A man wearing a tin foil hat

A tin foil hat is a hat made from one or more sheets of tin foil or aluminium foil (sometimes called "tin foil" in the United Kingdom, United States, New Zealand, Canada, and Ireland), or a piece of conventional headgear lined with foil, often worn in the belief or hope that it shields the brain from threats such as electromagnetic fields, mind control, and mind reading. The notion of wearing homemade headgear for such protection has become a popular stereotype and byword for paranoia, persecutory delusions, and belief in pseudoscience and conspiracy theories.

"Tin foil" is a common misnomer for aluminium foil; packaging metal foil was formerly made out of tin before it was replaced with aluminium.[1]

Origin

Some people – "Tin Foil Hatters" – have a belief that such hats prevent mind control by governments, spies, mobsters, corporations, or paranormal beings that employ ESP or the microwave auditory effect. People in many countries who believe they are "targeted individuals", subject to government, corporate, or criminal spying or harassment, have developed websites, conference calls, and support meetings to discuss their concerns, including the idea of protective headgear.[2] Vice Magazine wrote that the tin foil hat in popular culture "can be traced back in a very weird and prescient short story written in 1927 by Julian Huxley"[3] titled "The Tissue-Culture King", wherein the main character uses a metal hat to prevent being mind controlled by the villain scientist.[4][5] Over time the term "tin foil hat" has become associated with paranoia and conspiracy theories.[6]

Scientific basis

Effects of strong electromagnetic radiation on health have been documented for quite some time.[7][8] The efficiency of a metal enclosure in blocking electromagnetic radiation depends on the thickness of the foil, as dictated by the "skin depth" of the conductor for a particular wave frequency range of the radiation. For half-millimetre-thick aluminum foil, radiation above about 20 kHz (i.e., including both AM and FM bands) would be partially blocked, although aluminum foil is not sold in this thickness, so numerous layers of foil would be required to achieve this effect.[9]

In 1962, Allan H. Frey discovered that the microwave auditory effect (i.e., the reception of the induced sounds by radio-frequency electromagnetic signals heard as clicks and buzzes) can be blocked by a patch of wire mesh (rather than foil) placed above the temporal lobe.[10][11]

In 2005, a tongue-in-cheek experimental study[12][13] by a group of MIT students found that tin foil hats do shield their wearers from radio waves over most of the tested spectrum, but amplified certain frequencies, around 2.6 GHz and 1.2 GHz.

In 2005, Bruce Perens reported on an encounter between Richard Stallman and security personnel at the UN World Summit on the Information Society, titled "Stallman Gets in Trouble with UN Security for Wearing a Tin-Foil Hat".[14] The tin-foil hat in the title was figurative, as Stallman did not actually devise a tin-foil hat, but instead wrapped an identification card containing a radio-frequency identification device in tin foil in protest against the intrusion on his privacy.

In a 2016 article, the musician and researcher Daniel Wilson writing in paranormal magazine Fortean Times noted an early allusion to an "insulative electrical contrivance encircling the head during thought" in the unusual 1909 non-fiction publication Atomic Consciousness[15] by self-proclaimed "seer" John Palfrey (aka "James Bathurst") who believed such headgear was not effective for his "retention of thoughts and ideas" against a supposed "telepathic impactive impingement".[16]

Tin foil hats have appeared in such films as Signs (2002),[17] Noroi: The Curse (2005),[18] and Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder (2009).[19]

The 2019 HBO television series Watchmen features the character Wade Tillman/Looking Glass, a police officer who wears a mask made of reflective foil, and while off-duty, a cap lined in foil to protect his mind from alien psychic attacks.[20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Foil - metallurgy". Britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  2. ↑ Weinberger, Sharon (14 January 2007). "Mind Games". Washington Post. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  3. ↑ "A Brief Cultural History of the Tin Foil Hat". Vice.com. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  4. ↑ Huxley, Julian. "The Tissue-Culture King". Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  5. ↑ Huxley, Julian (August 1927). "The Tissue-Culture King". Amazing Stories. Well, we had discovered that metal was relatively impervious to the telepathic effect, and had prepared for ourselves a sort of tin pulpit, behind which we could stand while conducting experiments. This, combined with caps of metal foil, enormously reduced the effects on ourselves.
  6. ↑ "Hey Crazy – Get a New Hat". Bostonist. 15 November 2005. Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2007.
  7. ↑ Adey, W. R. (December 1979). "Neurophysiologic effects of Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation". Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 55 (11): 1079–1093. PMC 1807758. PMID 295243.
  8. ↑ Lean, Geoffrey (7 May 2006). "Electronic smog". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
  9. ↑ Jackson, John David (1998). Classical Electrodynamics. Wiley Press. ISBN 978-0-471-30932-1.
  10. ↑ Frey, Allan H. (1 July 1962). "Human auditory system response to modulated electromagnetic energy". Journal of Applied Physiology. 17 (4): 689–692. doi:10.1152/jappl.1962.17.4.689. ISSN 8750-7587. PMID 13895081. S2CID 12359057.
  11. ↑ Elder, Joe A.; Chou, C.K. (2003). "Auditory response to pulsed radiofrequency energy". Bioelectromagnetics. 24 (S6): S162–73. doi:10.1002/bem.10163. ISSN 0197-8462. PMID 14628312. S2CID 9813447. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012.
  12. ↑ Soniak, Matt (28 September 2012). "Tin Foil Hats Actually Make it Easier for the Government to Track Your Thoughts". The Atlantic. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  13. ↑ "On the Effectiveness of Aluminium Foil Helmets: An Empirical Study". 17 February 2005. Archived from the original on 8 July 2010.
  14. ↑ "Friday, November 18: Richard Stallman Gets in Trouble with UN Security for Wearing a Tin-Foil Hat". 18 November 2005. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006.
  15. ↑ Bathurst, James (1909). Atomic Consciousness Abridgement. W. Manning, London.
  16. ↑ Wilson, Daniel (June 2016). "Atomic-Consciousness". Fortean Times.
  17. ↑ Lang, Cady (20 September 2019). "Area 51 Raid But Make It Fashion: It Takes a Lot to Stand Out at Alien-Themed Festival But This Guy's Tin Foil Hat Is Working". Time. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  18. ↑ Whittaker, Richard (9 July 2017). "DVDanger: Don't Knock Twice". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  19. ↑ Miller III, Randy (1 February 2009). "Futurama: Into The Wild Green Yonder". DVD Talk. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  20. ↑ Erdmann, Kevin (18 November 2019). "Watchmen: Biggest Comic Easter Eggs in Episode 5". Screen Rant. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
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