The Beast
The Beast's lift hill and brake run
Kings Island
LocationKings Island
Park sectionRivertown
Coordinates39°20′25″N 84°15′58″W / 39.3402°N 84.2660°W / 39.3402; -84.2660
StatusOperating
Soft opening dateApril 13, 1979 (1979-04-13)
Opening dateApril 14, 1979 (1979-04-14)
Cost$3.2 million[1]
General statistics
TypeWood
ManufacturerKings Island
DesignerAl Collins
Jeff Gramke
Track layoutTerrain
Lift/launch system2 chain lift hills
Height110 ft (34 m)
Drop141 ft (43 m)
Length7,361 ft (2,244 m)
Speed64.78 mph (104.25 km/h)
Inversions0
Duration4:10
Max vertical angle53°
Capacity1,200 riders per hour
G-force3.6
Height restriction48 in (122 cm)
Trains3 trains with 6 cars. Riders are arranged 2 across in 3 rows for a total of 36 riders per train.
Fast Lane available
The Beast at RCDB

The Beast is a wooden roller coaster located at Kings Island amusement park in Mason, Ohio. Designed and manufactured in-house for approximately $3 million, the ride opened in 1979 as the tallest, fastest, and longest wooden roller coaster in the world. Decades later, it is still the longest, spanning 7,361 feet (2,243.6 m; 1.4 mi) across 35 acres (14 ha) of hilly terrain. Two lift hills contribute to the ride's duration of more than four minutes, which also ranks as one of the longest among roller coasters. A refurbishment in 2022 increased the angle of the first drop and lengthened the ride by 2 feet (0.61 m).

The Beast was designed over the course of two years without assistance from scientific calculators or computers. Lead engineers Al Collins and Jeff Gramke consulted with well-known coaster architect John C. Allen, who shared design formulas and strategies to assist during development. Issues discovered during early testing delayed plans to build an enclosure over the helix finale until 1980. Ruth Voss, the park's public relations manager who would often overhear construction crews calling it "a beast of a project", is credited with coming up with the ride's name in early 1979.

The record-breaking coaster was well-received at a press event preview held on April 13, 1979. Since its opening, The Beast has consistently ranked in the top ten among wooden coasters in the annual Golden Ticket Awards publication from Amusement Today. It has also earned a favorable reputation across the industry, including praise from American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE), which held one of its first official events at Kings Island in 1979. ACE awarded the ride its Roller Coaster Landmark designation in 2004. After more than 40 years, it also remains one of the most popular rides at Kings Island, having accommodated over 54 million riders.

History

Ruth Voss, public relations manager for Kings Island, issued a press release on July 10, 1978, announcing plans for a new roller coaster.[1] The statement read, "Kings Island Family Entertainment Center will open America’s champion roller coaster in the spring of 1979."[1] It was the first official announcement from the park, who had been secretly planning the new ride for three years.[1] Looking to replicate the national exposure received from popular rides such as The Racer and record-breaking events including Evel Knievel's nationally televised bus jump in 1975, Kings Island sought to keep the momentum going by introducing another record-breaking attraction.[1]

Original plans focused on building a replica of the iconic Shooting Star, a popular roller coaster which once stood at Coney Island in Cincinnati.[2] Charles Dinn – director of the Kings Island's construction, maintenance and engineering division – had recorded measurements of the Shooting Star's layout and dimensions prior to its demolition in 1971.[1][2] The park later selected an area near The Racer where the replica would be built.[2] Management eventually determined it was in their best interest to shelve the idea and instead push forward with a bigger design. The Shooting Star would later be resurrected in the layout design of Mighty Canadian Minebuster at Canada's Wonderland, which opened in 1981.[1][2][3] For the 1979 coaster, Kings Island set its sights on an attraction that would transcend the Shooting Star's nostalgia and appeal to a wider audience.[2]

Design and construction

A wooded area in the southeast corner of the park spanning 35 acres (14 ha) was selected as the site for the new project.[2] The area's naturally-occurring, rugged terrain consisted of cliffs, hills and ravines.[2] Utilizing the landscape as opposed to leveling it saved money and allowed for more investment in the layout itself.[2] Beginning in 1976, chief engineer and surveyor Al Collins and his assistant Jeff Gramke spent two years researching and designing the new roller coaster with the help of Dinn and his team, who surveyed major roller coasters across the country.[1][2][4] Collins and Gramke would progress through tens of thousands of formulas needed to produce record-breaking results without the assistance of scientific calculators or computers.[1][4] "Everything had to be calculated by hand", recalled Gramke in 2014.[4] John C. Allen, world-renowned coaster designer behind The Racer, was asked to lead the design but declined due to pending retirement.[4][5] He shared design formulas, however, and acted as a consultant throughout development.[1][4] Among his important contributions were the design of several components, including a tire-driven launch system that increased capacity above 1,000 riders per hour.[1][2]

The first drop.

