This is a list of totalitarian regimes. There are regimes that have been commonly referred to as "totalitarian", or the concept of totalitarianism has been applied to them, for which there is wide consensus among scholars to be called as such. Totalitarian regimes are usually distinguished from authoritarian regimes in the sense that totalitarianism represents an extreme version of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism primarily differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist that are not under governmental control.[1]

Table

Country Totalitarianism Leader(s) Ruling party/group Ideology Government Continent
Start End
Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[2][3][4][5] 1917 1953[2][6][7][8] Vladimir Lenin (1917–1924) Joseph Stalin (1924–1953) All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Marxism–Leninism
Soviet Communism
Soviet patriotism
Stalinism (after 1927)		 Federal one-party socialist republic Eurasia
Fascist Italy (1922–1943) Kingdom of Italy[9][10][11][12][note 1] 1925 1943 Benito Mussolini National Fascist Party Fascism
Militarism
Ultranationalism
Corporatism		 Unitary one-party constitutional monarchy Europe
Mongolian People's Republic Mongolian People's Republic[13][14][15][16] 1924 1953 Joseph Stalin (de facto) (1924–1953)
Khorloogiin Choibalsan
(1937–1952)		 All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (de facto)
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party		 Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism		 Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Manchukuo Empire of Manchuria[17] 1932 1945
Zheng Xiaoxu
(1932–1935)
Zhang Jinghui
(1935–1945)		 Concordia Association of Manchukuo Anti-communism
Fascism[18]
Manchurian nationalism
Pan-Asianism		 One-party constitutional monarchy Asia
Nazi Germany Greater German Reich[2] 1933[2] 1945[2] Adolf Hitler National Socialist German Workers' Party Antisemitism
Fascism
Nazism
Pan-Germanism
Scientific racism		 Unitary one-party Nazi fascist state[19] Europe
Francoist Spain Francoist Spain[20] 1936[21] 1959[22] Francisco Franco FET y de las JONS Fascism
Falangism
National Catholicism		 Unitary one-party fascist state Europe
Slovak Republic (1939–1945) Slovak Republic 1939 1945 Jozef Tiso Slovak People’s Party Clerical fascism
Slovak nationalism
Anti-Hungarianism		 Unitary one-party fascist state Europe
Empire of Japan[23][24][25][26] 1940 1945 Hirohito
Fumimaro Konoe
(1940–1941)
Hideki Tojo
(1941–1944)
Kuniaki Koiso
(1944–1945)
Kantarō Suzuki
(Until June 1945)		 Imperial Rule Assistance Association Fascism
Shōwa Statism
Kokutai
Japanese nationalism
Japanese militarism
Hakkō ichiu
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
State Shinto		 Unitary one-party constitutional monarchy Asia
Romania National Legionary State[27][28][29] 1940 1941 Ion Antonescu
Horia Sima		 Iron Guard Clerical Fascism
Monarchism
Anti-communism
Anti-Semitism		 Unitary one-party fascist constitutional monarchy Europe
Independent State of Croatia Independent State of Croatia[30][31] 1941 1945 Ante Pavelić Ustaše Fascism
Clerical Fascism
Anti-communism
Anti-Serb sentiment		 Fascist one-party state Europe
Italian Social Republic[32][33] 1943 1945 Benito Mussolini Republican Fascist Party Fascism
Militarism
Ultranationalism
Corporatism		 Unitary one-party state Europe
People's Socialist Republic of Albania[34][35][36] 1946 1985 Enver Hoxha
(1946–1985)		 Party of Labour of Albania Anti-revisionism
Hoxhaism
Marxism–Leninism		 Unitary one-party republic Europe
Socialist Republic of Romania[37][38] 1971 1989 Nicolae Ceaușescu Romanian Communist Party Marxism–Leninism
National Communism		 Unitary one-party socialist republic Europe
North Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea[39][40][41][2][42][note 2] 1948 Active Kim dynasty Workers' Party of Korea Juche
Songun
Marxism–Leninism (until 2009)
Stalinism (former)		 Unitary one-party socialist republic[43] Asia
Hungarian People's Republic Hungarian People's Republic[44][45][46][47] 1949 1953 Mátyás Rákosi Hungarian Working People's Party Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism		 Unitary one-party socialist republic Europe
China People's Republic of China[48][49] 1949 1976 Mao Zedong[2] Chinese Communist Party Chinese Communism
Maoism
Marxism–Leninism		 Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Myanmar Myanmar Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma[50] 1962 1988 Ne Win Burma Socialist Programme Party Burmese Way to Socialism Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Syrian Arab Republic[51][52][53][54][55][56] 1963 Active Amin al-Hafiz (1963-1966)
General Salah Jadid (1966-70)
General Hafez al-Assad (1970-2000)
Bashar al-Assad (2000-present)		 Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region Neo-Ba'athism
Militarism
Revolutionary Socialism
Authoritarian socialism
Left-wing nationalism
Assadism		 Unitary one-party[57] presidential republic[58] (neo-Ba'athist socialist republic[59][60] until 2012) Asia
Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea[61] 1968 1979 Francisco Macías Nguema United National Workers' Party Ultranationalism
Anti-colonialism[62]
Anti-intellectualism
Socialism[63]		 Unitary socialist one-party presidential republic Africa
Cambodia Democratic Kampuchea[50][64] 1975 1979 Pol Pot Communist Party of Kampuchea Agrarian socialism
Khmer nationalism
Maoism		 Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Iraq Iraq Iraqi Republic / Republic of Iraq[65][66][67][68] 1979 2003 Saddam Hussein Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Ba'athism Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
 Turkmenistan[69][70][71][72] 1991 Active Saparmurat Niyazov (1991-2006)
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow (2006-2022)
Serdar Berdimuhamedow		 Democratic Party of Turkmenistan Nationalism
Social conservatism[73]		 Unitary presidential one-party republic Asia
 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan[74][75] 1996 2001 Mullah Omar[76][77] Taliban Deobandi Islamic fundamentalism[78]
Islamism[78]
Pashtunwali[79]
Religious nationalism[79]		 Unitary theocratic Islamic emirate Asia
Eritrea State of Eritrea[80][81] 2001[82] Active Isaias Afwerki People's Front for Democracy and Justice Eritrean nationalism
Left-wing nationalism		 Unitary one-party presidential republic Africa
State of Palestine Gaza Strip (controlled by Hamas) 2007 Active Ismail Haniyeh Hamas Palestinian nationalism
Islamism
Islamic nationalism
Anti-Zionism
Antisemitism
Anti-imperialism		 Unitary one-party islamist proto-state Asia
Islamic State Islamic State (Daesh)[83][84][85][86] 2014 2019 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Islamic State (Daesh) Wahhabism
Qutbism
Salafi jihadism		 Unitary Salafi Jihadist proto-state Asia
 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan[87] 2021 Active Hibatullah Akhundzada Taliban Deobandi Islamic fundamentalism
Islamism
Pashtunwali
Religious nationalism		 Unitary provisional theocratic Islamic emirate Asia

