Charted timeline of Solar System exploration, as of December 2014

This is a timeline of Solar System exploration ordering events in the exploration of the Solar System by date of spacecraft launch. It includes:

  • All spacecraft that have left Earth orbit for the purposes of Solar System exploration (or were launched with that intention but failed), including lunar probes.
  • A small number of pioneering or notable Earth-orbiting craft.

It does not include:

  • Centuries of terrestrial telescopic observation.
  • The great majority of Earth-orbiting satellites.
  • Space probes leaving Earth orbit that are not concerned with Solar System exploration (such as space telescopes targeted at distant galaxies, cosmic background radiation observatories, and so on).
  • Probes that failed at launch.

The dates listed are launch dates, but the achievements noted may have occurred some time later—in some cases, a considerable time later (for example, Voyager 2, launched 20 August 1977, did not reach Neptune until 1989).

1950s

Sputnik 1 – First Earth orbiter
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
Soviet Union Sputnik 1 4 October 1957 First Earth orbiter [1][2]
Soviet Union Sputnik 2 3 November 1957 Earth orbiter, first animal in orbit, a dog named Laika [2][3][4]
United States Explorer 1 1 February 1958 Earth orbiter; discovered Van Allen radiation belts [5]
United States Vanguard 1 17 March 1958 Earth orbiter; oldest spacecraft still in Earth orbit [6]
Soviet Union Luna 1 2 January 1959 First lunar flyby (attempted lunar impact?); first artificial satellite in heliocentric orbit. [7][8][9][10]
United States Pioneer 4 3 March 1959 Lunar flyby [11][12]
Soviet Union Luna 2 12 September 1959 First extraterrestrial impact and lunar impact, First artificial object on Moon [10][13]
Soviet Union Luna 3 4 October 1959 Lunar flyby; First images of another celestial body taken from space, most notably, the far side of Moon [10][14]

