Maharashtra is a state in western India. It is the country's second-most-populous state and third-largest state by area. Maharashtra is bordered by the Arabian Sea on the west, Gujarat and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli on the northwest, Madhya Pradesh on the north and northeast, Chhattisgarh on the east, Karnataka on the south, Telangana on the southeast and Goa on the southwest. The state covers 307,731 km2 (118,816 sq mi), or 9.84 percent of India's total area.

Mumbai, Maharashtra's capital city, is India's largest city and its financial capital. Maharashtra has three modes of public transportation: road, rail and air. The state has two major ports, both in the Mumbai region: Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNPT) and Mumbai Port Trust.

Human power

Elevated walkway
Bandra West Skywalk
Two women on bicycles
Women bicycling in Pune

In rural areas of Maharashtra, walking remains a common mode of transport. In large cities, such as Mumbai and Pune, skywalks have been proposed or are under construction to enhance pedestrian safety and convenience; the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority has begun construction of more than 50 such skywalks.[1][2]

There is a high level of bicycle ownership in the state. Along with walking, cycling accounts for a significant number of commuter trips in rural and urban areas Pune was long known as the bicycle city of India. During the 1970s, bicycles began to be replaced by motorcycles. To combat pollution and ease traffic congestion, government development authorities are encouraging the use of separate bicycle lanes next to motor traffic.

Animal powered

A load of sugarcane and a family in a two-bullock cart
Bullock cart hauling sugarcane

Bullock carts have historically been the most common mode of transport in Maharashtra for goods and, to a lesser extent, for people. They are still used in rural areas for transporting goods to homes and farms, or for transporting produce such as sugarcane to a mill.[3] Khillari cattle have been the most popular for use as oxen.[4]

Horses (riding and draft), donkeys, and elephants are other animals which have been used in the region for transport. The indigenous Bhimthadi horse was popular for riding at the time of the Maratha Empire.[5][6] During the British colonial era, the horse-drawn Tanga and Victoria were popular modes of transport in urban areas. They began to be replaced by motorized, three-wheeled auto rickshaws for intermediate public transport during the 1960s. Donkeys are still used on building sites for carrying sand, but (unlike the Middle East) are not used for riding.

Road transport

At 267,452 kilometres (166,187 mi), Maharashtra has India's largest road network.[7] Seventeen national highways connect Maharashtra to six neighbouring states.[8] The state's national highways are 4,688 kilometres (2,913 mi) long.[9] Maharashtra also has a large state-highway network; in March 2018, 99.5 percent of the state's villages were connected by all-weather roads. The Yeshwantrao Chavan Mumbai-Pune Expressway, India's first controlled-access toll road, becamee fully operational in April 2002.

The Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC) has been providing public-sector road passenger service since 1948, linking most of the state's towns and villages in a large network. These buses, popularly known as ST (State Transport), are the preferred mode of transport for much of Maharashtra's population. In addition to the government-run buses, private luxury buses serve major population centres. Other modes of public road transport, such as the seven-seat Tempo, have become popular in semi-urban areas. The Bandra Worli sea link is one of the longest bridges in the country. It was opened in 2009. The Trans Harbour bridge is the longest bridge in India and it will be opened on 12 January 2024, after the prime minister, Narendra Modi, inaugurates the bridge. It connects Bombay with Navi Mumbai. [10][11]

Railways

Rail transport is primarily provided by Indian Railways, part of the Ministry of Railways and divided into eighteen zones.[12] IR is sub-divided into sixty-seven divisions, each with a divisional headquarters.[13][14]

Maharashtra is connected to other parts of India with a 5,983-kilometre (3,718 mi) rail network, and contains many IR zone and division headquarters:

The Mumbai and Pune Suburban Railways carry about 6.4 million passengers daily.[15] Maharashtra also has metro and monorail networks. Mumbai Metro is operational, and metros in Nagpur, Navi Mumbai, Nashik and Pune are under construction. The Greater Nashik Metro, being built by Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited, is planned to connect the city with suburban areas such as Nashik Road, Nashik Airport and Sinnar. Mumbai Monorail is operational, and Pune Monorail is proposed. Mumbai had tram service until 1964, when it was replaced by expanded bus service.[16]

A rail tunnel under the sea is planned. It will link the UAE with the western coast of India. The tunnel will be supported by pontoons and will be nearly 2000 kilometres in length.[17] [18]

Air

Civil aviation in Maharashtra began in the 1920s with Juhu Aerodrome, one of India's first and a base for J. R. D. Tata's Tata Airlines during the 1930s. The maharaja of Kolhapur State built an airfield in Kolhapur in 1939, and offered a subsidy to Air Services of India[19] to operate air service to Juhu.[20] Small airstrips had been built by the 1940s at Phaltan, Sangli, Akola and Gondia[21] in addition to larger airfields at Santacruz, Pune and Nagpur, built by the Indian Air Force and also used for civil aviation. During the 1980s and 1990s, Vayudoot served ten airports in the state.

