The Thomas Jefferson Foundation, originally known as the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, is a private, nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation founded in 1923 to purchase and maintain Monticello, the primary plantation of Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States.[1] The Foundation's initial focus was on architectural preservation, with the goal of restoring Monticello as close to its original appearance as possible. It has since grown to include other historic and cultural pursuits and programs such as its Annual Independence Day Celebration and Naturalization Ceremony. It also publishes and provides a center for scholarship on Jefferson and his era.

History

The Thomas Jefferson Foundation was launched in 1923 as the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation.[2] It named Stuart G. Gibboney as its first president on April 28, 1923, shortly after the Foundation's inauguration earlier that month in New York City.[3] The Foundation's constitution had two primary goals:

To purchase, preserve and maintain Monticello, at Charlottesville, in the State of Virginia, as a national memorial, so that it may be forever retained as a shrine, and reverently transmitted to future generations as a monument to the genius and patriotism of Thomas Jefferson, and a constant reminder of the principles inscribed in the Declaration of Independence. To foster and preserve the ideals of American liberty and the republican form of government; and to keep alive the name and memory of Thomas Jefferson, as the apostle of human freedom.

— Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, Inc.[4]

Monticello had a contract purchase price of $500,000, the first $100,000 of which the Foundation paid by December 1923 to the property's prior owner, Jefferson Monroe Levy.[5] This initial payment was a landmark for the Foundation, as the transaction allowed it to assume the title to Monticello.[6] The Foundation also sought to raise $500,000 for an endowment fund, which would be used to maintain Monticello and create plans that would "foster the ideals of Jefferson".[5][7] In moving beyond the planning stages and taking physical possession of Monticello, the Foundation surpassed prior attempts by similar organizations and groups in the preceding half-century that never got beyond preliminary negotiations.[5] The Washington Post noted that the Foundation's successful payment "has set to rest any misgivings that may have existed that the foundation's plan would end without result".[5]

The Foundation was officially launched at the University of Virginia, which Jefferson founded. During 1924 the Foundation opened Monticello to the general public and began repair and maintenance work on the property, which had fallen into disrepair.[8] That same year architectural historian Fiske Kimball was named as the Chairman of the Restoration Committee and would serve in a leading role in Monticello's restoration until his death.[9] In the following year the National Education Committee was formed to "promote restoration of Monticello and to spread Jeffersonian ideals".[2]

In the immediate years following its launch the Foundation became active in various historic pursuits and in 1929 elected Thomas Edison as the first "Nation's Guest of Honor" in recognition of his service in "science, art, education, literature, or government."[10] A year later this recognition went to Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd.[2]

The Foundation paid off its first mortgage in 1928. Although it experienced financial hardship during the Great Depression, the Foundation was officially debt free by 1940.[2] In 1960 it moved its headquarters from New York to Monticello, where it has remained. Two years later the Foundation launched its Annual Independence Day Celebration and Naturalization Ceremony, which is still held today and is considered to be the "oldest continuous naturalization ceremony held outside of a courtroom in the United States".[11][12] During January 2000 the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation changed its name to the Thomas Jefferson Foundation.[13]

Restoration of Monticello

Efforts to restore Monticello began shortly after the Foundation's purchase, and in 1924 work began on the main house's supporting stone walls. The terraces and roof were also repaired and the house was repainted. The Foundation also began restoring Monticello's gardens and invited the Garden Club of America (GCA) to give advice. The GCA would later assist with funding for the restoration of the Kitchen Road, which leads from the main house to Mulberry Row.[14]

In 1927 Monticello's Great Clock was repaired and during the following year the foundation restored the slave quarters under the south terrace. In the following years the Foundation restored more of the plantation as closely to its original state as possible. It has bought additional land that formerly belonged or pertained to Jefferson, including the Shadwell plantation where the President was born (purchased in 1963), one of his original farms, Tufton (purchased in 1968), and Montalto (acquired in 2004).[2][15] The Foundation now owns roughly 2,500 acres of Jefferson's original 5,000-acre estate at Monticello, of which it has put 1,060 acres under permanent preservation easements.[16][17]