1960s

Vostok 1 – First crewed Earth orbiter
Mariner 2 – First successful Venus flyby
Mariner 4 – First successful Mars flyby
Luna 9 – First successful lunar lander
Zond 5 – First lunar flyby and return to Earth, first terrestrials to circle the Moon
Apollo 8 – First crewed lunar orbiter
Apollo 11 – First crewed lunar landing
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
United States Pioneer 5 11 March 1960 Interplanetary space investigations [15][16]
Soviet Union Venera 1 12 February 1961 First probe to another planet; Venus flyby (contact lost before flyby) [17][18][19]
Soviet Union Vostok 1 12 April 1961 First crewed Earth orbiter (Yuri Gagarin) [20][21]
United States Ranger 1 23 August 1961 Attempted lunar test flight (failed to leave Earth orbit) [22][23][24]
United States Ranger 2 18 November 1961 Attempted lunar test flight (failed to leave Earth orbit) [24][25][26]
United States Ranger 3 26 January 1962 Attempted lunar impact (missed Moon) [24][27][28]
United States Ranger 4 23 April 1962 Lunar impact (but unintentionally became the first spacecraft to hit the lunar farside and returned no data) [24][29][30][31]
United States Mariner 2 27 August 1962 First successful planetary encounter, First successful Venus flyby [32][33][34]
United States Ranger 5 18 October 1962 Attempted lunar impact (missed Moon) [24][35][36]
Soviet Union Mars 1 1 November 1962 First probe to Mars: flyby (contact lost) [37][38]
Soviet Union Luna 4 2 April 1963 Attempted lunar lander (missed Moon) [39][40]
Soviet Union Cosmos 21 11 November 1963 Attempted Venera test flight? [41]
United States Ranger 6 30 January 1964 Lunar impact (cameras failed) [42][43]
Soviet Union Zond 1 2 April 1964 Venus flyby (contact lost) [44][45][46]
United States Ranger 7 28 July 1964 Lunar impact (success) [47][48][49]
Soviet Union Voskhod 1 12 October 1964 First orbiter with multimember crew [50][51]
United States Mariner 3 5 November 1964 Attempted Mars flyby (failed to attain correct trajectory) [52][53]
United States Mariner 4 28 November 1964 First successful Mars flyby [54][55]
Soviet Union Zond 2 30 November 1964 Mars flyby (contact lost) [46][56][57]
United States Ranger 8 17 February 1965 Lunar impact [58][59]
Soviet Union Voskhod 2 18 March 1965 First space walk, by Alexei Leonov [51][60]
United States Ranger 9 21 March 1965 Lunar impact [61][62]
United States Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1 6 May 1965 Oldest spacecraft still in use [63]
Soviet Union Luna 5 9 May 1965 Lunar impact (attempted soft landing) [64]
Soviet Union Luna 6 8 June 1965 Attempted lunar lander (missed Moon) [65]
Soviet Union Zond 3 18 July 1965 Lunar flyby [46][66][67]
Soviet Union Luna 7 4 October 1965 Lunar impact (attempted soft landing) [68]
Soviet Union Venera 2 12 November 1965 Venus flyby (contact lost) [69][18]
Soviet Union Venera 3 16 November 1965 Venus lander (contact lost) – First spacecraft to reach another planet's atmosphere and surface, First Venus impact [70][18]
Soviet Union Luna 8 3 December 1965 Lunar impact (attempted soft landing?) [71]
United States Pioneer 6 16 December 1965 "Space weather" observations [72][73][74][75]
Soviet Union Luna 9 31 January 1966 First extraterrestrial lander and lunar lander [10][76]
Soviet Union Luna 10 31 March 1966 First extraterrestrial orbiter and first lunar orbiter [77]
United States Surveyor 1 30 May 1966 Lunar lander [78][79][80]
United States Explorer 33 1 July 1966 Attempted lunar orbiter (failed to attain lunar orbit) [81][82]
United States Lunar Orbiter 1 10 August 1966 Lunar orbiter [83][84][85]
United States Pioneer 7 17 August 1966 "Space weather" observations [75][86][87]
Soviet Union Luna 11 24 August 1966 Lunar orbiter [88]
United States Surveyor 2 20 September 1966 Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon) [89][90]
Soviet Union Luna 12 22 October 1966 Lunar orbiter [91]
United States Lunar Orbiter 2 6 November 1966 Lunar orbiter [92][93]
Soviet Union Luna 13 21 December 1966 Lunar lander [94]
United States Lunar Orbiter 3 5 February 1967 Lunar orbiter [95][96]
United States Surveyor 3 17 April 1967 Lunar lander [97][98]
United States Lunar Orbiter 4 4 May 1967 Lunar orbiter [99][100]
Soviet Union Venera 4 12 June 1967 First functioning extraterrestrial atmospheric probe (Venus) [18][101]
United States Mariner 5 14 June 1967 Venus flyby [102][103]
United States Surveyor 4 14 July 1967 Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon) [104][105]
United States Explorer 35 (IMP-E) 19 July 1967 Lunar orbiter [106]
United States Lunar Orbiter 5 1 August 1967 Lunar orbiter [85][107][108]
United States Surveyor 5 8 September 1967 Lunar lander [109][110]
United States Surveyor 6 7 November 1967 Lunar lander, first lift-off from an extraterrestrial body [79][111][112]
United States Apollo 4 9 November 1967 Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (uncrewed) [113]
United States Pioneer 8 13 December 1967 "Space weather" observations [75][114][115]
United States Surveyor 7 7 January 1968 Lunar lander [116][117]
United States Apollo 5 22 January 1968 Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (uncrewed) [118][119]
Soviet Union Zond 4 2 March 1968 Lunar programme test flight out of Earth orbit (uncrewed) [46][120][121][122]
Soviet Union Luna 14 7 April 1968 Lunar orbiter [123]
Soviet Union Zond 5 14 September 1968 First lunar flyby and return to Earth, first life forms to circle the Moon [46][124][125][126][127]
United States Apollo 7 11 October 1968 Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (crewed) [128][129]
United States Pioneer 9 8 November 1968 "Space weather" observations [75][130][131]
Soviet Union Zond 6 10 November 1968 Lunar flyby and return to Earth [46][132][133]
United States Apollo 8 21 December 1968 First crewed spacecraft to leave Earth orbit, first crewed lunar orbiter [129][134][135]
Soviet Union Venera 5 5 January 1969 Venus atmospheric probe [18][136]
Soviet Union Venera 6 10 January 1969 Venus atmospheric probe [18][137]
United States Mariner 6 25 February 1969 Mars flyby [138][139]
United States Apollo 9 3 March 1969 Crewed lunar lander (LEM) flight test in Earth orbit [129][140]
United States Mariner 7 27 March 1969 Mars flyby [141][142]
United States Apollo 10 18 May 1969 Crewed lunar orbiter [129][143][144]
Soviet Union Luna 15 13 July 1969 Second attempted lunar sample return [145][146]
United States Apollo 11 16 July 1969 First crewed lunar landing and first successful sample return mission [147][148][149][150][151]
Soviet Union Zond 7 7 August 1969 Lunar flyby and return to Earth [46][152][153]
United States Apollo 12 14 November 1969 Crewed lunar landing [154][155][156]

