Pamukkale in Turkey is a World Heritage Site. Turkey has 622 national parks.

Tourism in Turkey is focused largely on a variety of historical sites, and on seaside resorts along its Aegean and Mediterranean Sea coasts. Turkey has also become a popular destination for culture, spa, and health care.[1] Since 2021, Turkey is the fourth most visited country in the world.[2]

Number of international tourist arrivals

At its height in 2019, Turkey attracted around 51 million foreign tourists,[3][4] The total number fluctuated between around 41 million in 2015, and around 30 million in 2016.[5][6] However, recovery began in 2017, with the number of foreign visitors increasing to 37.9 million, and in 2018 to 46.1 million visitors.[7][8][9]

Destinations

Istanbul

Dolmabahçe Palace is a popular tourism destination in Turkey.
Ortaköy Mosque and the Bosphorus Bridge

Istanbul is one of the most important tourist spots not only in Turkey but also in the world. There are thousands of hotels and other tourist-oriented industries in the city. Turkey's largest city, Istanbul has a number of major attractions derived from its historical status as the capital of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires. These include the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (the "Blue Mosque"), the Hagia Sophia, the Topkapı Palace, the Basilica Cistern, the Dolmabahçe Palace, the Galata Tower, the Grand Bazaar, the Spice Bazaar, and the Pera Palace Hotel. Istanbul has also recently become one of the biggest shopping centers of the European region by hosting malls and shopping centers, such as MetroCity, Akmerkez and Cevahir Mall, which is the biggest mall in Europe and seventh largest shopping center in the world. Other attractions include sporting events, museums, and cultural events.

In January 2013, the Turkish government announced that it would build the world's largest airport in Istanbul. The operation has an invested 7-billion euros and was planned to have the first part of a four-part plan completed by 2017.[10]

As a consequence of the continuous fall in tourism to Turkey in recent years, as of October 2016 in Istanbul's famous bazaar once crowded shopping streets are not as crowded as before, "the streams of tourists who used to visit the market each day have trickled to a halt".[5] The number of foreign tourists visiting Istanbul declined to 9.2 million in 2016, a 26 percent decrease compared to 2015.[11]

Ankara

Ankara is the country's capital and second most populated city.[12] It is rich with Turkish history and culture that have roots in the founding of Turkey along with the history of ancient civilizations. The most popular landmark is the Anıtkabir,[13] a mausoleum for Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey. Another landmark would be the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, a museum that possesses works from Paleolithic, Neolithic, Hatti, Hittite, Phrygian, Urartian, and Roman civilizations.[14]

Izmir

Izmir is a city with historical and geopolitical importance in ancient civilizations such as Macedonia, Persia, Lydia, and the Ottomans.[15] The city has a memorable history in the early years of Turkey as it was the main city that was affected by the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).[16] Izmir is home to many ancient cities such as Ephesus, Pergamon, and Klazomenai.[17] Besides historical significance, Izmir also possesses many locations for coastal tourism for international travelers. Frequently visited regions that have tourist beaches for local and international tourists would be Çeşme, Mordoğan, and Foça.[18][19]

Other destinations

Ölüdeniz beach
Butterfly Valley, Fethiye

Beach vacations and Blue Cruises, particularly for Turkish delights and visitors from Western Europe, are also central to the Turkish tourism industry.[20] Most beach resorts are located along the southwestern and southern coast, called the Turkish Riviera, especially along the Mediterranean coast near Antalya. Antalya is also accepted as the tourism capital of Turkey.[21] Major resort towns include Bodrum, Fethiye, Marmaris, Kuşadası, Didim and Alanya. Also, Turkey has been chosen second in the world in 2015 with its 436 blue-flagged beaches, according to the Chamber of Shipping.[22]

Attractions elsewhere in the country include the sites of Ephesus, Troy, Pergamon, House of the Virgin Mary, Pamukkale, Hierapolis, Trabzon (where one of the oldest monasteries is the Sümela Monastery), Konya (where the poet Rumi had spent most of his life), Didyma, Church of Antioch, ancient Pontic capital and king rock tombs with its acropolis in Amasya, religious places in Mardin (such as Deyrülzafarân Monastery), and the ruined cities and landscapes of Cappadocia.

