This is a timeline of women rabbis:

  • Pre-modern and other early figures
    • 1590–1670: Asenath Barzani is considered the first female rabbi of Jewish history by some scholars.[1]
    • 1805–1888 Hannah Rachel Verbermacher (the Maiden of Ludmir) was the only independent female Rebbe in the history of Hasidism.
    • 1800s?: Malka of Trisk, de facto leader of a Hasidic community in Trisk.[2][3]
    • 1800s?-1939: Sarah Horowitz-Sternfeld, known as the Khentshiner Rebbetzin, based in Chęciny, Poland, described as a de facto Hasidic leader.[2][3][4][5]
    • 1875: Miss Julia Ettlinger (1863-1890), the first female student at Hebrew Union College.[6][7][8]
    • 1890s: Lena Aronsohn of Hot Springs, Arkansas set out to become a rabbi by providing public lectures to the Jewish community in Shreveport, Louisiana to earn enough money to pursue her rabbinical training at Hebrew Union College.[9][10][11][12]
    • 1890s: Ray Frank, a young Jewish woman living on the American frontier, began delivering sermons in her small Jewish community in the American West. Frank was regarded at the time as the "first woman rabbi".
    • 1904: Henrietta Szold admitted into rabbinical school on condition she would not seek ordination
    • 1920: Martha Neumark widely reported as the first woman to enter rabbinical school
    • 1922: The CCAR affirms their approval that women may receive ordination, but the HUC board bars women from ordination
    • 1935: In Germany, Regina Jonas was ordained privately and became the world's first ordained female rabbi.[13]
    • 1951-1953; early 1960s: Paula Herskovitz Ackerman serves as rabbi of her synagogue Temple Beth Israel in Meridian, Mississippi from 1951 to 1953, following the death of her husband, their previous rabbi. She had occasionally led religious services there as early as the 1930s, when he was ill or absent. She later led services at her home temple, Temple Beth-El in Pensacola, Florida, from 1962 to approximately 1963.
  • 2000s:
    • 2000: Helga Newmark, born in Germany, became the first female Holocaust survivor ordained as a rabbi. She was ordained in America.[93][94][95][96]
    • 2001: Angela Warnick Buchdahl, born in Korea, became the first Asian-American rabbi. She was ordained in America.[97][98][99][100][101][70]
    • 2001: Eveline Goodman-Thau became the first female rabbi in Austria.[102]
    • 2002: Jacqueline Mates-Muchin was ordained by Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in New York, and thus became the first Chinese-American rabbi.[103][104][105]
    • 2002: Pamela Frydman became the first female president of OHALAH (Association of Rabbis for Jewish Renewal.)[106]
    • 2002: Jacqueline Mates-Muchin was ordained by Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in New York, and thus became the first Chinese-American rabbi.[107][108][109]
    • 2003: Séverine Sokol became the second French female rabbi. She received her ordination from the Leo Baeck College - Centre for Jewish Education, becoming the second French woman (and the first French woman fully of North African Sephardic origins) to have been ordained in Reform Jewish history. While she conducted services and taught in synagogues in the French-speaking world, she only served congregations in England and in the United States.
    • 2003: Sandra Kochmann, born in Paraguay, became the first female rabbi in Brazil.[110][111]
    • 2003: Tsipi Gabai became the first woman from Morocco to be ordained as a rabbi.[112][113]
    • 2003: Janet Marder was named the first female president of the Reform Movement's Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR) on March 26, 2003, making her the first woman to lead a major rabbinical organization and the first woman to lead any major Jewish co-ed religious organization in the United States.[114]
    • 2003: Sivan Malkin Maas became the first Israeli ordained by the International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism in 2003.[115]
    • 2003: Sarah Schechter became the first female rabbi to serve as a chaplain in the U.S. Air Force.[116][117][118][119]
    • 2004: Barbara Aiello, born in the United States, became the first female rabbi in Italy.[120]
    • 2005: Floriane Chinsky, born in France, became Belgium's first female rabbi.[121]
    • 2005: Elisa Klapheck, born in Germany, became the first female rabbi in the Netherlands.[122][123][124]
    • 2006: Chaya Gusfield and Lori Klein became the first openly lesbian rabbis ordained by the Jewish Renewal movement.[125]
    • 2006: Dina Najman, ordained by Rabbi Daniel Sperber, became the first woman to lead an Orthodox synagogue, Kehilat Orach Eliezer, using the title "rosh kehilah."[126]
    • 2007: Tanya Segal, born in Russia, became the first full-time female rabbi in Poland.[127][128]
    • 2008: Julie Schonfeld was named the new executive vice president of the Conservative movement's Rabbinical Assembly, becoming the first female rabbi to serve in the chief executive position of an American rabbinical association.[129][130]
    • 2009: Alysa Stanton, born in Cleveland and ordained by a Reform Jewish seminary in Cincinnati, became the first African-American female rabbi.[131][132] Later in 2009 she began work as a rabbi at Congregation Bayt Shalom, a small majority-white synagogue in Greenville, North Carolina, making her the first African-American rabbi to lead a majority-white congregation.[133]
    • 2009: Lynn Feinberg became the first female rabbi in Norway, where she was born.[134][135][136]
    • 2009: Karen Soria, born in America, became the first female rabbi in the Canadian Forces; she was assigned to the 3 Canadian Forces Flying Training School in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba.[40][137]
    • 2009: Sara Hurwitz was ordained by Rabbi Daniel Sperber and Rabbi Avi Weiss, making her the first woman to receive Orthodox ordination. She took the title “Maharat,” an acronym for "Morah Hilchatit Ruchanut Toranit", which literally translates as "Torah-based, spiritual teacher according to Jewish law".[138][139][140] She founded Yeshivat Maharat to offer ordination to more Orthodox women. In February 2010, Weiss announced that he was changing Maharat to a more familiar-sounding title "Rabba".[141] Hurwitz continues to use the title Rabba and is considered by some to be the first female Orthodox rabbi.[142][143][144]
