A diagram of tornado alley based on 1 tornado or more per decade. Rough location (red), and its contributing weather systems

Tornado Alley is a loosely defined location of the central United States and Canada where tornadoes are most frequent.[1] The term was first used in 1952 as the title of a research project to study severe weather in areas of Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Kansas, South Dakota, Iowa and Nebraska. Tornado climatologists distinguish peaks in activity in certain areas[2] and storm chasers have long recognized the Great Plains tornado belt.[3]

As a colloquial term there are no definitively set boundaries of Tornado Alley, but the area common to most definitions extends from Texas, through Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas, North Dakota, Montana, Ohio, and eastern portions of Colorado and Wyoming.[4] Research suggests that the main alley may be shifting eastward away from the Great Plains,[5][6] and that tornadoes are also becoming more frequent in the northern and eastern parts of Tornado Alley where it reaches the Canadian Prairies, Ohio, Michigan, and Southern Ontario.[7][8]

Geographical area

Tornado activity in the United States.

Over the years, the location(s) of Tornado Alley have not been clearly defined. No definition of tornado alley has ever been officially designated by the National Weather Service (NWS).[9] Thus, differences in location are the result of the different criteria used.[9][10]

According to the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) FAQ,[9] "Tornado Alley" is a term used by the media as a reference to areas that have higher numbers of tornadoes. A study of 1921–1995 tornadoes concluded almost one-fourth of all significant tornadoes occur in this area.[11]

Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana, Michigan, and western Ohio are sometimes included in Tornado Alley.[4] Some research suggests that tornadoes are becoming more frequent in the northern parts of Tornado Alley where it reaches the Canadian Prairies.[7]

No place on earth is entirely free of tornadoes, however, they occur much more frequently in the United States, particularly in the Central states, between the Rocky Mountains to the west and Appalachian Mountains to the east.[9] Texas has the most overall number of tornadoes of any state. Per data collected through 2007, Kansas and Oklahoma ranked first and second respectively in the number of tornadoes per area. However, in 2013 statistics from the National Climatic Data Center reported Florida ranked first in tornadoes per area, although Florida is not a part of Tornado Alley.[12] Florida's high ranking on the tornado list also has to do with the fact that the state sees a high number of waterspouts, small tornadoes that form over water. Although strong land-tornadoes have hit Florida and reports show Florida has a very high number of overall tornadoes, the tornadoes in the state seldom reach the velocity of those that may occur in the Southern Plains.[12] In the United States, tornadoes typically occur in late spring and early summer during the changing season patterns as a warm air mass typically collides with a cold air mass resulting in tornadoes.[12]

Another criterion for the location of Tornado Alley can be where the strongest tornadoes occur more frequently.[13]

Tornado Alley can also be defined as an area reaching from central Texas to the Canadian Prairies and from eastern Colorado to western Ohio.[4]

Some researchers argue that there are several Tornado Alleys.[4] In addition to the Texas/Oklahoma/Kansas core, such other areas include the Upper Midwest, the lower Ohio Valley, the Tennessee Valley, and the lower Mississippi valley, which may have respective distinguishing characteristics.[4] A coherent conception considers that there is a single Tornado Alley in the United States and Canada, and that this can simply be subdivided into smaller areas based on regional attributes.[2]

The extension of the North American tornadically active in the southeastern U.S., notably the lower Mississippi Valley and the upper Tennessee Valley, are sometimes called by the nickname "Dixie Alley", coined in 1971 by Allen Pearson, former director of the National Severe Storms Forecast Center (NSSFC).[14] A 2018 study found in the U.S., over the study period 1979–2017, an overall eastward shift of tornado frequency and impacts - toward Dixie Alley.[15] The study found, since 1979, relatively-lower tornado frequency and impacts in parts of the traditional Tornado Alley, especially areas from north-central Texas toward the Houston, TX area, and relatively-higher tornado frequency and impacts in parts of the Mid-South, especially eastern Arkansas, the greater Memphis, TN area and northern Mississippi - all areas near the heart of Dixie Alley - see especially Figure 4.