One of the most important and famous cities in the east and southeast of Turkey is called Diyarbakır. This city is considered one of the important options for traveling to the east of Turkey due to its numerous historical, religious and cultural places. For researchers who are interested in cultural studies, this city is a favorable option for study and research due to the accommodation of different ethnic groups (Kurds, Turks, Arabs, Assyrians, Armenians) and religious groups (Muslims, Christians). Due to the civil wars between the PKK group and the central government of Turkey in the 90's, the number of tourists in this region decreased. With the beginning of the 21st century and after the establishment of relative peace and security in these areas, tourism has been increasing again in these areas.[28]

Gallipoli and Anzac Cove – a small cove on the Gallipoli peninsula, which became known as the site of World War I landing of the ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) on 25 April 1915. Following the landing at Anzac Cove, the beach became the main base for the Australian and New Zealand troops for the eight months of the Gallipoli campaign.

Cappadocia is a region created by the erosion of soft volcanic stone by the wind and rain for centuries.[29] The area is a popular tourist destination, having many sites with unique geological, historic, and cultural features.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Safranbolu was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1994 due to its well-preserved Ottoman era houses and architecture.

As of 2023, Turkey hosts 21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 19 cultural and 2 mixed.[30]

Turkey's World Heritage Sites, as per their official UNESCO names, are as follows:

  1. Aphrodisias
  2. Archaeological Site of Ani
  3. Archaeological Site of Troy
  4. Arslantepe Mound
  5. Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire
  6. City of Safranbolu
  7. Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape
  8. Ephesus
  9. Gordion
  10. Göbekli Tepe
  11. Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia
  12. Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği
  13. Hattusha: the Hittite Capital
  14. Hierapolis-Pamukkale
  15. Historic Areas of Istanbul
  16. Nemrut Dağ
  17. Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük
  18. Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape
  19. Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex
  20. Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia
  21. Xanthos-Letoon

Medical tourism

Acıbadem Hospital in Altunizade, Istanbul

An emerging branch of tourism in Turkey is medical tourism. Commonly performed medical procedures are hair transplant operations, rhinoplasty and cosmetic dentistry as it draws in thousands of foreigner tourists every year.[31][32] In 2021, the revenue generated from medical tourism was given as $1.05 billion with 642,000 people that visited for the purpose of getting medical service.[33] This is due to Turkey offering high-quality clinics for affordable pricing compared to the rest of Europe and its central location between Asia and Europe.[34] Other reasons for the high demand for healthcare in Turkey are foreigners having easy visa procedures and immediate scheduling for operations.[1]

Development of tourism

Most tourist arrivals in Turkey come from the following countries:[35][36][9][37][38]

