Touro Law Center
Parent schoolTouro University
Religious affiliationJewish
Established1980
School typePrivate
DeanElena B. Langan
LocationCentral Islip, New York, United States
40°45′43″N 73°11′16″W / 40.762°N 73.187738°W / 40.762; -73.187738
Enrollment595 (total)[1]
Faculty94 total, 36 full time [1]
USNWR ranking167 (2023-2024)[2]
Bar pass rate70.1% (2020 first time takers)[3]
Websitewww.tourolaw.edu

Touro University Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center,[4] commonly known as Touro Law Center,[5] is an ABA accredited law school.[6] It is located on Long Island, New York, in the hamlet of Central Islip. The Law Center is part of Touro University, a private, not-for-profit, coeducational institution based in New York City.[7]

Touro Law Center has 36 full-time faculty members and 58 teaching adjunct faculty.[1] Of the Touro graduates who took the New York bar for the first time in 2020, 70.7% passed, vs. an overall average of 85.7%.[3]

Campus

Touro Law Center is the only law school in Suffolk County, New York.[8] After briefly beginning operations in Manhattan, the Law Center's first campus was established in the town of Huntington, which is located in northwestern Suffolk County.[9] In 2007, the Law Center moved to its current campus in Central Islip.[10] The Central Islip campus, consisting of a four-story, 180,000-square-foot building, is located within walking distance of both The Alfonse M. D’Amato United States Courthouse and the John P. Cohalan State Court Complex,[11] in which the Suffolk County District and Family Courts and the New York State Supreme Court sit.[12]

Programs

Curriculum

Students may enroll in either a program to earn a Juris Doctor (JD) degree[13] or a Master of Laws (LLM) degree.[14] Both full-time and part-time programs are available to students in the JD program.[13]

Touro Law Center is one of several law schools in New York State to offer a two-year accelerated JD program, in which accepted students fulfill their credit-requirements of study within 24 months, beginning with the summer of their first year, and sit for a Bar Examination 26 months after they begin their law school studies.[15] In addition, Touro Law Center offers an accelerated JD program, referred to as a "three-plus-three" (BA/JD) program, with the University of Central Florida,[16] and an accelerated JD Program which allows graduates of foreign law schools to earn a J.D. degree in two years.[17]

Touro Law Center offers four concentrations for J.D. candidates,[18] an L.L.M program for U.S. law school graduates and a Master of Laws in U.S. Legal Studies for foreign law graduates,[19] and joint J.D./M.B.A, J.D./M.P.A., and J.D./M.S.W. programs with Touro College, State University of New York at Stony Brook, and LIU-Post.[20]

Touro Law Center has at times offered summer programs in Vietnam, Germany, Croatia, China, India, and Israel.[21][22] Only the Vietnam program was offered for the summer of 2018.[23] In 2011, when the Vietnam program was first offered, Touro Law Center was the only law school to offer such a program within the borders of Vietnam.[24]

Experiential learning programs

In September 2013, Touro Law Center joined the Educating Tomorrow's Lawyers Consortium,[25] which consisted of 31 ABA-accredited law schools that have demonstrated a commitment to innovation in legal education and offer a number of law school courses "that implement a student-centered approach to legal education".[26] The consortium was dissolved in 2017.[27] In 2013, PreLaw Magazine recognized Touro Law Center as one of six law school schools in the nation offering innovative clinical and experiential learning opportunities, highlighting the law school's ProBono Uncontested Divorce Project.[28] Touro Law Center is also a member of the Alliance for Experiential Learning in Law, an alliance that currently has 113 law school and legal service organization members, which was established in 2011 with the goal of integrating experience-based education into the traditional law school curriculum.[29]

In Fall 2006, the Law Center began a pilot program that required all first year students to observe courtroom practice in both the federal Alfonse M. D’Amato United States Courthouse and the John P. Cohalan State Court Complex.[30] In 2009, the Center for Court Innovation issued a report on its three-year study of the pilot program; the report concluded that consideration should be given to expanding the program either through increased observation opportunities or participation of students beyond their first year of law school.[31] As of 2011, the program is a graduation requirement in which all first year students must participate, and upper-level students have the option of continuing the curriculum through coursework and court externships, clerkships, or pro bono projects.[32][33]

Clinics and Centers

Touro Law Center's clinical program[34] consists of legal clinics that specialize in the areas of:

  • Bankruptcy & Mortgage Foreclosure[35][36][37][38]
  • Criminal Law (State Defense/Prosecution & Federal Prosecution)
  • Disaster Relief[39][40][41][42]
  • Education and Youth Justice Clinic[43]
  • Elder Law[35]
  • Family Law[35][44][45]
  • Immigration Law[46]
  • Small Business and Not-for-Profit Law
  • Veterans' and Servicemembers' Rights[47][48]

Touro Law Center also hosts the following Institutes and Centers:

  • Aging and Longevity Law Institute[49]
  • Center for Innovation in Business, Law & Technology[50]
  • Institute of Land Use and Sustainable Development Law[51]
  • Jewish Law Institute[52][53]
  • TLC Heart (TLC – Hurricane Emergency Assistance and Referral Team)[54]
  • International Justice Center for Post-Graduate Development

The International Justice Center for Post–Graduate Development serves as a national clearinghouse for the law-school based incubator movement.[55] Led by Fred Rooney, the Center launched Touro's Community Justice Center in 2013, housing eight-ten start-up law firms owned by Touro alumni.[56][57]

The William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst Public Advocacy Center (PAC), established in 2007,[58] has 14 offices and houses on-campus non-profit legal service providers[59] such as the Nassau/Suffolk Law Services Committee, Inc. (grant recipient of the Legal Services Corporation), New York Civil Liberties Union, and the Empire Justice Center (member of the Consumer Federation of America); there are also additional off-campus member affiliates. Thomas Maligno has served as the Executive Director of the Public Advocacy Center since it opened.

History

Touro Law Center was established and admitted its first class in the Fall of 1980.[60] The first class graduated in Spring 1983,[60] and in that same year, the Law Center was provisionally accredited by the American Bar Association.[61] It began operations in a building located at 30 West 44th Street in Manhattan, New York City, which is now the home of the Penn Club of New York.[62] In 1982, the law school moved to the town of Huntington in Suffolk County, New York[60] and the building it occupied for twenty years, formerly Toaz Junior High School.[63] At the time of its move to Huntington, Touro Law Center was the only law school on Long Island to offer a part-time program to students.[64] In April 1986, the Law Center was officially named the Touro College Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center, in honor of Judge Jacob D. Fuchsberg, who served as an associate judge of the New York State Court of Appeals from 1975 to 1983.[65] Judge Fuchsberg began serving on the Board of Trustees of Touro College at the time it was established in the 1970s, and during his tenure on the Board, he advocated for the establishment, accreditation, and growth of the Law Center.[66] The Law Center achieved full accreditation by the American Bar Association in 1989.[67]

Deans

John S. Bainbridge was the dean of the law school from 1982 to 1985.[68] During his tenure, Bainbridge recruited the founding faculty and administrators and guided the school through the first American Bar Association inspection that led to its provisional national accreditation.[68][69] Howard A. Glickstein served as the dean of the Law Center from 1986 to 2004.[67][70] During Glickstein's tenure, the Law Center was accepted as a member of the American Association of Law Schools,[67] which occurred in 1994.[71] During his eighteen-year tenure, Glickstein also oversaw the initial plans for the Central Islip, New York campus and the development of the construction project.[67] Construction on the new campus began in March 2005, shortly after Glickstein's tenure ended.[72] From 2004 to 2012, Lawrence Raful served as dean.[73] During Raful's tenure, the construction of the Central Islip campus took place, opening in 2007.[74][75][10] In 2012, Patricia Salkin was appointed the dean of the law school.[76][77][78] She served until 2016, when she was promoted to the position of provost of graduate and professional studies for the Touro College and University system. Harry Ballan, senior counsel at Davis Polk & Wardwell, LLP was subsequently appointed to the position.[79] In June 2019, Elena B. Langan was announced as the new dean of the law school, having previously served as dean of Concordia Law School and interim dean of Nova Southeastern University's Shepard Broad College of Law.[80]

In May 2014, Touro Law Center was identified by one law school rankings system as the 13th "most undervalued" law school in the country, based on the spread between the Law Center's U.S. News peer reputation and the number of downloads from the Social Science Research Network of Touro law faculty scholarship.[81] This particular system, first established in a law review article in 2006 by two law professors, compares the U.S. News Rankings to scholarly impact as measured by download counts from the Social Science Research Network.[82] In 2013, Touro Law Center launched its SSRN Legal Studies Research Paper Series eJournal.[83]

The students and faculty of Touro Law Center currently publish four journals:[84]

  • Touro Law Review (first published Spring 1985)[85]
  • Touro International Law Review (formerly known as the Touro Journal of Transnational Law; first published Fall 1988)[86]
  • Touro Law Journal of Race, Gender, and Ethnicity (first published August 2006)[87]
  • Touro Journal of Experiential Learning (first published Fall 2014)[88]