Notes

  1. ↑ Hannah Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism disputes that Italy was a totalitarian state.
  2. ↑ Some scholars consider North Korea, founded by Kim Il Sung, to be the most totalitarian country.

References

  1. ↑ Sondrol, Paul C. (2009). "Totalitarian and Authoritarian Dictators: A Comparison of Fidel Castro and Alfredo Stroessner" (PDF). Journal of Latin American Studies. 23 (3): 599–620. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00015868. S2CID 144333167. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-10.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Totalitarianism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2018.
  3. ↑ Riley, Alexander (1 October 2019). "Lenin and His Revolution: The First Totalitarian". Society. 56 (5): 503–511. doi:10.1007/s12115-019-00405-1. ISSN 1936-4725. S2CID 203447806.
  4. ↑ "Leninism". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  5. ↑ Lugones, Elizabeth (29 September 2016). "LENIN PART 2: Totalitarianism". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ↑ Rutland, Peter (1993). The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union: The Role of Local Party Organs in Economic Management. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-521-39241-9. after 1953 ...This was still an oppressive regime, but not a totalitarian one.
  7. ↑ Krupnik, Igor (1995). "4. Soviet Cultural and Ethnic Policies Towards Jews: A Legacy Reassessed". In Ro'i, Yaacov (ed.). Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4619-0. The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953 or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself.
  8. ↑ von Beyme, Klaus (2014). On Political Culture, Cultural Policy, Art and Politics. Springer. p. 65. ISBN 978-3-319-01559-0. The Soviet Union after the death of Stalin moved from totalitarianism to authoritarian rule.
  9. ↑ Gentile, Emilio (2008). "Fascism and the Italian Road to Totalitarianism". Constellations. 15 (3): 291–302. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8675.2008.00492.x. ISSN 1467-8675.
  10. ↑ Morgan, Philip (2004). "The Construction of the 'Totalitarian' State, 1925–29". In Morgan, Philip (ed.). Italian Fascism, 1915–1945. The Making of the 20th Century. London: Macmillan Education UK. pp. 96–124. doi:10.1007/978-0-230-80267-4_4. ISBN 978-0-230-80267-4. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  11. ↑ Roberts, David D. (2009). "'Political Religion' and the Totalitarian Departures of Inter-War Europe: On the Uses and Disadvantages of an Analytical Category". Contemporary European History. 18 (4): 381–414. doi:10.1017/S0960777309990051. ISSN 0960-7773. JSTOR 40542793. S2CID 146595089.
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  17. ↑ ANU College of Asia & the Pacific (2 May 2013). "Evolution of Manchukuo Concordia Association (1932-1945) as a Political Institution and Vanguard of Ideology". ANU College of Asia & the Pacific. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  18. ↑ Duara, Prasenjit (2004). Sovereignty and Authenticity: Manchukuo and the East Asian Modern. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-3091-1.
  19. ↑ "Foundations of the Nazi State". www.ushmm.org. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  20. ↑ Payne, Stanley Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977, pp. 347, 476. 1999. Univ. of Wisconsin Press
  21. ↑ Richards, Michael; Ealham, Chris (2005). "History, memory and the Spanish civil war: recent perspectives". In Ealham, Chris; Richards, Michael (eds.). The Splintering of Spain: Cultural History and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-1-139-44552-8.
  22. ↑ Jensen, Geoffrey. "Franco: Soldier, Commander, Dictator". Washington D.C.: Potomac Books, Inc., 2005. p. 110-111.
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  28. ↑ Haynes, Rebecca (December 2008). "Work Camps, Commerce, and the Education of the 'New Man' in the Romanian Legionary Movement". The Historical Journal. 51 (4): 943–967. doi:10.1017/S0018246X08007140. JSTOR 20175210. S2CID 144638496 – via JSTOR.
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  30. ↑ Ramet, Sabrina (2020). The Independent State of Croatia 1941-45 (Totalitarianism Movements and Political Religions). Routledge. pp. 54–68. ISBN 978-1-138-86811-3.