1970s

Mars 3 – First Mars lander
Pioneer 10 – First Jupiter flyby
Mariner 10 – First Mercury flyby
Voyager 2 – First Uranus/first Neptune flyby
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
United States Apollo 13 11 April 1970 Crewed lunar flyby and return to Earth (crewed lunar landing aborted). Farthest from Earth a human has gone (401,056 km) [157][158][159][160]
Soviet Union Venera 7 17 August 1970 First Venus lander and the first spacecraft to "soft" land on another planet (with some data returned from the surface) [18][161][162]
Soviet Union Luna 16 12 September 1970 First robotic lunar sample return [10][163]
Soviet Union Zond 8 20 October 1970 Lunar flyby and return to Earth [46][164][165]
Soviet Union Luna 17/Lunokhod 1 10 November 1970 First remote controlled rover [10][166]
United States Apollo 14 31 January 1971 Crewed lunar landing [167][168][169]
Soviet Union Salyut 1 19 April 1971 First space station [170][171]
Soviet Union Mars 2 19 May 1971 First Mars impact, Mars orbiter and attempted lander; First rover (Prop-M) sent to another planet (Mars) [172][173][174][175][176]
Soviet Union Mars 3 28 May 1971 Mars orbiter, First Mars lander (first image taken from the surface of another planet, though the received image did not show anything); First rover (Prop-M) to be landed but not deployed on another planet (Mars) [177][178][179][180][181]
United States Mariner 9 30 May 1971 First to orbit another planet (Mars) [182][183]
United States Apollo 15 26 July 1971 Crewed lunar landing; First crewed lunar rover [129][184][185][186]
Soviet Union Luna 18 2 September 1971 Attempted lunar sample return (crashed into Moon) [187][188]
Soviet Union Luna 19 28 September 1971 Lunar orbiter [189]
Soviet Union Luna 20 14 February 1972 Lunar robotic sample return [190]
United States Pioneer 10 3 March 1972 First Jupiter flyby [191][192][74]
Soviet Union Venera 8 27 March 1972 Venus lander [18][193][194]
United States Apollo 16 16 April 1972 Crewed lunar landing [195][196][197]
United States Apollo 17 7 December 1972 Last crewed lunar landing [198][199][200][201]
Soviet Union Luna 21/Lunokhod 2 8 January 1973 Lunar rover [202]
United States Pioneer 11 5 April 1973 Jupiter flyby and First Saturn flyby [74][203][204]
United States Explorer 49 (RAE-B) 10 June 1973 Lunar orbiter/radio astronomy [205][206]
Soviet Union Mars 4 21 July 1973 Mars flyby (attempted Mars orbiter) [207][208]
Soviet Union Mars 5 25 July 1973 Mars orbiter [209][210]
Soviet Union Mars 6 5 August 1973 Mars flyby and attempted lander (failed due to damage on Mars landing) [211][212]
Soviet Union Mars 7 9 August 1973 Mars flyby and attempted lander (missed Mars) [213][214]
United States Mariner 10 3 November 1973 Lunar and Venus flybys in addition to the First Mercury flyby [215][216][217][218]
Soviet Union Luna 22 29 May 1974 Lunar orbiter [10][219]
Soviet Union Luna 23 28 October 1974 Attempted lunar sample return (failed due to damage on lunar landing) [220]
United States West Germany Helios-A 10 December 1974 Solar observations [221][222]
Soviet Union Venera 9 8 June 1975 First Venus orbiter and lander; First successful images from the surface of another planet (Venus) [18][223][224][225]
Soviet Union Venera 10 14 June 1975 Venus orbiter and lander [18][226][227][228]
United States Viking 1 20 August 1975 Mars orbiter and lander; First clear pictures from Martian surface [229][230][231][232]
United States Viking 2 9 September 1975 Mars orbiter and lander [232][233][234][235]
United States West Germany Helios-B 15 January 1976 Solar observations [236][237]
Soviet Union Luna 24 9 August 1976 Lunar robotic sample return [10][238]
United States Voyager 2 20 August 1977 Jupiter/Saturn/first Uranus/first Neptune flyby [239][240][241]
United States Voyager 1 5 September 1977 Jupiter/Saturn flyby, first to exit the heliosphere [241][242][243]
United States Pioneer Venus 1 20 May 1978 Venus orbiter [244][245]
United States Pioneer Venus 2 8 August 1978 Venus atmospheric probes [246][247]
United States European Union ISEE-3 12 August 1978 Solar wind investigations; later redesignated International Cometary Explorer and performed Comet Giacobini-Zinner and Comet Halley flybys – First comet flyby [248][249][250]
Soviet Union Venera 11 9 September 1978 Venus flyby and lander [18][251][252][253]
Soviet Union Venera 12 14 September 1978 Venus flyby and lander [18][254][255][256]