In 1987 Monticello, along with the University of Virginia, were jointly inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List in recognition of their "outstanding universal value."[18] This marks Monticello as the only presidential home in America on the World Heritage List.[19]

Awards and recognition programs

The Thomas Jefferson Foundation has overseen several contests and awards programs, most notably the Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medals, which are granted jointly with the University of Virginia.[20] These medals are given out in recognition of distinguished contributions in the fields of Architecture, Law, Citizen Leadership, and Global Innovation and are the highest honor granted by the University of Virginia, which does not bestow honorary degrees.[21]

The first Thomas Jefferson Medal was awarded for the field of architecture to Mies van der Rohe in 1966.[22] The Foundation and the University of Virginia began awarding medals for law in 1977, followed by medals in Citizen Leadership in 2007 and Global Innovation in 2016.[20]

Other recipients of the award include federal judge John Gleeson (Law, 2016), Jaime Lerner (Architecture, 1997), Joseph Neubauer (Citizen Leadership, 2010), and Gordon Moore (Global Innovation, 2016).[20]

Exhibits and other work

The Foundation has coordinated with several institutions for exhibits that focus on the history of Thomas Jefferson and Monticello.[23] In 2012 the Foundation partnered with the National Museum of African American History and Culture for the exhibit "Jefferson and Slavery at Monticello: Paradox of Liberty", which was hosted at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History.[24] The following year the exhibit was shown in Atlanta, St. Louis, and Philadelphia under the title "Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello: How the Word Is Passed Down."[25]

Slavery at Monticello: Life and Work at Mulberry Row

During 2012 the Foundation launched "Slavery at Monticello: Life and Work at Mulberry Row", a tour that examined the titular Mulberry Row, a plantation path that served as the "dynamic, industrial hub of Jefferson's 5,000-acre agricultural enterprise".[26][27] Three years later the Foundation, along with developer Bluecadet Interactive,[28] released an app by the same name for mobile devices.[29][30] The app received a review from Common Sense Media and was an honoree at the 2016 Webby Awards in the field of Mobile Sites & Apps, Education & Reference.[31][32]

In 2013 the Foundation received a $10 million (~$12.4 million in 2022) gift from David Rubenstein, part of which it used to reconstruct slave quarters on Mulberry Row.[33] It is also working on the Getting Word oral history project, which was launched to "preserve the histories of the African American families at Thomas Jefferson's Virginia plantation" by interviewing their descendants.[34]

The Papers of Thomas Jefferson

In 1998 the Foundation was approached by Princeton University to assist with The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, a project aimed at publishing the complete public and private papers of Thomas Jefferson.[35] The Foundation assumed the responsibility for the Retirement Series, which covers papers composed or received by Jefferson beginning at the end of his presidency on 4 March 1809 and concluding with his death on 4 July 1826. In 2004 the Retirement Series launched a second project, Jefferson Quotes & Family Letters, a freely accessible collection of digital correspondence by, to, and between members of Jefferson's extensive family, excluding those to and from Jefferson himself, and accounts of the early years of the University of Virginia.

Digital Archaeological Archive of Comparative Slavery

In 2000 the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, specifically the department of Archaeology of Monticello, launched the Digital Archaeological Archive of Comparative Slavery (DAACS), an ongoing Internet-based research and archival initiative.[36][37] The goal of DAACS is to advance the historical understanding of slavery and slave-based society in the United States and the Caribbean in the time before the American Civil War.[38][39] The project's goals include cultivating collaboration between scholars of multiple disciplines and the sharing and open access of American slavery-related archaeological data.[40][41]

Publications

The Foundation has published multiple works that focus on the history of Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, and slavery at the plantation.[42] Its first publication, a series of six small books called the Monticello Papers, appeared between 1923 and 1936.[43] Other published works include A Passion for Nature: Thomas Jefferson and Natural History, Jefferson and Science, Jefferson and Monroe: Constant Friendship and Respect, and Letters from the Head and Heart: Writings of Thomas Jefferson.[44][45]

