slivovitz) сливова (slivova) сливовица (slivovitsa) šljivovica, шљивовица, шливка, сливка Κουμπλόρακο (Ρακί κορόμηλου) / Raki koromilou Raki Kumbulle
grapes гроздова (grozdova)
гроздовица (grozdovitsa)
мускатова (muskatova)		 лозова (lozova), lozovača/loza, лозова ракија/лозовача/лоза Σταφυλόρακη (ρακί σταφυλής) / raki stafylis Raki Rrushi
grape pomace
(kom)		 джиброва (dzhibrova)
джибровица (dzhibrovitsa)
шльокавица (shlyokavitsa)		 komovica, комова ракија/комовица Τσίπουρο-Τσικουδιά (ρακί στεμφύλων σταφυλής) / tsipouro-tsikoudia (raki stemfylon stafylis) Raki Bërsi
apricot кайсиева (kaysieva) mareličarka, kajsijevača, кајсијевача Ρακί βερίκοκου / raki verikokou Raki Kajsie
peach прасковена (praskovena) rakija od breskve, ракија од брескве, breskavica Ρακί ροδάκινου / raki rodakinou Raki Pjeshke
pear крушoва (krushova) kruškovača/vilijamovka, крушковача/виљамовка, крушка Ρακί αχλαδιού / raki achladiou Raki Dardhe
apple ябълкова (yabalkova) jabukovača, јабуковача Ρακί μήλου / raki milou Raki Molle
mulberry черничева (chernicheva)
црница (tsrnitsa)		 dudova rakija/dudovača/dudara, дудова ракија/дудовача/дудара Ρακί απο σκάμνια, ρακί μούρων / raki apo skamnia, raki mouron Raki Mëni
quince дюлева (dyuleva) dunjevača, дуњевача Ρακί κυδωνιού / raki kydoniou Raki Ftoji
fig смокинова (smokinova) smokovača, смоквача Συκόρακη, Ρακί σύκου / Sykoraki, Raki sykou Raki fiku
cherry черешова (chereshova) trešnjevača Ρακί κερασιού / raki kerasiou Raki qershie
mixed fruits плодова (plodova) — Ρακί φρούτων / raki frouton —
with sour cherries вишновка (vishnovka) višnjevac/višnjevača, вишњевача Βυσνόρακι, Ρακί βύσσινου / Visnoraki, raki vyssinou Raki Vishnje
With additions
with roses гюлова (gyulova) ružica — —
with herbs билкова (bilkova) travarica, траварица/trava — —
with bilberries — borovnička, боровничка — Raki Boronice
with juniper klekovača, клековача — Raki Dëllinje
with honey медена (medena) medenica, medovača, medica, medenjača, zamedljana (very popular in Istria—a region in Croatia), медовача/medovača, medovice Ρακόμελο / rakomelo Raki e Pjekur
with anise анасонлийка (anasonliyka) mastika, мастика Τσίπουρο με γλυκάνισο / tsipouro me glykaniso —
1.^ Kom or komina is the fruity grape mash that remains after winemaking. It contains up to 5.5 litres of pure alcohol per 100 kg, and at least 40% dry matter.
2.^ Not to be confused with mead, which is made solely of honey.

See also

References

  1. ↑ R., Ivan (23 January 2016). "Rakia – Everything you wanted to know about this drink". slavorum.org.
  2. 1 2 Bethune, Meredith (14 January 2022). "What Is Rakija?". tastingtable.com.
  3. ↑ Wells, Mike (2016). The Danube Cycleway Volume 2: From Budapest to the Black Sea. Cicerone Press Limited. pp. 44–48. ISBN 9781783623136.
  4. ↑ Kahl, Thede; Kreuter, Peter Mario; Vogel, Christina, eds. (2015). Culinaria balcanica. Frank & Timme GmbH. p. 85. ISBN 9783732901388.
  5. ↑ Nickels, Sylvie (1969). Yugoslavia: Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Hercgovina, including the Dalmatian coast, Volume 1. J Cape. p. 107.
  6. ↑ "Encyclopædia Britannica". Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  7. ↑ "Islam in Kosovo Proves no Bar to Alcohol". 24 January 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  8. ↑ Music of the Sirens, Inna Naroditskaya, Linda Phyllis Austern, Indiana University Press, p.290
  9. ↑ "Komuna Skrapar". Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  10. ↑ "Rrushi, vera dhe rakia iu presin "n'konak" të Rahovecit". Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  11. 1 2 Veronika Edmonds, The Battle for the Origins of Rakija. 16 Sep. 2022 3 Seas Europe.
  12. ↑ Veselina Angelova; Liliya Tsatcheva (10 October 2011). "Археолог доказва - ракията е българска" [A Bulgarian Archeologist Has Proved It - Rakia is Bulgarian] (in Bulgarian). Trud. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  13. ↑ "Bulgarian Archaeologists Discover 11th Century Rakia Distillation Vessel". www.novinite.com. 27 July 2015.
  14. 1 2 "eAmbrosia". European Commission. 24 October 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  15. 1 2 3 "Nema šljivke bez podrške". Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  16. ↑ "Rakia, The Serbian National Drink". Sick Chirpse. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  17. ↑ "Brandy history - Rakia Bar". Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  18. ↑ "Rakija". BELGRADIAN by KIELO. 2011.
  19. ↑ Weisstuch, Liza (11 February 2023). "Is This Rustic Southern European Booze the Next Mezcal?". The Daily Beast.
  20. ↑ "Hrvati najradije od svih žestokih pića piju rakiju". Večernji list (in Croatian). 28 July 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  21. ↑ Łuczaj, Łukasz; Jug-Dujaković, Marija; Dolina, Katija (November 2019). "Plants in alcoholic beverages on the Croatian islands, with special reference to rakija travarica". Journal of eJournal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicinethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 15 (51): 51. doi:10.1186/s13002-019-0332-1. PMC 6833235. PMID 31690333.
  22. ↑ Souranaki, Clio (April 2021). "Cretan Tsikoudia - Raki". My Cretan Goods.
  23. ↑ Soileau, Mark (August 2012). "Spreading the Sofra: Sharing and Partaking in the Bektashi Ritual Meal". History of Religions. 52 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1086/665961. JSTOR 10.1086/665961. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
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