1980s

Giotto – Comet Halley flyby
Galileo – Mission to Jupiter
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
Soviet Union Venera 13 30 October 1981 Venus flyby and lander. First recording of sound on another planet. [18][257][258][259]
Soviet Union Venera 14 4 November 1981 Venus flyby and lander [18][260][261][262]
Soviet Union Venera 15 2 June 1983 Venus orbiter [18][263][264]
Soviet Union Venera 16 7 June 1983 Venus orbiter [18][265][266]
Soviet Union Vega 1 15 December 1984 Venus flyby, lander and first extraterrestrial aircraft (aerostat balloon); continued on to Comet Halley flyby [267][268][269][270][271]
Soviet Union Vega 2 21 December 1984 Venus flyby, lander and balloon; continued on to Comet Halley flyby [271][272][273][274][275]
Japan Sakigake 8 January 1985 Comet Halley flyby [276][277]
European Union Giotto 2 July 1985 First close observation of comet (distance 596 kilometers), Comet Halley flyby [278][279][280]
Japan Suisei (Planet-A) 18 August 1985 Comet Halley flyby [281][282]
Soviet Union Mir 19 February 1986 First modular space station (operational 1986–2000; final module added 1996) [283][284][285]
Soviet Union Phobos 1 7 July 1988 Attempted Mars orbiter/Phobos landers (contact lost) [286][287]
Soviet Union Phobos 2 12 July 1988 Mars orbiter/attempted Phobos landers (contact lost) [288][289]
United States Magellan 4 May 1989 Venus orbiter [290][291]
United States Galileo 18 October 1989 Venus flyby, first Asteroid flyby (Gaspra), first Asteroid moon discovery (Dactyl), first Jupiter orbiter, first Jupiter atmospheric probe [292][293][294][295]