Centers

Robert H. Smith International Center for Jefferson Studies

The Robert H. Smith International Center for Jefferson Studies (ICJS), the scholarly hub of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, is intended to "foster Thomas Jefferson scholarship and disseminate findings through research and education".[46] Founded in 1994 as the International Center for Jefferson Studies, the name was changed when Robert H. Smith endowed the Center in 2004. The ICJS hosts fellowships, international scholarly conferences, courses and seminars, and internships and also issues Jefferson-related publications.

The ICJS is made up of several departments which are individually responsible for the Jefferson Library, archaeology, research, publications, adult enrichment, and the editorial department of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: Retirement Series.[46]

Thomas Jefferson Center for Historic Plants

The Thomas Jefferson Center for Historic Plants was established in 1986 and is concerned with the collection, preservation, and distribution of historic plant varieties and the study of their origins and evolution. It covers not only plants that were grown at Monticello, but also plants that were cultivated elsewhere in America.[47]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "UNITE TO BUY MONTICELLO.: Two Societies Merge as Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation". New York Times. April 5, 1923. ProQuest 103204997.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Thomas Jefferson Foundation Chronology". Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
  3. ↑ "GIBBONEY HEADS PLAN TO HONOR JEFFERSON: Named Chairman of Memorial Foundation--Washington Woman on Board". The Washington Post. April 29, 1923. ProQuest 149437463.
  4. ↑ "Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation Archives - Series I (1923-1984)". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "FIRST $100,000 IS PAID ON JEFFERSON'S HOME: $400,000 More Needed to Apply to Purchase Price of Monticello, and $500,000 as Endowment Fund. Campaign Managers Directing Efforts to Complete Payments". The Washington Post. December 10, 1923. ProQuest 149432884.
  6. ↑ "MONTICELLO OWNER SIGNS CONTRACT TO SELL FOR $500.000: Foundation Opens Campaign for Funds to Purchase Jefferson's Home. MILLION TO BE ASKED; HALF AS ENDOWMENT Mansion of Author of Declaration to Be Preserved as National Shrine. House Noted for Beauty. Details of Contract". The Washington Post. July 15, 1923. ProQuest 149290826.
  7. ↑ "GOVERNORS TO PUSH MONTICELLO DRIVE: Many State Executives Will Aid in Campaign to Purchase Jefferson Home. PRICE SET AT $1,000,000 Fund Will Be Sufficient to Main- tain Estate of Famous Virginian". New York Times. April 7, 1923. ProQuest 103205486.
  8. ↑ Hasty, Frances (January 17, 1993). "Celebration At Monticello". Fay Observer. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
  9. ↑ "Fiske Kimball". Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
  10. ↑ Harris-Rico, Joan (August 6, 2013). "Featured Artifact: Certificate by Maxfield Parrish - Thomas Edison National Historical Park". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
  11. ↑ "2015 Independence Day Celebration at Monticello featuring Terry McAuliffe". Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Archived from the original on 2015-09-19. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
  12. ↑ Malkin, Laura, ed. (2003). The Great Birthday of Our Republic: Celebrating Independence Day at Monticello. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 1882886224.
  13. ↑ Johnson, Emilie (February 1, 2013). "Monticello". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
  14. ↑ Crosby, Candy (2016). "Featured Historic Garden: The Kitchen Road Project at Monticello". Garden Club of America. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  15. ↑ "Shadwell". Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Retrieved 2016-11-02.
  16. ↑ "Foundation Places 1,060 Acres Under Protective Easement" (PDF). Monticello Newsletter. 2005. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  17. ↑ "Jefferson land to remain intact". Wilmington Star News. December 24, 2004. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
  18. ↑ "Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2017-01-11.
  19. ↑ "Monticello, a UNESCO World Heritage Site". Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Retrieved 2017-01-11.
  20. 1 2 3 "Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medals". Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
  21. ↑ Cramer, James P.; Yankopolus, Jennifer Evans (2006-01-01). Almanac of Architecture & Design 2006. Greenway Communications. p. 186. ISBN 9780975565421.