Rank Country 11/2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017
1  Russia 6,083,696 5,232,611 4,694,422 2,128,758 Increase 7,017,657Increase 5,964,631Increase 4,715,438
2  Germany 5,959,843 5,679,194 3,085,215 1,118,932 Increase 5,027,472Increase 4,512,360Decrease 3,584,653
3  United Kingdom 3,711,802 3,370,739 392,746 820,709 Increase 2,562,064 Increase 2,254,871Decrease 1,658,715
4  Bulgaria 2,641,197 2,882,512 1,402,795 1,242,961 Increase 2,713,464 Increase 2,386,885Increase 1,852,867
5  Iran 2,291,338 2,331,076 9,618 385,762 Increase 2,102,890 Decrease 2,001,744Increase 2,501,948
6  Poland 1,521,506 1,135,903 585,076 145,908 Increase 880,839Increase 646,365Increase 296,120
7  Georgia 1,501,261 1,514,813 291,852 410,501 Decrease 1,995,254Decrease 2,069,392Increase 2,438,730
8  United States 1,277,827 1,013,478 371,759 148,937 Increase 578,074Increase 448,327Decrease 329,257
9  Netherlands 1,183,109 1,244,756 645,601 271,526 Increase 1,117,290Increase 1,013,642Decrease 799,006
10  Iraq 987,536 1,208,895 836,624 387,587 Increase 1,374,896Increase 1,172,896Increase 896,876
11  France 976,203 986,090 621,493 311,708 Increase 875,957Increase 731,379Increase 578,524
12  Romania 947,024 886,555 496,178 269,076 Increase 763,320Increase 641,484Increase 423,868
13  Kazakhstan 795,483 712,136 366,076 137,213 Increase 455,724Increase 426,916Increase 402,830
14  Ukraine 794,706 675,467 2,060,008 997,652 Increase 1,547,996Increase 1,386,934Increase 1,284,735
15  Azerbaijan 789,285 683,834 470,618 236,797 Increase 901,723Increase 858,506Increase 765,514
16  Saudi Arabia 783,968 497,914 10,083 67,490 Decrease 564,816Increase 747,233Increase 651,170
17  Israel 761,903 843,028 225,238 129,677 Increase 569,368Increase 443,732Increase 380,415
18  Greece 621,249 569,795 157,723 136,305 Increase 836,882Increase 686,891Increase 623,705
19  Belgium 570,927 596,173 339,529 138,729 Increase 557,435Increase 511,559Increase 419,998
20  Italy 559,808 420,661 116,806 72,619 Increase 377,011Increase 284,195Decrease 205,788
21  Austria 467,835 454,638 284,095 112,126 Increase 401,475Increase 353,628Decrease 287,746
22  Uzbekistan 437,296 419,673 272,604 102,598 Increase 252,138Increase 241,235Increase 195,745
23  Czech Republic 379,313 295,454 89,734 15,642 Increase 311,359Increase 228,251Increase 126,567
24   Switzerland 374,205 382,835 219,591 127,643 Increase 311,107Decrease 269,649Decrease 206,479
25  Jordan 369,546 494,629 326,633 93,750 Increase 474,874Increase 406,469Increase 277,729
26  Kuwait 347,985 480,123 246,249 120,221 Increase 374,191Increase 298,620Increase 255,644
27  Sweden 347,682 415,696 192,872 93,703 Increase 444,285Increase 384,397Increase 289,134
28  Denmark 311,765 356,127 111,499 44,694 Increase 335,877Increase 326,278Decrease 269,026
29  Spain 300,956 298,165 104,848 54,381 Increase 257,342Increase 178,018Increase 106,757
30  Belarus 299,814 239,966 220,932 106,426 Increase 258,419Increase 245,254Increase 229,229
31  Serbia 295,735 357,787 238,852 129,284 Increase 282,347Increase 225,312Increase 146,852
32  Moldova 278,796 274,257 192,441 109,137 Increase 198,867 Increase 194,268 Increase 171,538
33  Lithuania 274,720 251,619 114,227 14,194 Increase 229,704Increase 199,371Increase 134,264
34  Algeria 266,919 210,478 48,827 50,121 Increase 295,512Increase 288,207Increase 213,333
35  India 250,987 231,579 52,651 44,707 Increase 230,131Increase 147,127Increase 86,996
36  Morocco 242,968 251,708 121,333 67,775 Increase 234,264Increase 176,538Increase 114,155
37  Lebanon 237,202 272,844 191,768 89,337 Increase 376,721Increase 338,837Increase 237,476
38  Canada 237,122 197,416 72,034 34,210 Increase 139,164 Increase 108,272 Increase 81,196
39  Macedonia 235,030 266,184 182,045 115,483 Increase 222,862 Increase 209,519 Increase 172,851
40  Slovakia 232,380 196,462 37,963 8,648 Increase 207,108 Increase 157,003 Increase 97,967
41  China 223,078 89,515 33,641 40,264 Increase 426,344Increase 394,109Increase 247,277
42  Hungary 216,241 165,842 76,257 16,563 Increase 149,523 Increase 123,448 Increase 79,899
43  Norway 196,890 191,789 54,633 25,100 Increase 208,330 Increase 161,789 Increase 116,180
44  Cyprus 187,240 182,945 68,353 59,808 Increase 268,341Increase 266,859Increase 256,059
45  Australia 185,611 118,847 15,674 15,109 Increase 120,837 Increase 96,488 Increase 77,153
46  Libya 176,723 220,179 197,983 107,251 Increase 259,243Increase 188,312Increase 99,395
47  Egypt 171,032 227,850 124,483 68,936 Increase 177,655 Increase 148,943 Increase 100,971
48  Bosnia 169,652 200,698 131,347 61,651 Increase 144,445 Increase 120,480 Increase 90,378
49  Kosovo 165,909 193,823 145,931 70,462 Increase 152,048 Increase 139,500 Increase 116,049
50  Indonesia 160,033 152,995 49,319 36,690 Increase 127,149 Increase 119,337 Increase 85,031
51  Ireland 158,962 136,608 36,947 26,176 Increase 96,886 Increase 71,221 Increase 50,102
52  Tunisia 158,295 206,714 126,970 57,563 Increase 172,587 Increase 142,372 Increase 111,627
53  Kyrgyzstan 157,707 147,487 102,840 52,142 Increase 121,364 Increase 114,926 Increase 104,911
54  Mexico 147,328 114,267 34,705 12,775 Increase 66,557 Increase 36,737 Increase 19,632
55  South Korea 146,750 99,869 15,206 36,636 Increase 212,970 Increase 159,354 Increase 120,622
56  Albania 134,434 145,032 89,748 49,667 Increase 134,869 Increase 125,935 Increase 103,593
57  Pakistan 130,053 173,621 90,681 51,326 Increase 130,736 Increase 113,579 Increase 77,464
58  Finland 113,282 117,281 32,809 15,003 Increase 135,192 Increase 128,860 Increase 97,112
59  Turkmenistan 110,550 45,249 18,979 43,236 Increase 297,706Increase 252,911Increase 230,881
60  United Arab Emirates 107,050 146,438 52,587 3,772 Decrease 37,500 Decrease 43,292 Decrease 49,360
Total 46,725,424 44,564,395 24,712,266 12,734,213Increase 51,747,198Increase 46,112,592Increase 37,969,824
Visa policy of Turkey
  Turkey
  Unlimited stay
  Visa-free - 90 days
  Visa-free - 60 days
  Visa-free - 30 days
  eVisa - 90 days (multiple entries)
  eVisa - 30 days (single entry)
  eVisa - 30 days (Conditional)
  Visa required in advance

