The Man with the Golden Arm
Theatrical release poster by Saul Bass
Directed byOtto Preminger
Screenplay byWalter Newman
Lewis Meltzer
Ben Hecht (uncredited)
Based onThe Man with the Golden Arm
by Nelson Algren
Produced byOtto Preminger
StarringFrank Sinatra
Eleanor Parker
Kim Novak
Arnold Stang
Darren McGavin
CinematographySam Leavitt
Edited byLouis R. Loeffler
Music byElmer Bernstein
Production
company
Carlyle Productions
Distributed byUnited Artists
Release date
  • December 15, 1955 (1955-12-15)
Running time
119 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$1 million[1]
Box office$4.3 million (US)[2]

The Man with the Golden Arm is a 1955 American drama film with elements of film noir directed by Otto Preminger, based on the novel of the same name by Nelson Algren. Starring Frank Sinatra, Eleanor Parker, Kim Novak, Arnold Stang and Darren McGavin, it recounts the story of a drug addict who gets clean while in prison, but struggles to stay that way in the outside world. Although the addictive drug is never identified in the film, according to the American Film Institute "most contemporary and modern sources assume that it is heroin", although in Algren's book it is morphine.[3] The film's initial release was controversial for its treatment of the then-taboo subject of drug addiction.[3][4]

It was nominated for three Academy Awards: Sinatra for Best Actor in a Leading Role, Joseph C. Wright and Darrell Silvera for Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White and Elmer Bernstein for Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture. Sinatra was also nominated for best actor awards by the BAFTAs and The New York Film Critics.[5] The film is in the public domain, and in 2020 was added into the National Film Registry.[6][7]

Plot

Frankie Machine is released from the federal Narcotic Farm in Lexington, Kentucky, with a set of drums and a new outlook on life, and returns to his run-down neighborhood on the North Side of Chicago. A drug addict (the drug is never named, but heroin is strongly implied), Frankie became clean in prison. On the outside, he greets friends and acquaintances. Sparrow, who runs a con selling homeless dogs, clings to him like a younger brother, but Schwiefka, whom Frankie used to deal for in his illegal card game, has more sinister reasons for welcoming him back, as does Louie, Machine's former drug dealer.

Frankie returns home to his wife Zosh, who supposedly needs to use a wheelchair after a car crash some years earlier that was caused by Frankie driving drunk. Zosh is secretly fully recovered, but pretends to be unable to walk to keep making Frankie feel guilty so he will stay with her. Frankie comments on the whistle she wears around her neck, a device she used in Frankie's absence to summon a neighbor, Vi, when needed. With Frankie home, Zosh smothers her husband in their small tenement apartment and hinders his attempt to make something of himself. He thinks he has what it takes to play drums for a big band. While calling to make an appointment, he bumps into an old flame, Molly, who works in a local strip joint as a hostess and lives in the apartment below Frankie's. Unlike Zosh, Molly encourages his dream of becoming a drummer.

Frankie soon gets himself an audition and asks Sparrow to get him a new suit, but the suit is a stolen one and he ends up back in a cell at a local Chicago police precinct. Schwiefka offers to pay the bail. Frankie refuses at first, calling Schwiefka a "stool pigeon" because he thinks that Schwiefka told the police that the suit he is wearing is stolen. But soon Frankie changes his mind, hoping to get out and have an audition. Then a drug addict in the same cell goes crazy and starts yelling he needs a "fix" which causes him to hold on to the bars and shudder.

Now, to repay the debt he owes for his bail, he must deal cards for Schwiefka again. Louie is trying to hook him on drugs again, and with no job and Zosh to please, pressure is building from all directions. Meanwhile, Zosh is being treated for her feigned spinal injury by the quack Dr. Dominowski.

Soon Frankie succumbs and is back on drugs and dealing marathon all-night card games for Schwiefka. Molly sees he is using drugs again and runs away from him. He gets a tryout as a drummer but spends 24 hours straight dealing a poker game, during which he is discovered cheating and beaten up. Desperately needing a fix, Frankie follows Louie home, attacks him, and ransacks his house, but cannot find his drug stash. At the audition, with withdrawal coming on, Frankie cannot keep the beat and ruins his chance of landing the drumming job. When Louie goes to see Zosh to try to find Frankie, Louie discovers that Zosh has been faking her paralysis and can walk. Zosh, scared of being found out, pushes Louie over the railing of the stairwell to his death, but things backfire when Frankie is sought for Louie's murder.