Employment

According to Touro's 2018 ABA-required disclosures, 67.9% of the Class of 2016 had obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment by nine months after graduation.[89] Touro Law Center's Law School Transparency under-employment score for the Class of 2017 is 20.3%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2017 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation.[89] For the graduating class of 2021, Touro's LST employment score of 59.1% is the lowest of any law school in New York state.[90]

Costs

The cost in tuition and fees for attending Touro Law Center full-time for the 2018–19 academic year is $24,900 per semester and $18,605 per semester for part-time programs.[1]

Notable faculty

  • Joseph Frank Bianco – Appointed by President George W. Bush as a US District Judge in the Eastern District of New York; teaches National Security and the Law.[91]
  • Sol Wachtler – Former Chief Judge of New York Court of Appeals;[92] Distinguished Adjunct Professor.[93]

Notable alumni

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "TOURO COLLEGE - 2019 Standard 509 Information Report" (PDF). Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  2. ↑ "Touro University (Fuchsberg) - Best Law Schools". US News. 15 August 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  3. 1 2 "First Time Bar Passage Calendar Year 2020".
  4. ↑ "Touro Law – Home Page". Tourolaw.edu. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
  5. ↑ "About Touro Law". Tourolaw.edu. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
  6. ↑ "ABA Approved Law Schools In Alphabetical Order". American Bar Association. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  7. ↑ "Touro University". Touro.edu. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
  8. ↑ "Suffolk County Government – Community – Education". Suffolk County Government. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
  9. ↑ "History". Touro Law Center. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
  10. 1 2 Winslow, Olivia (January 16, 2007). "Touro Law Center Makes Its Move". Newsday. p. A26.
  11. ↑ "Touro Law Center – Facilities". Touro Law Center. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
  12. ↑ "Collaborative Court Programs". Touro Law Center. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
  13. 1 2 "Juris Doctor". Touro Law Center. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
  14. ↑ "Master of Law (LL.M.) Programs". Touro Law Center. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Two-Year Accelerated Law Program". Touro Law Center. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
  16. ↑ Zeller, Gregory (April 23, 2013). "Central Islip-Based Touro Law, UCF Create Accelerated-Degree Program". Long Island Business News. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  17. ↑ "Two-Year J.D. Program for Foreign Law Graduates". Touro Law Center. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  18. ↑ "Concentrations". Touro Law Center. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
  19. ↑ "Masters of Law (LL.M.) Programs". Touro Law Center. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
  20. ↑ "Dual Degree Programs". Touro Law Center. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
  21. ↑ Durham, James (June 1, 2010). "Visiting the Supreme Court of Israel". Touro Law Center Summer Abroad Programs Blog. Touro Law Center. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  22. ↑ Louise Harmon; Eileen Kaufman (Fall 2007). "Innocents Abroad: Reflections on Summer Abroad Law Programs" (PDF). Thomas Jefferson Law Review. 30 (1): 70. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  23. ↑ "Summer Abroad Programs". Touro Law Center. Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2019-12-27.
  24. ↑ "Vietnam Summer Law Program". National Asian Pacific American Law Student Association News Blog. March 19, 2012. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  25. ↑ Gerkman, Alli (September 6, 2013). "Touro Law Center the Newest Member of a Growing Consortium". IAALS Online. University of Denver. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
  26. ↑ "Consortium Member Criteria". Educating Tomorrow's Lawyers. IAALS – University of Denver. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
  27. ↑ "Educating Tomorrow's Lawyers Consortium (2011-2017) | IAALS". iaals.du.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-27.
  28. ↑ Weyenberg, Michelle. "25 Innovative Ideas". No. Back to School 2013. PreLaw Magazine. p. 31. Archived from the original on January 8, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  29. ↑ "Alliance for Experiential Learning in Law". Northeastern University School of Law. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  30. ↑ Zeitler, Michelle (September 2009). "First-year Law Students in the Classroom: An Experiment in Practical Legal Education at the Touro Law Center" (PDF). Center for Court Innovation. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  31. ↑ Zeitler, Michelle (September 2009). "First-year Law Students in the Classroom: An Experiment in Practical Legal Education at the Touro Law Center" (PDF). Center for Court Innovation. pp. 3–4, 24–25. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  32. ↑ "Collaborative Court Programs". Touro Law Center. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  33. ↑ "The Chief Judge's Hearing on Civil Legal Services, Second Dep't, Oct. 4, 2012 (testimony of Patricia E. Salkin, Dean, Touro College Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center, at 103:21–104:14)" (PDF). Report to The Chief Judge of The State of New York from the Task Force to Expand Access to Civil Legal Services in New York. November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  34. ↑ "Clinics". Touro Law Center. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  35. 1 2 3 D'Andrea, Kristen (September 25, 2013). "Touro Law Joins Externship Consortium". Long Island Business News. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