1990s

Mars Pathfinder – Mars lander and the first successful Mars rover, Sojourner
Cassini–Huygens – First Saturn orbiter and first Titan lander
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
Japan Hiten (MUSES-A) 24 January 1990 Lunar flyby and orbiter [296][297]
United States European Union Hubble Space Telescope 24 April 1990 Orbital space telescope (operational since 1990) [298][299][300]
United States European Union Ulysses 6 October 1990 Solar polar orbiter [301][302][303]
Japan United States Yohkoh (Solar-A) 30 August 1991 Solar observations (1991–2001) [304][305]
United States Mars Observer 25 September 1992 Attempted Mars orbiter (contact lost) [306][307]
United States Clementine 25 January 1994 Lunar orbiter/attempted asteroid flyby (contact lost) [308][309][310]
United States WIND 1 November 1994 Solar wind observations [311][312]
European Union United States SOHO 2 December 1995 Solar observatory (operational since 1996) [313][314][315]
United States NEAR Shoemaker 17 February 1996 Eros orbiter, first near-Earth asteroid flyby, first asteroid orbit and first asteroid landing [316][317][318]
United States Mars Global Surveyor 7 November 1996 Mars orbiter [319][320]
Russia Mars 96 16 November 1996 Attempted Mars orbiter/landers (failed to escape Earth orbit) [321][322]
United States Mars Pathfinder 4 December 1996 Mars lander and first successful planetary rover [323][324][325]
United States ACE 25 August 1997 Solar wind and "space weather" observations (operational since 1998) [326][327]
United States European Union Italy Cassini–Huygens 15 October 1997 First Saturn orbiter and first outer planet moon lander (on Titan) [328][329][330][331][332]
United States Lunar Prospector 7 January 1998 Lunar orbiter [333][334]
Japan Nozomi (Planet-B) 3 July 1998 Attempted Mars orbiter (failed to enter Mars orbit) [335][336]
United States Deep Space 1 (DS1) 24 October 1998 Asteroid and comet flyby [337][338]
United States Russia European Union Japan CanadaBrazil ISS 20 November 1998 International space station [339][340]
United States Mars Climate Orbiter 11 December 1998 Attempted Mars orbiter (orbit insertion failed; entered atmosphere and was destroyed) [341][342]
United States Mars Polar Lander/Deep Space 2 (DS2) 3 January 1999 Attempted Mars lander/penetrators (contact lost) [343][344][345]
United States Stardust 7 February 1999 First comet coma sample return (returned 15 January 2006) [346][347][348]

2000s

Mars Express/Beagle 2 – First planetary mission by the ESA
MESSENGER – First Mercury orbiter
Chandrayaan-1 – Water Around Fresh Moon Crater
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
United States 2001 Mars Odyssey 7 April 2001 Mars orbiter [349][350]
United States Genesis 8 August 2001 First solar wind sample return [351][352][353][354]
United States CONTOUR 3 July 2002 Attempted flyby of comet nuclei (Encke, Schwassmann-Wachmann-3, and optionally a third one; lost in space) [355][356]
Japan Hayabusa (MUSES-C) 9 May 2003 Asteroid lander and first sample return from asteroid [357][358][359]
European Union United Kingdom Mars Express/Beagle 2 2 June 2003 Mars orbiter/attempted lander (lander failure) [360][361][362][363]
United States Mars Exploration Rover Spirit 10 June 2003 Mars rover [364][365]
United States Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity 8 July 2003 Mars rover [366][367]
European Union SMART-1 27 September 2003 Lunar orbiter [368][369]
European Union Rosetta/Philae 2 March 2004 Asteroid Šteins and Lutetia flybys; first comet orbiter and lander (Landed in November 2014) [370][371][372][373]
United States MESSENGER 3 August 2004 First Mercury orbiter (Achieved orbit 18 March 2011) [374][375][376]
United States Deep Impact 12 January 2005 Comet flyby and impact [377][378][379][380]
United States Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 12 August 2005 Mars orbiter [381][382]
European Union Venus Express 9 November 2005 Venus polar orbiter [383][384]
United States New Horizons 19 January 2006 First Pluto/Charon flyby (on 14 July 2015); continued on to 486958 Arrokoth flyby (on 1 January 2019) [385][386][387][388]
Japan United States United Kingdom Hinode (Solar-B) 22 September 2006 Solar orbiter [389][390]
United States STEREO 26 October 2006 Two spacecraft, solar orbiters [391][392][393]
United States Phoenix 4 August 2007 Mars polar lander (Mars landing on 25 May 2008) [394][395]
Japan SELENE (Kaguya) 14 September 2007 Lunar orbiters [396][397][398][399]
United States Dawn 27 September 2007 Asteroid Ceres and Vesta orbiter (Entered orbit around Vesta on 16 July 2011 and around Ceres on 6 March 2015) [400][401][402]
China Chang'e 1 24 October 2007 Lunar orbiter [403][404][405]
India Chandrayaan-1 22 October 2008 Lunar orbiter and impactor; discovered water on the Moon [406][407][408]
Europe Herschel Space Observatory 14 May 2009 Infrared space telescope at Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [409][410]
United States Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter/LCROSS 18 June 2009 Lunar polar orbiter and lunar impactor [411][412][413][414]
United States WISE (NEOWISE) 14 December 2009 Infrared survey of celestial sky (WISE mission); later Near-Earth object survey (NEOWISE mission) [415][416][417]