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  33. ↑ Bosworth, R.J.B. (March 1997). "Tourist Planning in Fascist Italy and the Limits of a Totalitarian Culture". Contemporary European History. 6 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1017/S0960777300004033. S2CID 154618035.
  34. ↑ Mullahi, Anila; Dhimitri, Jostina (2015). "Education Issues in a Totalitarian State (Case of Albania)". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 174: 4103–4107. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1161.
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  40. ↑ "Kim Jong Un's North Korea: Life inside the totalitarian state". The Washington Post.
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  44. ↑ Bihari, Mihály (2013). "Magyarországi pártrendszerek (Történeti és analitikus bemutatás)" [Party systems of Hungary (historical and analytical presentation)]. Politológia: a politika és a modern állam: pártok és ideológiák [Political Science: Politics and the Modern State: Parties and Ideologies] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Nemzedékek Tudása Tankönyvkiadó. p. 367. ISBN 978-963-19-7628-1. OCLC 1081799738. Az egypárti diktatúra első szakasza 1949 nyarától 1953 nyaráig (az első Nagy Imre-kormány kinevezéséig) tartott. Ennek az időszaknak azegypártrendszere olyan totalitárius egypártrendszer, amely összekapcsolódott Rákosi Mátyás despotikus személyi hatalmával. [The first phase of the one-party dictatorship lasted from the summer of 1949 to the summer of 1953 (until the appointment of the first Imre Nagy government). The one-party system of this period is a totalitarian one-party system connected with the despotic personal power of Mátyás Rákosi.]
  45. ↑ Mezey, Barna; Gosztonyi, Gergely, eds. (2003). "A szovjet típusú államberendezkedés Magyarországon (1949–1956)" [The Soviet-type state system in Hungary (1949–1956)]. Magyar alkotmánytörténet [Hungarian Constitutional History] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. pp. 467–468. ISBN 963-389-532-4. OCLC 1014875954. ... a párt nemcsak megszervezni igyekezett a társadalmat, hanem megpróbálta saját képére és hasonlatosságára formálni, s ellenőrzése alá vonta a termelést és az elosztást. ... A magyar társadalom ellenállása csupán néhány évig biztosította a valóban totalitárius berendezkedést. [... the party not only sought to organize society, but also to shape it in its own image and likeness, bringing production and distribution under its control. ... The resistance of the Hungarian society ensured a truly totalitarian system for only a few years.]
  46. ↑ Körösényi, András; Tóth, Csaba; Török, Gábor (2007). "A kommunista korszak tradíciója" [The tradition of the communist era]. A magyar politikai rendszer [The Hungarian Political System] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 21. ISBN 978-963-389-963-2. OCLC 1088039656. A politikai hatalom totális jellegűvé vált ... A rendszer totalitárius jellege abban ragadható meg, hogy a pártállami kontroll a politikai szférán messze túlmenően minden létszférára – a gazdaságtól a kultúrán keresztül egészen az iskolai és ifjúsági szocializációig – kiterjedt. [Political power has become total in nature ... The totalitarian nature of the system can be grasped in the fact that party-state control extended far beyond the political sphere to all spheres of existence, from the economy through culture to school and youth socialization.]
  47. ↑ Romsics, Ignác (2010). "A rákosista diktatúra" [The Rákosist dictatorship]. Magyarország története a XX. században [History of Hungary in the 20th Century] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 337. ISBN 978-963-276-179-4. OCLC 1081699371. Nem kétséges, hogy az 1949-re kialakult magyar rendszer ... kimeríti a totalitarianizmus fogalmát. [There is no doubt that the Hungarian system formed by 1949 ... exhausts the concept of totalitarianism.]
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  84. ↑ Filipec, Ondrej (2020). The Islamic State From Terrorism to Totalitarian Insurgency. Routledge. ISBN 9780367457631.
  85. ↑ Peter, Bernholz (February 2019). "Supreme Values, Totalitarianism, and Terrorism". The Oxford Handbook of Public Choice. Vol. 1.
  86. ↑ Haslett, Allison (2021). "The Islamic State: A Political-Religious Totalitarian Regime". Scientia et Humanitas: A Journal of Student Research. Middle Tennessee State University.
  87. ↑
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