The Ilkhanate from 1256-1353
The disintegration of the Ilkhanate, 1345
This is a timeline of the Ilkhanate.
13th century
1210s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1217 | 15 October | Hulagu Khan is born to Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki[1] |
| 1218 | autumn | Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Muhammad II of Khwarezm's forces clash with a Mongol army led by Jochi and Subutai, the battle ending inconclusively[2] |
| winter | Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: A Muslim merchant delegation sent by Genghis Khan arrives at Otrar and the governor Inalchuq kills them, seizing their goods for himself; a sole survivor reaches Mongolia and alerts Genghis, who sends three more envoys to demand custody of Inalchuq - they are also killed[2] | |
| 1219 | fall | Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Ögedei and Chagatai take Otrar and massacres its population; Genghis Khan dispatches Jochi to conquer Syr Darya and another army to conquer Fergana[3] |
1220s
1230s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1231 | August | Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Chormaqan defeats Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, who escapes only to be killed by an unknown Kurd; so ends the Khwarazmian dynasty[4] |
| 1232 | Tolui is struck by sickness and dies[6] | |
| 1236 | Mongol invasions of Georgia: Chormaqan subjugates Georgia and Armenia[7] |
1240s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1242 | Mongol invasions of Anatolia: Mongols take Erzurum[8] | |
| 1243 | 26 June | Battle of Köse Dağ: Baiju defeats Kaykhusraw II and subjugates the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia[9] |
| 1244 | The Ayyubid dynasty gives tribute to the Mongols[8] | |
| Badr al-Din Lu'lu' of Mosul submits to the Mongol Empire[10] |
1250s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1251 | fall | Möngke Khan places Hulagu Khan in charge of North China[1] |
| 1252 | summer | Möngke Khan charges Hulagu Khan with the invasion of taking Baghdad[11] |
| 1256 | 20 November | Hulagu Khan takes Alamut from the Assassins[1] |
| Mongols defeat Kaykaus II at Aksaray and enthrone Kilij Arslan IV[12] | ||
| 1258 | 17 January | Siege of Baghdad (1258): Hulagu Khan sends a Mongol contingent across the Tigris River which suffers a defeat against Aybak[13] |
| 18 January | Siege of Baghdad (1258): Baiju floods the enemy camp and attacks, driving them back[13] | |
| 29 January | Siege of Baghdad (1258): Hulagu Khan lays siege to Baghdad[13] | |
| 1 February | Siege of Baghdad (1258): Mongol siege weapons breach Baghdad's Ajami tower[14] | |
| 3 February | Siege of Baghdad (1258): Mongol forces take Baghdad's walls[14] | |
| 10 February | Siege of Baghdad (1258): Al-Musta'sim, his sons, and 3,000 dignitaries surrender[14] | |
| 13 February | Siege of Baghdad (1258): Mongols sack Baghdad[14] | |
| 20 February | Siege of Baghdad (1258): Al-Musta'sim and his family are executed; so ends the first Abbasid Caliphate[14] | |
| Hulagu Khan takes the title of Ilkhan, meaning "obedient khan"[14] | ||
| March | Öljei Khatun's brother Bukha-Temur sacks Wasit[1] |
1260s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1260 | January | Siege of Aleppo (1260): Hulagu Khan takes Aleppo from An-Nasir Yusuf; so ends the Ayyubid dynasty[1] |
| The Principality of Antioch submits to the Mongol Empire[15] | ||
| 6 June | Hulagu Khan receives news of Möngke Khan's death and retreats to Ahlat[16] | |
| 26 July | Battle of Ain Jalut: Qutuz of the Mamluks advance into Palestine and drive the Mongols from Gaza[16] | |
| spring | Hulagu Khan's son Yoshmut and commander Elege of the Jalayir take Mayyafaraqin and Mardin[1] | |
| August | Kitbuqa sacks Sidon[15] | |
| 3 September | Battle of Ain Jalut: Qutuz of the Mamluks defeats Mongol forces under Kitbuqa and push them back to the Euphrates[16] | |
| 10 December | First Battle of Homs: Baibars defeats a Mongol expedition into Syria[1] | |
| Toluid Civil War: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with Ariq Böke and declares war on Hulagu Khan[17] | ||
| 1261 | Mosul and Cizre rebel[1] | |
| 1262 | summer | Rebellions in Mosul and Cizre are suppressed[1] |
| November | Hulagu Khan kills his vizier Saif-ud-Din Bitigchi and replaces him with Shams al-Din Juvayni[18] | |
| Berke–Hulagu war: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with the Mamluks and invades Azerbaijan[17] | ||
| Hulagu Khan gives Khorasan and Mazandaran to his son Abaqa and Azerbaijan to his other son Yoshmut[18] | ||
| 1263 | 13 January | Berke–Hulagu war: Berke defeats Hulagu Khan's army on the Terek River[18] |
| 1265 | 8 February | Hulagu Khan dies and is succeeded by his son Abaqa Khan[19] |