In Tornado Alley, warm, humid air from the equator meets cool to cold, dry air from Canada and the Rocky Mountains. This creates an ideal environment for tornadoes to form within developed thunderstorms and supercell.[16]

Origin of the term

The term "tornado alley" was first used in 1952 by U.S. Air Force meteorologists Major Ernest J. Fawbush (1915–1982) and Captain Robert C. Miller (1920–1998), as the title of a research project[17] to study severe weather in parts of Texas and Oklahoma.[18][19][20]

Impact

Despite the elevated frequency of destructive tornadoes, building codes, such as requiring strengthened roofs and more secure connections between the building and its foundation, are not necessarily stricter compared to other areas of the United States and are markedly weaker than some hurricane prone areas, such as south Florida. One particular tornado-afflicted town, Moore, Oklahoma, managed to increase its building requirements in 2014.[21] Other common precautionary measures include the construction of storm cellars and the installation of tornado sirens. Tornado awareness, preparedness, and media weather coverage are also high.

The southeastern United States is particularly prone to violent, long track tornadoes. Much of the housing in this region is less robust compared to other areas in the United States, and many people live in mobile homes. As a result, tornado-related casualties in the southern United States are higher. Significant tornadoes occur less frequently than in the traditionally recognized tornado alley; however, very severe and expansive outbreaks occur every few years.

Frequency of tornadoes

These figures, reported by the National Climatic Data Center for the period between 1991 and 2010, show the seventeen U.S. states with the highest average number of EF0-EF5 tornadoes per 10,000 square miles (25,899.9 km2) per year.[22]

  1. Florida: 12.3
  2. Kansas: 11.7
  3. Maryland: 9.9
  4. Illinois: 9.7
  5. Mississippi: 9.2
  6. Iowa: 9.1
  7. Oklahoma: 9
  8. South Carolina: 9
  9. Alabama: 8.6
  10. Louisiana: 8.5
  11. Arkansas: 7.5
  12. Nebraska: 7.4
  13. Missouri: 6.5
  14. North Carolina: 6.4
  15. Tennessee: 6.2
  16. Indiana: 6.1
  17. Texas: 5.9

Tornadoes in Canada

Canada records the second most tornadoes in the world after the United States. The average number of tornadoes per equal area of land is highest in the southern parts of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario.

Canadian Tornado Alley

Roughly half of all Canadian tornadoes strike the Canadian Prairies and Northern Ontario as far east as Lake Superior. Together, these regions make up the northernmost border of the U.S. Tornado Alley. Tornadoes up to F5 in strength have been documented in this region.[23]

Another third of Canadian tornadoes strike Southern Ontario and Quebec, especially in the region between the Great Lakes and the nation's capital city, Ottawa. Tornadoes do not often hit lake shadow regions,[24] although they are not unknown, and some, such as the 2011 Goderich tornado, have been violent. However, most Ontario tornadoes are concentrated in a narrow corridor from Windsor to Ottawa[24][25] as well as through portions of Central Quebec.[26][27] Tornadoes up to F4 in strength have been documented in this region.

In more recent years, an emerging trend has suggested that the Ottawa Valley is seeing an increasing number of frequent and violent tornadoes. The 2018 National Capital Region Outbreak spawned a high-end EF3 and high-end EF2 which caused catastrophic damage to areas in both Ottawa and Gatineau. 2023 saw 5 tornadoes of varying intensities strike the region, including two EF1 tornadoes which touched down in the Barrhaven suburb within minutes of one another. This phenomenon, while still in the preliminary stages of study, has led some to name this hotspot "Tornado Valley".

Southwestern Ontario weather is strongly influenced by its peninsular position between the Great Lakes. As a result, increases in temperature in this region are likely to increase the amount of precipitation in storms due to lake evaporation. Increased temperature contrasts may also increase the violence and possibly the number of tornadoes.[28]