2010s

Mars Science Laboratory – Mars lander and large rover
Mangalyaan – First Indian Mars orbiter
Trace Gas Orbiter – ESA/Roscosmos Mars orbiter
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
United States Solar Dynamics Observatory 11 February 2010 Continuous solar monitoring [418][419]
Japan Akatsuki (Planet-C) 20 May 2010 Venus orbiter (orbit insertion failed in 2010 / successful orbit insertion on 7 December 2015) [420][421][422]
France PICARD 15 June 2010 Solar monitoring [423][424]
China Chang'e 2 1 October 2010 Lunar orbiter, asteroid 4179 Toutatis flyby [405][425][426]
United States Juno 5 August 2011 Jupiter orbiter [427][428]
United States GRAIL 10 September 2011 Two spacecraft, Lunar orbiters [429][430][431]
Russia China Fobos-Grunt and Yinghuo-1 8 November 2011 Attempted Phobos sample return and Mars orbiter, respectively; both failed to escape Earth orbit [432][433]
United States Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity rover) 26 November 2011 Mars rover (landed 6 August 2012) [434][435]
United States Van Allen Probes (RBSP) 30 August 2012 Earth Van Allen radiation belts study [436][437][438]
United States IRIS 28 June 2013 Solar observations [439]
United States LADEE 7 September 2013 Lunar orbiter [440][441]
Japan Hisaki 14 September 2013 Planetary atmosphere observatory [442]
India Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) 5 November 2013 Mars orbiter [443][444][445]
United States MAVEN 18 November 2013 Mars orbiter [446][447]
China Chang'e 3 1 December 2013 Lunar lander and rover (first lander since Soviet Luna 24 in 1976) [405][448][449][450]
China Chang'e 5-T1 23 October 2014 Circumlunar mission and Earth reentry; technology demonstration to prepare for Chang'e 5 mission [451]
Japan Germany France Hayabusa2 / MASCOT 3 December 2014 Asteroid lander and sample return (sample returned 5 December 2020), first asteroid rover [359][452][453]
Japan PROCYON 3 December 2014 Comet observer and attempted asteroid flyby (engine failure) [454]
United States DSCOVR 11 February 2015 Solar observation [455][456]
European Union Russia ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and EDM lander 14 March 2016 Mars orbiter and attempted lander (lander failure) [457][458]
United States OSIRIS-REx 8 September 2016 Asteroid sample return mission (sample returned 24 September 2023) [459][460]
United States InSight 5 May 2018 Mars lander [461][462]
China Queqiao 20 May 2018 Relay satellite for Chang'e 4 in Halo orbit around Earth–Moon L2 Lagrange point [463]
United States Parker Solar Probe 12 August 2018 Solar corona probe, closest solar approach (0.04 AU) [464][465]
European Union Japan BepiColombo 19 October 2018 Two Mercury orbiters (orbit insertion planned in December 2025) [466][467]
China Chang'e 4 7 December 2018 Lunar lander and rover, first landing on the lunar far side [405][468][469]
Israel Beresheet 22 February 2019 Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon) [470][471]
India Chandrayaan-2 22 July 2019 Lunar orbiter; attempted lander and rover (contact lost during final stage of descent) [472][473]