| 1266 | Berke–Hulagu war: Berke dies in Tbilisi and is succeeded by his grandnephew Mengu-Timur[19] |
1270s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1270 | Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq of the Chagatai Khanate invades the Ilkhanate but suffers defeat at the battle of Qara-Su near Herat[20] | |
| 1271 | Samagar raids Qalaat al-Madiq[21] | |
| 1273 | January | Yisüder, brother of Abaqa, sacks Bukhara[22] |
| 1277 | 15 April | Battle of Elbistan: Mamluks defeat Mongol forces at Elbistan[19] |
1280s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1281 | 29 October | Second Battle of Homs: Abaqa's brother Möngke Temur is defeated by Mamluk forces[19] |
| 1282 | Abaqa dies and is succeeded by his brother Tekuder, a Muslim[19] | |
| 1284 | Arghun, son of Abaqa, deposes Tekuder[19] |
1290s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1290 | Golden Horde attacks Ilkhanate but is defeated by Arghun[19] | |
| Nawrūz rebels and fails[19] | ||
| 1291 | 7 March | Arghun is murdered by the very unpleasant Taghachar of the Baarin, who then enthrones Gaykhatu, Arghun's brother[19] |
| 1294 | Gaykhatu copies the Yuan dynasty and tries to introduce paper money, which fails fantastically[19] | |
| 1295 | Taghachar deposes Gaykhatu and enthrones Baydu[19] | |
| October | Ghazan, son of Arghun, deposes Baydu and becomes ruler; also a Muslim[19] | |
| 1299 | 22–23 December | Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar: Ghazan defeats An-Nasir Muhammad of the Mamluks[23] |
14th century
1300s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1301 | Ghazan makes a failed attempt to take Aleppo[24] | |
| 1303 | 20 April | Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303): Mongol army under Kutlushah is defeated by the Mamluks[24] |
| 1304 | 11 May | Ghazan dies and is succeeded by his brother Öljaitü[19] |
| 1307 | June | Ilkhanate tributizes Gilan, Ghazni, and Sistan[22] |
| 1308 | winter | Öljaitü converts to Twelver Shi'ism[22] |
1310s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1310 | Kurds and Arabs in Erbil massacre the Christian population with the Ilkhanate's permission[10] | |
| 1312 | Ilkhanate seizes Ghazni[25] | |
| 1316 | Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war: Conflict breaks out between the Chagatai Khanate and the Yuan dynasty and Ilkhanate[26] | |
| 16 December | Öljaitü dies and is succeeded by his son Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan[22] | |
| 1318 | Chagataid elements rebel in Khorasan[22] | |
| Öz Beg Khan attacks the Ilkhanate[22] | ||
| 1319 | 13 July | Chupan defeats Mongol rebellions at the battle of Zanjan-Rud[22] |
1320s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1323 | Ilkhanate makes peace with the Mamluk Sultunate[22] |
1330s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1335 | 30 November | Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan dies and Ghiyas al-Din ibn Rashid al-Din enthrones Arpa Ke'un, a descendant of Ariq Böke; effective end of the Ilkhanate[27] |
| 1336 | Arpa Ke'un is defeated by 'Ali Padsah of Baghdad, who enthrones Musa[27] | |
| 1337 | Musa is deposed by Hasan Buzurg, who enthrones Muhammad Khan[27] | |
| 1338 | Muhammad Khan is deposed by Hasan Kuchak, who enthrones Jahan Temür[27] |
1340s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1346 | Black Plague spreads to the Ilkhanate[27] |
1350s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1356 | Shaikh Awais Jalayir sets up his own Jalairid Sultanate; so ends the Ilkhanate[27] |
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Atwood 2004, p. 225.
- 1 2 Atwood 2004, p. 431.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Atwood 2004, p. 307.
- 1 2 Atwood 2004, p. 308.
- ↑ Atwood 2004, p. 81.
- ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 372.
- ↑ Atwood 2004, p. 196.
- 1 2 Jackson 2005, p. 74.
- ↑ Atwood 2004, p. 331.
- 1 2 Atwood 2004, p. 323.
- ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 405.
- ↑ Jackson 2005, p. 116.
- 1 2 3 Atwood 2004, p. 28.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Atwood 2004, p. 29.
- 1 2 Jackson 2005, p. 117.
- 1 2 3 Atwood 2004, p. 6.
- 1 2 Twitchett 1994, p. 412.
- 1 2 3 Atwood 2004, p. 226.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Atwood 2004, p. 234.
- ↑ Atwood 2004, p. 231.
- ↑ Jackson 2005, p. 167.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Atwood 2004, p. 235.
- ↑ Atwood 2004, p. 341.
- 1 2 Jackson 2005, p. 170.
- ↑ Atwood 2004, p. 86.
- ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 504.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Atwood 2004, p. 236.
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