Foreign tourist arrivals increased substantially in Turkey between 2000 and 2005, from 8 million to 25 million, which made Turkey a top-10 destination in the world for foreign visitors. 2005 revenues were US$20.3 billion which also made Turkey one of the top-10 biggest revenue owners in the world. In 2011, Turkey ranked as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world and 4th in Europe, according to UNWTO World Tourism barometer.[39] See World Tourism rankings. At its height in 2014, Turkey attracted around 42 million foreign tourists, still ranking as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world.[4] From 2015, tourism to Turkey entered a steep decline.[40][41] In 2016, only around 30 million people visited Turkey. 2016 is described as the second year of huge losses on both visitor numbers and income, a "year of devastating losses", with Turkish tourism businesses stating that they "cannot remember a worse time in the sector".[5] The number of foreign visitors started recovering in 2017 with 37.9 million visitors being recorded. The recovery was partly due to intense security campaigns and advertising. The number of Russian tourists increased by 444% after the recovery of bilateral relations, resulting in Russia becoming the top tourism market for Turkey once again.[7][8] Increases were also recorded in the British, Dutch and Belgian markets.[42]

In early 2017, the Turkish government urged Turkish citizens living abroad to take their vacations in Turkey, attempting to revive the struggling tourism sector[43] of an economy that went into contraction from late 2016.[44] After the April 2017 constitutional referendum, another sharp drop in tourist bookings from Germany was recorded.[45] In 2018, however, the German Tourism Industry Association recorded a growth in German tourist bookings for Turkey, with a 70% increase being recorded by the TUI Group alone.[46]