2020s

NASA's Perseverance rover
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
European Union Solar Orbiter 10 February 2020 Sun-observing satellite [474][475][476]
United Arab Emirates Mars Hope 19 July 2020 Mars orbiter [477]
China Tianwen-1 (Zhurong rover) 23 July 2020 Mars orbiter, lander, and rover [478]
United States Mars 2020 (Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter) 30 July 2020 Mars rover and helicopter drone; first powered flight on another planet [479][480][481]
China Chang'e 5 23 November 2020 Lunar sample return [405][482]
United States Lucy 16 October 2021 Flyby of six Jupiter trojans and two main belt asteroids [483][484]
United States Italy DART / LICIACube 24 November 2021 Asteroid 65803 Didymos flyby, asteroid moon Dimorphos impactor [485][486]
United States European Union Canada James Webb Space Telescope 25 December 2021 Infrared space telescope at Sun–Earth L2 [487][488]
United States CAPSTONE 28 June 2022 Lunar orbiter [489]
South Korea United States Danuri (KPLO) 5 August 2022 Lunar orbiter [490]
United States Artemis 1 and 10 cubesats 16 November 2022 Uncrewed lunar orbital test of Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System. The cubesats are launched as rideshares and will execute their own missions. [491]
Japan United States Hakuto-R Mission 1 (Rashid rover) and Lunar Flashlight 11 December 2022 Lunar lander technology demonstration, lunar rover, and lunar orbiter launched together (crashed into Moon) [492][493][494]
European Union JUICE 14 April 2023 Jupiter/Ganymede orbiter [495]
India Chandrayaan-3 14 July 2023 Lunar orbiter, lander and rover; first soft landing near the lunar South Pole [496][497]
Russia Luna 25 10 August 2023 Attempted lunar south pole lander (crashed into Moon) [498][499]
India Aditya-L1 2 September 2023 Sun-observing spacecraft at Sun–Earth L1 [500]
Japan SLIM (LEV-1, LEV-2) 6 September 2023 Lunar flyby, lander and rovers [501][502]
United States Psyche 13 October 2023 Asteroid 16 Psyche orbiter [503]
United States Peregrine Mission One (Iris and Colmena rovers) 8 January 2024 Lunar lander and rovers (landing precluded) [504]

Planned or scheduled

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Sputnik 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  2. 1 2 "Sputnik | satellites". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  3. ↑ "Sputnik 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  4. ↑ Garcia, Mark (6 November 2017). "60 years ago: The First Animal in Orbit". NASA. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  5. ↑ "Explorer 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  6. ↑ "Vanguard 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  7. ↑ "Luna 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  8. ↑ Cavallaro, Umberto (5 October 2018). The Race to the Moon Chronicled in Stamps, Postcards, and Postmarks: A Story of Puffery vs. the Pragmatic. Springer. p. 46. ISBN 9783319921532.
  9. ↑ JR, Wesley T. Huntress; Marov, Mikhail Ya (28 June 2011). Soviet Robots in the Solar System: Mission Technologies and Discoveries. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 77. ISBN 9781441978981.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Luna | space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  11. ↑ "Pioneer 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  12. ↑ "In Depth | Pioneer 4". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  13. ↑ "Luna 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  14. ↑ "Luna 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  15. ↑ "Pioneer 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  16. ↑ "In Depth | Pioneer 5". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  17. ↑ "Venera 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Venera | Soviet space probes". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  19. ↑ Wright, John (23 May 2006). The New York Times Almanac 2002. Routledge. p. 1649. ISBN 9781135455866.
  20. ↑ "Vostok 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  21. ↑ "Vostok | Soviet spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  22. ↑ "Ranger 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  23. ↑ "In Depth | Ranger 1". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 "Ranger | space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  25. ↑ "Ranger 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  26. ↑ "In Depth | Ranger 2". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  27. ↑ "Ranger 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  28. ↑ "In Depth | Ranger 3". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  29. ↑ Williamson, Mark (1998). "Protecting the space environment: Are we doing enough?". Space Policy. 14 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1016/S0265-9646(97)00038-6.
  30. ↑ "Ranger 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  31. ↑ "In Depth | Ranger 4". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  32. ↑ "Mariner 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  33. ↑ "In Depth | Mariner 02". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  34. ↑ "Missions to Venus and Mercury". www.planetary.org. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  35. ↑ "Ranger 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  36. ↑ "In Depth | Ranger 5". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  37. ↑ "Mars 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  38. ↑ "In Depth | Mars 01". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  39. ↑ "Luna 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
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