  • 2010s:
    • 2010: Alina Treiger, born in Ukraine, became the first female rabbi to be ordained in Germany since World War II.[145][146][147][148]
    • 2011: Antje Deusel became the first German-born woman to be ordained as a rabbi in Germany since the Nazi era.[149] She was ordained by Abraham Geiger College.[150]
    • 2011: American Rachel Isaacs became the first openly lesbian rabbi ordained by the Conservative Jewish movement's Jewish Theological Seminary of America.[151]
    • 2011: Sandra Kviat became the first female rabbi from Denmark; she was ordained in England.[152][153]
    • 2012: Ilana Mills was ordained, thus making her, Jordana Chernow-Reader, and Mari Chernow the first three female siblings in America to become rabbis.[154][155]
    • 2012: Alona Lisitsa became the first female rabbi in Israel to join a religious council.[156] Although Leah Shakdiel, who was not a rabbi, joined the Yerucham religious council in 1988 after a Supreme Court decision in her favor, no female rabbi had joined a religious council until Lisitsa joined Mevasseret Zion's in 2012.[156] She was appointed to the council three years before that, but the Religious Affairs Ministry delayed approving her appointment until Israel's High Court of Justice ordered it to.[157]
    • 2012: American Emily Aviva Kapor, who had been ordained privately by a "Conservadox" rabbi in 2005, began living as a woman in 2012, thus becoming the first openly transgender female rabbi.[158]
    • 2014: American rabbi Deborah Waxman was inaugurated as the president of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College and Jewish Reconstructionist Communities on October 26, 2014.[159] As the president of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, she is believed to be the first woman and first lesbian to lead a Jewish congregational union, and the first female rabbi and first lesbian to lead a Jewish seminary; the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College is both a congregational union and a seminary.[87][160]
    • 2014: American rabbi Judith Hauptman became the first guest lecturer from abroad to address the Israeli Knesset’s weekly religious study session.[161]
    • 2015: Ute Steyer became the first female rabbi in Sweden.[162]
    • 2015: Mira Rivera became the first Filipino-American woman to be ordained as a rabbi.[163]
    • 2015: Lila Kagedan, born in Canada, became the first graduate of Yeshivat Maharat to use the title "Rabbi".[164][165] She officially became the first female Modern Orthodox rabbi in the United States of America when the Modern Orthodox Mount Freedom Jewish Center in Randolph, New Jersey hired her as a spiritual leader in January 2016.[166][167]
    • 2015: Abby Stein came out as transgender and thus became the first woman (and the first openly transgender woman) to have been ordained by an ultra-Orthodox institution, having received her rabbinical degree in 2011, from Yeshiva Viznitz in South Fallsburg, N.Y. However, this was before she was openly transgender, and she is no longer working as a rabbi as of 2016.[168]
    • 2016: After four years of deliberation, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion decided to give women being ordained as rabbis a choice of wording on their ordination certificates beginning in 2016, including the option to have the same wording as men.[169] Previously, male candidates' ordination certificates identified them by the Reform movement's traditional "morenu harav," or "our teacher the rabbi," while female candidates' certificates only used the term "rav u’morah," or "rabbi and teacher."[169]
    • 2017: Myriam Ackermann-Sommer studying to become France's first Orthodox female rabbi.[170]
    • 2017: Esther Jonas Maertin, born in Leipzig, became the first person from Germany to have graduated from American Jewish University and been ordained by the Ziegler School of Rabbinics, Los Angeles. She is the first female rabbi in Leipzig and founder of "Beth Etz Chaim. Lehrhaus-Gemeinschaft-Teilhabe".
    • 2017: Nitzan Stein Kokin, who was German, became the first person to graduate from Zecharias Frankel College in Germany, which also made her the first Conservative rabbi to be ordained in Germany since before World War II.[171][172]
    • 2017: Tiferet Berenbaum became the second black female rabbi of a congregation in the U.S., and possibly the world, after Alysa Stanton in 2009. Raised in a Southern Baptist family in Massachusetts, Berenbaum felt drawn to practice Jewish traditions in her youth. While at Tufts, she added a major in Judaic studies to her clinical psychology courseload, in 2013 receiving rabbinic ordination and a master's degree in Jewish education from Boston's transdenominational Hebrew College. On July 1, Berenbaum became the rabbi and educational director for Temple Har Zion in Mount Holly, N.J.[173]
    • 2018: Dina Brawer, born in Italy but living in Britain, was ordained by Yeshivat Maharat and thus became Britain's first female Orthodox rabbi; she chose the title "rabba", the feminine form of rabbi.[174][175]
    • 2018: Lauren Tuchman was ordained at the Jewish Theological Seminary, becoming the first blind woman to enter the rabbinate.[176]
    • 2019: Ellyse Borghi of Melbourne becomes the first Australians Orthodox woman rabbi. She is followed by the 2020 ordination of Rabbanit Judith Levitan from Sydney.
  • 2020s:
    • 2022: Irene Muzás Calpe, born in Spain and ordained in Germany, became the first female rabbi in Spain upon starting a job as a rabbi at the Atid synagogue in Barcelona.[177]

See also

References

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  2. 1 2 Brayer, M. M. (1986). The Jewish Woman in Rabbinic Literature: A Psychohistorical Perspective, KTAV Publishing House, pp. 44-45.
  3. 1 2 Goldberg, Renee (1997). "Hasidic women as Rebbes: Fact or fiction?" PhD thesis, Hebrew Union College.
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