  36. ↑ Yan, Ellen (March 18, 2010). "Touro Foreclosure Clinic Holding Open House Friday". Newsday. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  37. ↑ Du, Lisa (October 10, 2012). "LI Housing Nonprofits Receive $150G in Grants". Newsday. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  38. ↑ Karas, Tania (January 7, 2013). "New State Grant to Finance Staff Attorney for Touro Clinic". New York Law Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  39. ↑ Du, Lisa (6 February 2013). "Disaster Relief Clinic to Aid Sandy Victims at Touro Law". Newsday. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  40. ↑ Hollander, Sophia (March 4, 2013). "Sandy Stirs Legal Mess". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  41. ↑ "Touro Law School's Disaster Relief Clinic helps elderly Sandy victims from Oakdale". News 12 Long Island. June 12, 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  42. ↑ Chen, David W. (February 16, 2015). "Hurricane Sandy Victims Say Damage Reports Were Altered". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  43. ↑ "Touro Law - Clinical Law Program Descriptions | Touro Law Long Island, NY". www.tourolaw.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-16.
  44. ↑ Lefkowitz, Melanie (March 9, 2008). "Kids In Crisis: Seeking Legal Balance". Newsday (New York). p. A16.
  45. ↑ Selvin, Rhoda Selvin. "Pro Bono Attorney of the Month: The Touro Family Law Clinic, Its Students and Director Lewis A. Silverman" (PDF). Nassau Suffolk Law Services. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  46. ↑ "Resource Guide for Newly Arrived Immigrant Children, Families" (PDF). The Health and Welfare Council of Long Island. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  47. ↑ Evans, Martins C. (October 2, 2013). "$6M in grants will aid Long Island veterans in need". Newsday (New York). Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  48. ↑ Newsday Staff (October 21, 2013). "Seaford Harbor Elementary celebrates 50th, Vets' groups gets $17G". Newsday (New York). Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  49. ↑ Karas, Tania (August 23, 2013). "Law School Roundup". New York Law Journal. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  50. ↑ Zeller, Gregory (June 5, 2013). "New name, focus for Touro business institute". Long Island Business News. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  51. ↑ Starzee, Bernadette (October 8, 2013). "Long Islanders on the Move". Long Island Business News. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  52. ↑ Glickstein, Howard A. (Winter 1995). "A Jewish-Sponsored Law School: Its Purposes and Challenges". Marquette Law Review. 78 (2): 482–483. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  53. ↑ Ain, Stewart (January 15, 2014). "Suffolk Day School Engineering A New Curriculum". The Jewish Week (New York). Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  54. ↑ Gallucci, Jaclyn (November 1, 2012). "Touro Law to Open Pro Bono Storm Help Center". Long Island Press. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  55. ↑ Du, Lisa; Ryan, Joe (November 12, 2013). "Touro incubator for lawyers". Newsday.
  56. ↑ O'Regan, Dan (April 10, 2014). "Touro incubator gives new lawyers a leg up". LIBN.com. Long Island Business News. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  57. ↑ Adcock, T. (October 24, 2008). "Touro's Public Advocacy Center Benefits Students, Community". New York Law Journal. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  58. ↑ Bain, Brandon (October 22, 2007). "Touro College dedicates Central Islip law center". Newsday.
  59. 1 2 3 "Milestones in the History of Touro College" (PDF). Touro College – News Center – Touro Background – Milestones. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
  60. ↑ "The Database of Accredited Postsecondary Institutions and Programs – Touro College Profile". Office of Postsecondary Education. U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  61. ↑ "Archival Collections Penn Club of New York Records 1919–2004". UPenn University Archives and Record Center. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
  62. ↑ "Trustees Look at Reacquisition of Former Toaz Junior High School". Huntington Headlines. Huntington Public Schools. November 2, 2009. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
  63. ↑ Ketchan, Diane (March 31, 1985). "Law School Days (Long Island Journal)". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