Initially not realizing he is a suspect in Louie's death, Frankie goes to Molly hoping to get money for a fix. After learning that Captain Bednar and the police are looking for him, Molly convinces Frankie that he must go cold turkey if he is to stand a chance with the police. Frankie agrees and is locked in Molly's apartment where he goes through a grueling withdrawal to clear the drugs from his body. Finally clean again, he tells Zosh he is going to leave her, start anew and stand trial. In her desperation to keep Frankie from leaving her, Zosh once again gives herself away, standing up in front of Frankie and the police. She runs, but can get no farther than the outside balcony. Trapped, she blows the whistle and throws herself off the balcony to her death. A police ambulance then arrives to remove Zosh's lifeless body and drives away, while Frankie watches in dismay. He then walks away, with Molly following as Sparrow can be seen walking away in the opposite direction.

Cast

Production

Theatre advertisement, February 17, 1956

Screen rights to Algren's novel were first acquired in 1949 on behalf of John Garfield, who planned to star in the film version. However, production was delayed because the Production Code Authority (PCA) refused to approve the script, with Joseph Breen stating that the basic story was "unacceptable" because of the Code's prohibition on showing illegal drug trafficking and drug addiction. The ability to obtain PCA approval was critical because at that time, many movie theaters would not show films that had not received approval. The PCA further predicted that the subject would also be unacceptable to the National Legion of Decency (a Catholic film censor board), Federal authorities, and state and local censor boards in the United States and abroad. Garfield died in 1952 and the film rights were acquired by Otto Preminger from his estate.[3]

Preminger had previously released The Moon Is Blue (1953), which succeeded at the box office despite being denied the Production Code seal of approval due to its sexual subject matter.[4] He told Peter Bogdanovich why he was attracted to Algren's novel: "I think there's a great tragedy in any human being who gets hooked on something, whether it's heroin or love or a woman or whatever."[8] Although United Artists (UA) had a distribution contract with Preminger, a clause in the contract allowed them to withdraw if a film failed to get Code approval. Preminger stated that in that event, he would set up his own company to handle distribution of The Man with the Golden Arm. Preminger continued to have problems with the PCA during the making of the film.[3]

Although the novel's author, Nelson Algren, was initially brought to Hollywood to work on the screenplay, he and Preminger were incompatible from the start and the situation did not improve.[9] Algren was quickly replaced by Walter Newman.[10][11] Preminger and Newman made significant changes to Algren's original story,[12]

Frank Sinatra jumped at a chance to star in the film before reading the entire script. The script was given to Marlon Brando around the same time as Sinatra, who still harbored some anger at Brando for beating out Sinatra for the lead role in On the Waterfront.[13] To prepare for his role, Sinatra spent time at drug rehabilitation clinics observing addicts going cold turkey.[14] He also learned to play drums from drummer Shelly Manne.[3] The picture was shot in six weeks at RKO Studios in Hollywood from September 26 through November 4, 1955.[15]

Saul Bass designed the crooked arm symbol used in the film's advertising campaign, which Preminger liked so much that he threatened to pull the picture if an exhibitor changed the advertisements. Bass also created the animated title sequence for the film, the first of many such sequences that he created for films by Preminger, Alfred Hitchcock, and others.[16]

Controversy over release

Preminger decided to release the finished film prior to submitting it for a Code seal of approval.[3] He contended that his film would not entice any viewers to take drugs, since drug use was depicted as having severely negative consequences.[4] United Artists, which had invested $1 million in the film's production, opted to distribute the film, even though doing so could result in the company being fined $25,000 by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA).[3] The president of United Artists, Arthur Krim, expressed the company's hope that the PCA would make an exception to its usual rules and grant the film approval because of the film's "immense potential for public service." The film received several advance bookings in November and early December 1955, before the PCA had made a decision on whether to grant a Code seal.[3]

However, in early December 1955, the PCA denied the film a Code seal, and the decision was upheld upon appeal to the MPAA. As a result, United Artists resigned from the MPAA that same month (although the company re-joined a few years later).[17] The National Legion of Decency also showed disagreement with the PCA ruling by rating the film as a "B" meaning "morally objectionable in part for all", instead of a "C" meaning "condemned", which was the rating normally given to films that were denied a Code seal. Large theater circuits including Loews also refused to ban the film and instead showed it despite the lack of a Code seal. As a result of the controversy, the MPAA investigated and revised production codes, allowing later movies more freedom to deeply explore hitherto taboo subjects such as drug abuse, kidnapping, miscegenation, abortion, and prostitution.[3][4][18]

In the end, The Man with the Golden Arm finally received the Production Code seal number 20011 in June 1961, which permitted the film to be reissued and sold for television broadcast.[3]