Government policy and regulation

The AKP government has been promoting "halal tourism" for years,[47] politically reaffirming this stance over the course of 2016.[48] In March 2017, a Turkish court banned global travel fare aggregator website Booking.com from offering services to Turkish tourists for lack of a national licence,[49] while the Hoteliers Association of Turkey campaigns for a lifting the ban of the enterprise on which its members relied for up to 90 percent of their turnover.[50] In April 2017, the police department of the prime resort city of Antalya issued a directive banning the consumption of alcohol outside of buildings.[51]

Sex tourism

Prostitution is legal and regulated in Turkey. The secularization of Turkish society allowed prostitution to achieve legal status during the early 20th century. Sex tourism has been part of Turkey's tourism industry and has been growing over the decades both for foreigners and locals. Many foreigners come to Turkey to work for local Turks in the prostitution business, while many Turks travel abroad as consumers of sex tourism, mostly to Eastern Europe for the purpose.[52] Anyone who encourages someone to commit prostitution, facilitates it, or mediates or provides a place for prostitution is punished with imprisonment from two months to four years and a judicial fine of up to three thousand days.[53][54]

COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of tourists arriving in Turkey declined to around 16 million in 2020.[55] This was the lowest number of tourists in the last decade.[55] The revenue from international travel was reduced to $13.7 billion which only made up 1.91% of the total economy in 2020.[56][57] In 2021, Turkey's tourism recovered from the pandemic as it contributed $59.3 billion to the GDP, which made up 7.3% of the total economy.[58][59]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Esma, Gültüvin Gür Omay; Emrah, Cengiz (7 August 2020). "Health Tourism in Turkey: Opportunities and Threats". Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 4 (10).
  2. ↑ "UNWTO World Tourism Barometer and Statistical Annex, December 2020 | World Tourism Organization". UNWTO World Tourism Barometer (English Version). 18 (7): 1–36. 18 December 2020. doi:10.18111/wtobarometereng.2020.18.1.7. S2CID 241989515.
  3. ↑ "Rekord: 51,9 Millionen Urlauber besuchten die Türkei 2019 - Hürriyet.de - Wirtschaft". www.hurriyet.de. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020.
  4. 1 2 "42 million tourists visit Turkey in 2014". Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 "Turkey's tourism industry reels from a year to forget". The Guardian. 5 October 2016.
  6. ↑ "Turkish–German ties at historic low, says scholar Faruk Şen". Hürriyet Daily News. 21 November 2016. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019.
  7. 1 2 "32.4 mln foreigners visit Turkey in 2017: Tourism Ministry". Hürriyet Daily News. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  8. 1 2 "Tourism in Turkey starts recovery". ITIJ. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  9. 1 2 "DISTRIBUTION OF ARRIVING FOREIGN VISITORS - TOP 5 COUNTRIES (2016-2018) JANUARY-DECEMBER".
  10. ↑ Maierbrugger, Arno (25 January 2013). "Turkey plans world's biggest airport". Inside Investor. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  11. ↑ "Number of foreign tourists visiting Istanbul plunges for first time in 16 years". Hürriyet Daily News. 6 January 2017.
  12. ↑ "Turkey: Provinces and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  13. ↑ "Putin bir kararı daha imzaladı. Tartışmalı bölge Rus mülkiyetine geçirildi". Yeni Çağ Gazetesi (in Turkish). 5 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  14. ↑ "MUSEUM OF ANATOLIAN CIVILIZATIONS". T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  15. ↑ "History of İzmir". izmir.ktb.gov.tr. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  16. ↑ "Summary of Nation Building and the Lives it Changed Forever: A Reflection on the 100th Anniversary of the Greco-Turkish War · Online Exhibits". apps.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  17. ↑ "Historical and Cultural Places". izmir.ktb.gov.tr. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  18. ↑ "Blue Flag Turkey | TURCEV | Foundation for Environmental Education in Turkey". www.mavibayrak.org.tr. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  19. ↑ A.Ş, ÜNİBEL. "News | A historical record in Izmir tourism". İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  20. ↑ "Turkiye Tourism - Explore the Best of Turkiye Tourism". Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  21. ↑ Tilic, L. Dogan (5 April 2010). "Antalya: The Tourism Capital of Turkey". European Business Review. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  22. ↑ "Turkey rich in "blue flags" – TRAVEL". Hürriyet Daily News. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  23. ↑ Ahmady, Kameel 2009: Another Look at East and Southeast Turkey. GABB Publication, Diyarbakır. p 198.