  22. ↑ "Recipients of Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal in Architecture". Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
  23. ↑ "Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture and Monticello to Explore Jefferson and Slavery". Smithsonian. September 1, 2011. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
  24. ↑ Rothstein, Edward (2012-01-26). "Smithsonian and Monticello Exhibitions on Jefferson's Slaves". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
  25. ↑ Bentley, Rosalind (January 29, 2013). "Liberty and slavery at Monticello". AJC.com. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
  26. ↑ Dierksheide, Christa (May 5, 2011). "What was Mulberry Row?". Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
  27. ↑ Morris, Giles (2011-12-13). "New exhibit will shed light on slavery at Monticello". C-VILLE Weekly. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
  28. ↑ Suarez, Chris (April 29, 2015). "Monticello unveils completed first stages of major restoration project". Richmond Times Dispatch. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
  29. ↑ Clozel, Lalita (August 2, 2015). "An App Tells Painful Stories Of Slaves At Monticello's Mulberry Row". NPR. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
  30. ↑ Morrison, Jane Ann (2016-04-14). "Monticello owns up to its past". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
  31. ↑ Kievlan, Patricia Monticello (28 August 2015). "Slavery at Monticello: Life and Work at Mulberry Row (review)". Common Sense Media. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
  32. ↑ "Slavery at Monticello: Life and Work at Mulberry Row". The Webby Awards. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
  33. ↑ Zongker, Brett (May 2013). "$10M gift to restore slave quarters at Thomas Jefferson estate". Christian Science Monitor. CS Monitor. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  34. ↑ "Getting Word: African American Families of Monticello". Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
  35. ↑ Laris, Michael (March 21, 2013). "J. Jefferson Looney seeks to decipher Thomas Jefferson's writings". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
  36. ↑ Galle, Jillian (2007). "The Digital Archaeological Archive of Comparative Slavery". African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter. 10 (4). Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  37. ↑ Carlson, Brady (2016-02-01). Dead Presidents: An American Adventure into the Strange Deaths and Surprising Afterlives of Our Nation's Leaders. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393243949.
  38. ↑ "Project History". DAACS. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
  39. ↑ Wolfe, Esther (2015). "Speaking the Lacuna: The Archaeology of Plantation Slavery as Testimony" (PDF). Digital Literature Review. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  40. ↑ "About DAACS". DAACS. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
  41. ↑ Marshall, Lydia Wilson (2014-12-12). The Archaeology of Slavery: A Comparative Approach to Captivity and Coercion. SIU Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780809333981. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  42. ↑ "Publications". Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
  43. ↑ Kimball, Fiske; Carlton, Mabel Mason; Johnston, Henry Alan; Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation (1926-01-01). Thomas Jefferson, the sage of Monticello, and his beloved home: including: The architecture of Monticello, by Fiske Kimball; The life of Thomas Jefferson, by Mabel Mason Carlton; The story of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, by Henry Alan Johnston; together with a foreword by Stuart G. Gibboney. New York: The Foundation.
  44. ↑ Gronim, Sara S. (2010-12-01). "Keith Thomson. A Passion for Nature: Thomas Jefferson and Natural History.Lee Alan Dugatkin. Mr. Jefferson and the Giant Moose: Natural History in Early America". Isis. 101 (4): 913–914. doi:10.1086/659716. ISSN 0021-1753.
  45. ↑ Case, Steven A.; Cunningham, Noble E. (2003-01-01). "Review of Jefferson and Science; Jefferson and Monroe: Constant Friendship and Respect, Noble E. Cunningham Jr.; Letters from the Head and Heart: Writings of Thomas Jefferson". The North Carolina Historical Review. 80 (4): 486–488. JSTOR 23522849.
  46. 1 2 "About the ICJS". Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  47. ↑ "Thomas Jefferson Center for Historic Plants". Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
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