  64. ↑ Pace, Eric (August 28, 1995). "Jacob D. Fuchsberg, 82, Dies; Lawyer and Appellate Judge". New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  65. ↑ Cohen, Suart. "New York Legal History / The Bench & The Bar – New York State Court of Appeals – Jacob David Fuchsberg". Historical Society of the New York Courts. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  66. 1 2 3 4 Glickstein, Howard (Fall 2003). "An Interview with Dean Howard A. Glickstein". The Touro Lawyer Alumni Magazine. Touro Law Center. p. 7.
  67. 1 2 Saxon, Wolfgang (February 6, 2006). "John S. Bainbridge, 90, Legal Educator for African Leaders, Dies". New York Times. p. 21. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  68. ↑ "John Bainbridge Obituary". The News Journal (Delaware). February 8, 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  69. ↑ Morris, Jeffrey B. (2004). ""We Cannot Remain Morally Neutral": Howard A. Glickstein, Dean, Touro Law Center, 1986–2004". Touro Law Review. 20 (1): 189.
  70. ↑ "Member Schools (T-Z)". The Association of American Law Schools. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  71. ↑ Cotsalas, Valerie (March 20, 2005). "From a Bleak Past, a Positive Plan". The New York Times. Real Estate Desk. p. 13. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  72. ↑ Burson, Pat (October 2, 2004). "Seeking A Higher Law; Lawrence Raful, The New Dean of Touro, Wants Faith To Inspire Young Attorneys". Newsday (New York). p. B76.
  73. ↑ Winslow, Olivia (February 25, 2005). "Groundbreaking Approach to Law Education". Newsday. p. A53.
  74. ↑ Cotsalas, Valerie (March 20, 2005). "From a Bleak Past, a Positive Plan". The New York Times (Sunday Edition). No. In the Region/Long Island Section. p. 13. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  75. ↑ Keshner, Andrew (September 11, 2012). "Dean Aims to Build National Reputation for Touro Law". New York Law Journal. p. 1. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  76. ↑ Fuller, Nicole (October 2, 2012). "Touro Law School Installing First Female Dean". Newsday. p. A22. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  77. ↑ Callegari, John (May 10, 2012). "Touro Law Center names Patricia Salkin new dean". Long Island Business News. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  78. ↑ "Touro Law Center names Harry Ballan as New Dean". 3 August 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  79. ↑ Sloan, Karen (June 20, 2019). "Touro Law Finds New Dean Elena Langan in Idaho". New York Law Journal. p. 1. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
  80. ↑ Caron, Paul. "The Most Overrated and Underrated Law Schools: U.S. News v. SSRN". TaxProf Blog. Law Professor Blogs. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
  81. ↑ Black, Bernard; Caron, Paul (2006). "Ranking Law Schools: Using SSRN to Measure Scholarly Performance" (PDF). Indiana Law Journal. 81: 84–136. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
  82. ↑ "Touro Law Center Legal Studies Research Paper Series". Social Science Research Network. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  83. ↑ "Journals". Touro Law Center. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  84. ↑ Blackmun, Harry A. (March 1985). "Address". Touro Law Review. 1 (1): vii.
  85. ↑ Glickstein, Howard A. (Fall 1988). "Introduction". Touro Journal of Transnational Law. 1 (1): v.
  86. ↑ Richards, Lenka L. (August 2006). "Foreword : A Reflection on the Journey" (PDF). Touro Law Journal of Race, Gender, and Ethnicity. 1 (1): 1. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  87. ↑ Thomson, David I.C. (October 2, 2014). "Foreword To The First Volume Of The Journal" (PDF). Journal of Experiential Learning. 1 (1): v–vi. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  88. 1 2 Employment summary for the class of 2017 tourolaw.edu
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  90. ↑ "Judge Joseph F. Bianco". United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
  91. ↑ "Sol Wachtler". New York State Unified Court System. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  92. ↑ "Mediation Settlement Day". New York State Unified Court System. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
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  95. ↑ "Sal Iacono – Biography". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  96. ↑ Dominus, Susan (May 28, 2010). "Bikram Singh's 2 Careers; Law and Indian Hip-Hop". The New York Times.
  97. ↑ "Martin Tankleff, Wrongfully Convicted of Parents' Murders, Graduates from Touro Law Center". News 12. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  98. ↑ "Brad Blakeman – Biography". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  99. ↑ "An Economic Vision to Confront Nassau County's Demographic Trends" (PDF). Nassau County Office of the Comptroller. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  100. ↑ "New York State Senator Joseph P. Addabbo Jr. – Biography". New York State Senate. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  101. ↑ "New York State Senator John J. Flanagan – Biography". New York State Senate. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  102. ↑ "Assemblyman Al Graf – Biography". New York State Assembly. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  103. ↑ "New York State Senator Kenneth P. LaValle – Biography". New York State Senate. 2010-03-29. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
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