Reception

The Man with the Golden Arm earned $4,100,000 at the North American box office and the critical reception was just as strong; Variety magazine stated: "Otto Preminger's The Man with the Golden Arm is a feature that focuses on addiction to narcotics. Clinical in its probing of the agonies, this is a gripping, fascinating film, expertly produced and directed and performed with marked conviction by Frank Sinatra as the drug slave."[19][20]

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 81% from 58 reviews.[21]

Differences from the novel

After replacing novel author and original screenwriter Nelson Algren with Walter Newman, Preminger proceeded to change the plot and characters extensively from the original novel, which led to feelings of bitterness from Algren. When photographer and friend Art Shay asked Algren to pose below the film's marquee, he is reported to have said, "What does that movie have to do with me?"[10][22]

Even though the first draft of the novel did not even deal with drug addiction (it was only added later),[23] this became the singular focus of the film. In the novel, Frankie served in World War II and became addicted to morphine following treatment for a war injury. There is little mention of Frankie's film counterpart serving in the war, and he tells Molly that he started drugs "for kicks."

In Algren's novel, Frankie is a blond-haired man in his late 20s, and as a poor veteran he often wears a torn Army jacket and brogans. Played by Sinatra (who was nearly 40 years old at the time), the film's protagonist has dark hair and normally wears slacks and a dress shirt. In the film he is given a drum set and almost lands a job as a big band drummer, but in the novel he only has a practice pad, and his dream of being a drummer is only a fleeting aspiration.

The novel implies that Zosh's paralysis is a psychosomatic symptom of her mental illness, but in the film she is deliberately deceiving Frankie and is fully able to walk.

The novel's version of Violet ("Vi") is an attractive young woman and Sparrow's love interest. In the film, she is played by Doro Merande, who was in her 60s at the time. The movie combines the character of her spouse, "Old Husband" Koskozka, with that of the landlord, "Jailer" Schwabatski.

Frankie's employer, Schwiefka, is a relatively neutral character in the novel, but in the film he is a villain and Nifty Louie's partner.

In the novel, Frankie inadvertently kills Nifty Louie during a fight, while in the film, a walking Zosh pushes Louie to his death.

Algren's novel ends with a cornered and hopeless Frankie committing suicide, but in the film Zosh is the one who dies, while Sinatra's Frankie and Novak's Molly survive the end of the film together.

In April 1956, Preminger and others were sued by Algren, who was seeking an injunction to keep him from claiming ownership of the property as "An Otto Preminger Film". Algren's suit said the original agreement in 1949 for the film rights had promised him a percentage of the gross for the screen rights. However, he had to drop the suit because he could not afford the legal fees.[3][11][24]

Preservation

The Academy Film Archive preserved The Man with the Golden Arm in 2005.[25] In 2020, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[7]

Musical score and soundtrack

The Man with the Golden Arm
Soundtrack album by
Elmer Bernstein
ReleasedMid February 1956[26]
RecordedSeptember & December, 1955
Hollywood, CA
GenreFilm score
Length45:22
LabelDecca
DL 8257
Elmer Bernstein chronology
The Eternal Sea
(1955)		 The Man with the Golden Arm
(1956)		 The Ten Commandments
(1956)
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Allmusic[27]

The film score was composed, arranged and conducted by Elmer Bernstein, and the soundtrack album was released on the Decca label in February 1956.[28] Allmusic's Bradley Torreano called it "one of the finest jazz soundtracks to come out of the '50s" and said that "on its own it still shines as an excellent example of how good film music can get. Bernstein's control over the smallest details of the music is what gives it the energy it contains; his blustery horns and deep percussion are only the front while some gorgeous orchestration happens almost unnoticed behind the music."[27]

The title theme was recorded by many other musicians including Billy May & His Orchestra who had a #9 hit in the UK in May 1956; Jet Harris, who released it as a single in 1962,[29] Glam rockers Sweet covered the theme on their album Desolation Boulevard (Europe LP only), and Barry Adamson, who released a version on his album Moss Side Story (1988). A vocal version of the theme called "Delilah Jones", with lyrics by Sylvia Fine unrelated to the subject matter of the film, was released by the McGuire Sisters on Coral Records in 1956.[3][30]

A vocal version of Bernstein's composition "Molly" with lyrics by Fine, entitled "Molly-O", was also recorded by a number of artists, including The Gaylords, Dick Jacobs and his orchestra, and others.[3][31][32]

An alternate theme song, "The Man With the Golden Arm", was composed by Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen, and recorded by Sinatra backed by Nelson Riddle's orchestra. However, the song was ultimately not used in the film and did not appear on the soundtrack album. Although Sinatra's recording appeared on some bootleg albums, it remained officially unreleased until 2002, when it was included in the box set Frank Sinatra in Hollywood 1940–1964. Sammy Davis Jr. also recorded a version of the Cahn/ Van Heusen theme, which was released on Decca in 1955.[3][33][34]