  24. ↑ "Diyarbakir | History, Population, & Walls | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  25. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  26. ↑ "A city at the crossroads of history". DİYARBAKIR'S MEMORY. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  27. ↑ "Diyarbakır aims to host 1 mln tourists this year - Türkiye News". Hürriyet Daily News. 4 October 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  28. ↑ [23][24][25][26][27]
  29. ↑ "Capadocia" (PDF).
  30. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Türkiye - UNESCO World Heritage Convention". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  31. ↑ "Turkey's Thriving Business in Hair, Beard, and Mustache Implants". Bloomberg.com. 10 May 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  32. ↑ Pirzada, Nefes (15 June 2022). "The Expansion of Turkey's Medical Tourism Industry". Voices in Bioethics. 8. doi:10.52214/vib.v8i.9894. ISSN 2691-4875. S2CID 249840691.
  33. ↑ "400,000 Europeans visit Turkey for health tourism - Latest News". Hürriyet Daily News. 26 May 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  34. ↑ KARAÇADIR, Vahap; SEZGİN, Aykut (20 September 2022). "KAMU İNTERNET VE MOBİL SAĞLIK UYGULAMALARI KULLANIM NİYETİ DEĞİŞKENLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ". Türkiye Mesleki ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (9): 60–71. doi:10.46236/jovosst.1176463. ISSN 2687-3478. S2CID 252422361.
  35. ↑ Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Republic of Turkey. "Number of Arriving-Departing Foreigners and Citizens, December 2016". Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  36. ↑ NUMBER OF ARRIVING-DEPARTING VISITORS, FOREIGNERS AND CITIZENS December 2017
  37. ↑ "Tourism Receipts-Expenditures (2003-2019)".
  38. ↑ "2019". Ktb.gov.tr. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  39. ↑ "2012 Tourism Highlights" (PDF). UNWTO. June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  40. ↑ Kafanov, Lucy (19 August 2015). "Violence costing Turkey precious tourism, even far from the fighting". The Christian Science Monitor.
  41. ↑ "4.9 pct less tourists in Turkey in June". DailySabah. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  42. ↑ "It is now time for Turkey's tourism sector to raise revenue". Hürriyet Daily News. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  43. ↑ "Erdoğan calls on citizens abroad: 'Come to Turkey for vacation'". Hürriyet Daily News. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  44. ↑ "Turkey's Economy Contracts for First Time Since 2009". The Wall Street Journal. 12 December 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  45. ↑ "German travelers booking in Spain, Greece instead of Turkey: Association". Hürriyet Daily News. 21 April 2017.
  46. ↑ "Turkey hopes for German comeback". FVW. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  47. ↑ "Turkey sees rise in halal tourism". BBC. 25 August 2014.
  48. ↑ "How Turkey plans to boost halal tourism". Al Monitor. 9 May 2016. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  49. ↑ "Turkey has banned Booking.com but the website isn't backing down". The Independent. 30 March 2017.
  50. ↑ "Turkish hotelier association asks court to lift ban on Booking.com". Hürriyet Daily News. 6 April 2017.
  51. ↑ "Statement on alcohol ban in outdoor locations in Turkey's Antalya sparks debate". Hürriyet Daily News. 28 April 2017.
  52. ↑ "Tourism's dark side: Child sexual abuse in Turkey". 27 June 2016.
  53. ↑ "Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi".
  54. ↑ "Fuhuşa Teşvik Ve Aracılık Etme Suçu".
  55. 1 2 "Turkey Tourist arrivals - data, chart". TheGlobalEconomy.com. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  56. ↑ "Turkey International tourism revenue - data, chart". TheGlobalEconomy.com. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  57. ↑ "Turkey International tourism revenue, percent of GDP - data, chart". TheGlobalEconomy.com. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  58. ↑ "Travel & Tourism Economic Impact | World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)". wttc.org. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  59. ↑ THE EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE TOURISM INDUSTRY .

Requirements for Urgent Visa for Turkey

Further reading

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Turkey.
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