Airports

Many jet planes at a terminal
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport is one of the world's busiest.

Most of Maharashtra's airfields are operated by the Airports Authority of India (AAI); Reliance Airport Developers (RADPL) operate five smaller airports at Latur, Nanded, Baramati, Osmanabad and Yavatmal on a 95-year lease.[22] The Maharashtra Airport Development Company (MADC) was founded in 2002 to develop airports in the state which are not under the AAI or the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC). MADC is leading the planning and implementation of the Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur (MIHAN) project.[23]

Maharashtra has three international airports:

Major domestic airports of Maharashtra include:

Airports at Akola, Amravati, Baramati, Chandrapur, Dhule, Gondia, Karad, Latur, Osmanabad, Ratnagiri, Solapur and Yavatmal do not have scheduled air service. There are also private airstrips at Aamby Valley City and Shirpur.[24]

A greenfield airport is being built by the MADC at Shirdi, and IRB Infrastructure is building Sindhudurg Airport. A new passenger terminal at Nashik Airport was inaugurated in March 2014.[25] Navi Mumbai International Airport, to be constructed by CIDCO for ₹90 billion (US$1.1 billion), is in the land-acquisition stage.[26] The New Pune Airport is planned,[27] in addition to greenfield airports at Boramani (near Solapur) and Gadchiroli.[23]

Water

The ports on the Konkan coast have historically been the gateway to the Deccan Plateau. Although most have diminished in importance, they remain fishing ports. Maharashtra's two principal ports, Mumbai Port and Jawaharlal Nehru Port (also in the Mumbai region), are controlled by the government of India.[28] There are about 50 minor ports in Maharashtra;[29] most handle passenger traffic, with limited capacity. None of the state's major rivers are navigable.

Ships at a busy port
Ships at Mumbai Port

See also

References

  1. ↑ "MMRDA – Projects – Skywalk". MMRDA. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
  2. ↑ S.Shanker (23 November 2008). "Mumbai pedestrians can walk safe in the sky". The Hindu Business Line. p. 1. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
  3. ↑ Hemalata C. Dandekar (1986). Men to Bombay, Women at Home: Urban Influence on Sugao Village, Deccan Maharashtra, India, 1942–1982. Popular Prakashan. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-89148-036-5.
  4. ↑ Momongan VG. Reproduction in draught animals. Draught Animal Power for Production. ACIAR Proceedings. 1985 Jul 10;10:123-9.
  5. ↑ Richard M. Eaton (17 November 2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–62. ISBN 978-0-521-25484-7.
  6. ↑ Mushirul Hasan, India partitioned: the other face of freedom, vol. 1, Lotus Collection, 1995, 120 p. (ISBN 8174360123), p. 103.
  7. ↑ "Table No 2". Morth.nic.in. 31 March 1996. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  8. ↑ "Maharashtra – Physical Infrastructure, Roads" (PDF). India Brand Equity Foundation. November 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  9. ↑ "Statistics". Mahapwd.com. 31 March 2000. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  10. ↑ https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mumbai-trans-harbour-link-photos-videos-cost-mthl-traffic-rules-mumbai-police-2487221-2024-01-11
  11. ↑ https://www.livemint.com/news/india/atal-setu-indias-longest-bridge-news-pm-modi-inaugurate-mumbai-trans-harbour-link-mthl-today-11705023137497.html
  12. ↑ "Kolkata Metro is now the 17th zone of Indian Railways". The Times of India.
  13. ↑ R.R. Bhandari (2005). Indian Railways: Glorious 150 years. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 44–52. ISBN 978-81-230-1254-4.
  14. ↑ "Geography: Railway zones". Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
  15. ↑ "Maharashtra – Physical Infrastructure, Railways" (PDF). IBEF. November 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  16. ↑ "India". Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  17. ↑ "A 2,000-km-long underwater rail will connect Mumbai to the UAE very soon! | Times of India Travel". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-30.
  18. ↑ "The UAE wants an underwater bullet train to India". 5 December 2018.
  19. ↑ "Airlines of the world: India". Flight Global. 27 April 1939. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
  20. ↑ "New Service in India". Flight Global. 2 February 1939. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
  21. ↑ "Airstrips in Maharashtra". Maharashtra Public Works Department. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  22. ↑ "Reliance Airport gets five projects on lease". The Times of India. 6 August 2009. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  23. 1 2 "MIDC projects". Maharashtra Airport Development Company. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  24. ↑ "List of Aerodromes Licensed under Private Category" (PDF). Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India). Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  25. ↑ "Ozar terminal to be inaugurated on March 2". The Times of India. 25 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  26. ↑ "Navi Mumbai International Airport (NMIA)". CIDCO. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  27. ↑ "Airport near Rajgurunagar, Pune". Maharashtra Airport Development Company. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  28. ↑ "List of ports in Maharashtra". Regional Port Offices. Maharashtra Maritime Board. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  29. ↑ "Sea ports of Maharashtra". Geo cities organisation. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
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