Northern Ontario between the Manitoba border and Lake Superior is also prone to severe tornadoes, but tornadoes in this area are believed to be underestimated due to the extremely low population in this region.[24][29]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Glickman, Todd S. (2000). Glossary of Meteorology (2nd ed.). Boston: American Meteorological Society. ISBN 978-1878220349. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18.
  2. 1 2 Broyles, Chris; C. Crosbie (October 2004). "Evidence of Smaller Tornado Alleys Across the United States Based on a Long Track F3-F5 Tornado Climatology Study from 1880-2003". 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, MA: American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2013-10-02.
  3. ↑ Prentice, Robert A. (Nov–Dec 1992). "When to Chase". Stormtrack. 16 (1): 8–11.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Tornado Alley" (PDF). Smithsonian Institution. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
  5. ↑ Levenson, Michael; Patel, Vimal; Grullón Paz, Isabella; Ives, Mike; Choi-Schagrin, Winston (December 11, 2021). "Tornado outbreaks seem to be occurring in greater 'clusters,' but the role that climate change plays in them is unclear". The New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
  6. ↑ Gensini, Vittorio A.; Brooks, Harold E. (October 17, 2018). "Spatial trends in United States tornado frequency". npj Climate and Atmospheric Science. Springer Nature. 1 (38). doi:10.1038/s41612-018-0048-2. S2CID 134206119.
  7. 1 2 Ferguson, Mark (2012-10-09). "The new tornado alley". University of Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on 2014-01-18. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
  8. ↑ "Michiganders should take tornadoes more seriously after Gaylord, experts say".
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Severe Weather 101: Tornado FAQ". National Severe Storms Laboratory. NOAA. January 29, 2007. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
  10. ↑ "Tornado FAQ". Storm Prediction Center. NOAA. January 29, 2007. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
  11. ↑ "Climatology Risk of Strong and Violent Tornadoes In the United States". Northern Illinois University & NOAA/ERL/National Severe Storms Laboratory. January 29, 2007. Archived from the original on May 3, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
  12. 1 2 3 "Tornado Climatology". National Climatic Data Center. January 29, 2007. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
  13. ↑ Taking Shelter from the Storm: Building a Safe Room for Your Home or Small Business (pdf) (Technical report) (4th ed.). FEMA. December 2014. P-320. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
  14. ↑ Gagan et al. (2010), page 147.
  15. ↑ Rice, Doyle (17 October 2018). "USA's infamous 'Tornado Alley' may be shifting east". USA Today.
  16. ↑ "Tornado Alley: The Most Tornado Prone Region In The World". www.worldatlas.com. September 16, 2016. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  17. ↑ "Essay Tornado". Major Ernest J. Fawbush and Captain Robert C. Miller. Archived from the original on November 3, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  18. ↑ Jeremy Singer-Vine (May 23, 2011) "How did "Tornado Alley" get its name?," Archived 2012-05-28 at the Wayback Machine Slate (on-line magazine).
  19. ↑ John P. Gagan, Alan Gerard, and John Gordon (December 2010) "A historical and statistical comparison of "Tornado Alley" to "Dixie Alley", " Archived 2012-05-17 at the Wayback Machine National Weather Digest, vol. 34, no. 2, pages 146-155; see especially page 146.
  20. ↑ "Weather officers commended". Take-Off. Midwest City, Oklahoma: Tinker Air Force Base. January 16, 1953. Archived from the original on 4 May 2001.
  21. ↑ Simmons, Kevin M. (May 14, 2015). "An Oklahoma Suburb, Tornado-Ready". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016.
  22. ↑ "Average Annual Number of EF0-EF5 Tornadoes per 10,000 square miles during 1991 - 2010" (gif). National Climatic Data Center. U.S. Tornado Climatology: NOAA.gov. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
  23. ↑ "Spring and Summer Weather Hazards". Government of Canada. 9 June 2010. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016.
  24. 1 2 3 Sills, David. "A Fresh Spin on Tornado Occurrence and Intensity in Ontario" (PDF). Environment Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-01-18. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
  25. ↑ Meiklejohn, Scott (11 April 2012). "The current 'Tornado Alley'". The Weather Network. Archived from the original on 21 January 2014.
  26. ↑ Salazar, Antoinette (2021-12-13). "Where is the Tornado Alley in Canada?". About Canada. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
  27. ↑ "Northern Tornadoes Project". Northern Tornadoes Project. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
  28. ↑ Scott, Cameron (2012-04-11). "Weather Predictions Made by the Global Warming Model". Sciences 360. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
  29. ↑ "When is Peak Tornado Season in Canada?". AccuWeather. 2010-05-14. Archived from the original on 2014-01-18. Retrieved 2014-01-16.

35°N 88°W / 35°N 88°W / 35; -88

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