In mathematics, transversality is a notion that describes how spaces can intersect; transversality can be seen as the "opposite" of tangency, and plays a role in general position. It formalizes the idea of a generic intersection in differential topology. It is defined by considering the linearizations of the intersecting spaces at the points of intersection.

Definition

Transverse curves on the surface of a sphere

Non-transverse curves on the surface of a sphere

Two submanifolds of a given finite-dimensional smooth manifold are said to intersect transversally if at every point of intersection, their separate tangent spaces at that point together generate the tangent space of the ambient manifold at that point.^[1] Manifolds that do not intersect are vacuously transverse. If the manifolds are of complementary dimension (i.e., their dimensions add up to the dimension of the ambient space), the condition means that the tangent space to the ambient manifold is the direct sum of the two smaller tangent spaces. If an intersection is transverse, then the intersection will be a submanifold whose codimension is equal to the sums of the codimensions of the two manifolds. In the absence of the transversality condition the intersection may fail to be a submanifold, having some sort of singular point.

In particular, this means that transverse submanifolds of complementary dimension intersect in isolated points (i.e., a 0-manifold). If both submanifolds and the ambient manifold are oriented, their intersection is oriented. When the intersection is zero-dimensional, the orientation is simply a plus or minus for each point.

One notation for the transverse intersection of two submanifolds ${\displaystyle L_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle L_{2}}$ of a given manifold ${\displaystyle M}$ is ${\displaystyle L_{1}\pitchfork L_{2}}$. This notation can be read in two ways: either as “${\displaystyle L_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle L_{2}}$ intersect transversally” or as an alternative notation for the set-theoretic intersection ${\displaystyle L_{1}\cap L_{2}}$ of ${\displaystyle L_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle L_{2}}$ when that intersection is transverse. In this notation, the definition of transversality reads

${\displaystyle L_{1}\pitchfork L_{2}\iff \forall p\in L_{1}\cap L_{2},T_{p}M=T_{p}L_{1}+T_{p}L_{2}.}$

Transversality of maps

The notion of transversality of a pair of submanifolds is easily extended to transversality of a submanifold and a map to the ambient manifold, or to a pair of maps to the ambient manifold, by asking whether the pushforwards of the tangent spaces along the preimage of points of intersection of the images generate the entire tangent space of the ambient manifold.^[2] If the maps are embeddings, this is equivalent to transversality of submanifolds.

Meaning of transversality for different dimensions

Transversality depends on ambient space. The two curves shown are transverse when considered as embedded in the plane, but not if we consider them as embedded in a plane in three-dimensional space

Suppose we have transverse maps ${\displaystyle f_{1}:L_{1}\to M}$ and ${\displaystyle f_{2}:L_{2}\to M}$ where ${\displaystyle L_{1},L_{2}}$ and ${\displaystyle M}$ are manifolds with dimensions ${\displaystyle \ell _{1},\ell _{2}}$ and ${\displaystyle m}$ respectively.

The meaning of transversality differs a lot depending on the relative dimensions of ${\displaystyle M,L_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle L_{2}}$. The relationship between transversality and tangency is clearest when ${\displaystyle \ell _{1}+\ell _{2}=m}$.

We can consider three separate cases:

1. When ${\displaystyle \ell _{1}+\ell _{2}<m}$, it is impossible for the image of ${\displaystyle L_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle L_{2}}$'s tangent spaces to span ${\displaystyle M}$'s tangent space at any point. Thus any intersection between ${\displaystyle f_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle f_{2}}$ cannot be transverse. However, non-intersecting manifolds vacuously satisfy the condition, so can be said to intersect transversely.
2. When ${\displaystyle \ell _{1}+\ell _{2}=m}$, the image of ${\displaystyle L_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle L_{2}}$'s tangent spaces must sum directly to ${\displaystyle M}$'s tangent space at any point of intersection. Their intersection thus consists of isolated signed points, i.e. a zero-dimensional manifold.
3. When ${\displaystyle \ell _{1}+\ell _{2}>m}$ this sum needn't be direct. In fact it cannot be direct if ${\displaystyle f_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle f_{2}}$ are immersions at their point of intersection, as happens in the case of embedded submanifolds. If the maps are immersions, the intersection of their images will be a manifold of dimension ${\displaystyle \ell _{1}+\ell _{2}-m.}$

Intersection product

Given any two smooth submanifolds, it is possible to perturb either of them by an arbitrarily small amount such that the resulting submanifold intersects transversally with the fixed submanifold. Such perturbations do not affect the homology class of the manifolds or of their intersections. For example, if manifolds of complementary dimension intersect transversally, the signed sum of the number of their intersection points does not change even if we isotope the manifolds to another transverse intersection. (The intersection points can be counted modulo 2, ignoring the signs, to obtain a coarser invariant.) This descends to a bilinear intersection product on homology classes of any dimension, which is Poincaré dual to the cup product on cohomology. Like the cup product, the intersection product is graded-commutative.

Examples of transverse intersections

The simplest non-trivial example of transversality is of arcs in a surface. An intersection point between two arcs is transverse if and only if it is not a tangency, i.e., their tangent lines inside the tangent plane to the surface are distinct.

In a three-dimensional space, transverse curves do not intersect. Curves transverse to surfaces intersect in points, and surfaces transverse to each other intersect in curves. Curves that are tangent to a surface at a point (for instance, curves lying on a surface) do not intersect the surface transversally.

Here is a more specialised example: suppose that ${\displaystyle G}$ is a simple Lie group and ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$ is its Lie algebra. By the Jacobson–Morozov theorem every nilpotent element ${\displaystyle e\in {\mathfrak {g}}}$ can be included into an ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl_{2}}}}$-triple ${\displaystyle (e,h,f)}$. The representation theory of ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl_{2}}}}$ tells us that ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}=[{\mathfrak {g}},e]\oplus {\mathfrak {g}}_{f}}$. The space ${\displaystyle [{\mathfrak {g}},e]}$ is the tangent space at ${\displaystyle e}$ to the adjoint orbit ${\displaystyle {\rm {{Ad}(G)e}}}$ and so the affine space ${\displaystyle e+{\mathfrak {g}}_{f}}$ intersects the orbit of ${\displaystyle e}$ transversally. The space ${\displaystyle e+{\mathfrak {g}}_{f}}$ is known as the "Slodowy slice" after Peter Slodowy.

Applications

Grammar

"Transversal" is a noun; the adjective is "transverse."

quote from J.H.C. Whitehead, 1959^[3]

See also

• Transversality theorem

Notes

References

• Thom, René (1954). "Quelques propriétés globales des variétés differentiables". Comment. Math. Helv. 28 (1): 17–86. doi:10.1007/BF02566923. S2CID 120243638.
• Guillemin, Victor; Pollack, Alan (1974). Differential Topology. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-212605-2.
• Hirsch, Morris (1976). Differential Topology. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-90148-5.