Track listing

All compositions by Elmer Bernstein

  1. "Clark Street: (a) The Top; (b) Homecoming; (c) Antek's" - 4:58
  2. "Zosh" - 4:28
  3. "Frankie Machine" - 4:57
  4. "The Fix" - 3:30
  5. "Molly" - 4:53
  6. "Breakup: (a) Flight; (b) Louie's; (c) Burlesque" - 3:42
  7. "Sunday Morning" - 2:49
  8. "Desperation" - 2:47
  9. "Audition" - 2:42
  10. "The Cure: (a) Withdraw; (b) Cold; (c) Morning" - 5:57
  11. "Finale" - 4:13

Personnel

Orchestra conducted by Elmer Bernstein featuring:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Tino Balio, United Artists: The Company That Changed the Film Industry, University of Wisconsin Press, 1987 p. 71
  2. ↑ 'The Top Box-Office Hits of 1956', Variety Weekly, January 2, 1957
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "The Man With The Golden Arm". AFI.com. American Film Institute. 2015. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Phillips, Gene D. (1998). Exiles in Hollywood: Major European Film Directors in America. Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Presses. p. 115. ISBN 0934223491.
  5. ↑ IMDB awards page
  6. ↑ Kehr, Dave (11 October 2005). "New DVD's". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  7. 1 2 Alter, Rebecca (2020-12-14). "Shrek Has Been Inducted Into the National Film Registry". Vulture. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  8. ↑ Bogdanovich, Peter (1997). Who the Devil Made It: Conversations with Legendary Film Directors. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-44706-7.
  9. ↑ O'Hagan, Andrew (November 7, 2019). "Singing the Back Streets". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved October 21, 2019. (subscription required)
  10. 1 2 Jeff Huebner (19 November 1998). "Full Nelson". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  11. 1 2 Thompson, Lang. "The Man with the Golden Arm (1956)". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
  12. ↑ Fujiwara, Chris (2008). The World and Its Double: The Life and Work of Otto Preminger. New York City: Faber and Faber. pp. 184–187. ISBN 978-0-86547-995-1.
  13. ↑ Fujiwara, p. 187.
  14. ↑ Cantarini, Martha Crawford; Spicer, Chrystopher J. (2010). Fall Girl: My Life as a Western Stunt Double. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-679-44706-1.
  15. ↑ "Variety Archives". Varietyultimate.com. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  16. ↑ Fujiwara, pp. 193–194.
  17. ↑ "United Artists Re-Joins MPAA". Variety. June 26, 1957. p. 5. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
  18. ↑ Bob Mondello (2008-08-08). "Remembering Hollywood's Hays Code, 40 Years On". NPR. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
  19. ↑ Variety Staff (1954-12-31). "Review: 'The Man With The Golden Arm'". Variety.com. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
  20. ↑ Furek, Maxim W. (July/August 2007). “Heroin in the Cinema: The Glorification of the Junkie.” Counselor Magazine, The Magazine for Addiction Professionals.
  21. ↑ "The Man with the Golden Arm". Rotten Tomatoes. 14 December 1955.
  22. ↑ Rob Christopher (18 May 2009). "Interview: Filmmaker Michael Caplan". Chicagoist. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  23. ↑ Anderson, Alston; Southern, Terry (1955). "Nelson Algren, The Art of Fiction No. 11". The Paris Review (11). Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  24. ↑ Fujiwara, p. 194.
  25. ↑ "Preserved Projects". Academy Film Archive.
  26. ↑ "Billboard Feb 25, 1956". 1956-02-25. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  27. 1 2 Torreano, Bradley. The Man with the Golden Arm (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  28. ↑ Edwards, D., Callahan, M., Eyries, P., Watts, R., & Neely, T. Decca Album Discography, Part 4: Main 12-inch 8000 Series (1949-1960) accessed August 11, 2015
  29. ↑ "Jet Harris - Main Title Theme (from The Man With The Golden Arm)". Discogs.com. 1962. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  30. ↑ "The McGuire Sisters* - Picnic/ Delilah Jones". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  31. ↑ "Notated Music: Molly-O". Loc.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  32. ↑ "Dick Jacobs and his Chorus and Orchestra - "Main Title" and "Molly-O"/ Butternut". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  33. ↑ Oliver, Myrna (1993-01-16). "Sammy Cahn, Oscar-Winning Lyricist, Dies". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Retrieved 2015-11-26 – via Latimes.com.
  34. ↑ "Sammy Davis Jr. - The Man With The Golden Arm/ In a Persian Market". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
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