The original plans for the Beast featured an airtime hill after the first tunnel followed by a left turn and a double down. After the second lift hill, passengers would approach a trick track element and a right-handed double helix. This helix is a mirror image of the one that is used today.[6]

Primary design and construction was handled internally by Kings Island Engineering and Construction under the direction of Dinn.[7] Part of the design work was subcontracted to Curtis D. Summers, Inc., a structural engineering and architecture firm located in Cincinnati.[1][8] Summers was tasked with designing the roller coaster footings – underground, steel-reinforced concrete pillars that support the weight of the structure[9] – as well as a cable system for the coaster's helix finale.[1] The collaboration between Dinn and Summers would later lead to the pair teaming up and forming the Dinn Corporation, a construction firm that designed and built eleven coasters in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[8]

The initial land grading prep work began in May 1978.[1] The coaster's vertical construction officially began the following month on June 10.[1] By November 9, 1978, approximately 60 percent of the ride was complete, which included both of the ride's lift hills and its three tunnels.[1] The remaining construction work was completed by March 1979.[2] Materials used throughout the project included 650,000 board feet (200,000 m) of lumber, 82,480 bolts, 5,180 washers, 37,500 lb (17,000 kg) of nails, and 2,432 square yards (2,033 m2) of poured concrete.[1][2][10] The ride cost at least $3.2 million,[lower-alpha 1] equivalent to $14.4 million in 2022.[1][13]

The Beast's final design featured two vertical drops of 135 and 141 feet (41 and 43 m),[2] and it incorporated an overall elevation change of 201 feet (61 m).[1] Its three underground tunnels were designed by Jim Kiosky, with one at the base of the first drop and two more approximately a third of the way into the track layout.[1] The trains were manufactured by Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters,[14] Allen's employer, who also implemented their "buzz bar" restraints.[1] An early iteration of the train's design was based on the traditional mine car concept, which employed headlamps at the front of each train. Late changes scrapped the mine car theme in favor of a flame-colored paint scheme, and a sculpted logo was attached at the front in place of the headlamps.[1] The logo, created by national advertising firm Lawler Ballard Little, would receive an award from The Advertising Club of New York later that year.[1][15]

Early testing revealed issues in the design of the final helix track element. The amount of side acceleration the trains experienced was more than the design intended, so the entire helix was reconstructed with a wider diameter. The delay forced Kings Island to forego the enclosing of the helix, which would eventually happen the following off-season. Also at the first tunnel's exit, it was discovered that additional banking was needed to reduce stress on the structure. Engineers managed to complete the feat overnight, considering most of the coaster's track was relatively close to the ground and large cranes were not needed. In the late 1970s, engineers didn't have the benefit of computerized devices that could measure force, and they didn't use test dummies which are common in modern-day construction. Instead, crew members of The Beast's construction team had to board the ride for test runs and push the train back to the station whenever it stalled.[1]

Opening and early modifications

Several months before its scheduled opening as construction was nearing completion, the attraction was still without a name.[1] Voss often overheard construction crews referring to the project as "a monster" or calling it "a beast of a project".[1][16] She pitched the idea of naming it "The Beast" to executives who unanimously agreed.[16] To promote the new ride, an animated commercial was released, along with a number of radio contests that granted winners the opportunity to be among the first to ride.[1] After more than three years of planning, design, and construction, The Beast opened to the public on April 14, 1979,[1] the first day of Kings Island's 1979 operating season.[12][17] At the time, The Beast was the tallest, fastest, and longest wooden roller coaster in the world.[18]

Within a few years of the ride's opening, the layout of the original trains were modified. They originally consisted of five cars with four rows each, but engineers determined early on that the longer cars weren't allowing proper navigation along the track.[1][19] The configuration was changed to six cars with three rows each, reducing the length of the train and number of riders from 40 to 36.[1][19] The ride also originally featured three underground tunnels, but the second and third were joined together by the second season of operation.[1][20] The previously-unfinished double helix was also enclosed in time for the second season, resulting in two separate tunnels.[1][20]

2000–present

Kings Island unveiled Son of Beast in 2000, marketed as a "sequel" to The Beast, located in another area of the park.[21] It became the tallest and fastest wooden roller coaster in the world, as well as the first modern-day wooden coaster to feature an inversion.[22][23][24] Although Son of Beast set several new records, The Beast retained its wooden coaster records for length and ride duration.[25][26][27] Son of Beast was demolished in 2012 following a series of incidents that halted operation in 2009.[28] In 2019, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the ride, each of the three trains were restored to their original "flame-themed" paint scheme, and the painted paw prints that lead up to the ride's entrance were restored.[29][30]

Following the 2021 season, approximately 2,000 feet (610 m) of track on The Beast was refurbished by The Gravity Group. Two of the ride's signature elements were reprofiled to provide a smoother ride. The first drop was increased from 45 to 53 degrees, affecting the transition from the first tunnel into the second drop, and the helix finale was modified to improve the distribution of force. 1,090 feet (330 m) was completely re-tracked, and the overall length of the ride was slightly increased by 2 feet (0.61 m) to 7,361 feet (2,244 m).[31][32]

Ride experience

The Beast is located in the back of the park, near the former Vortex coaster.

Queue

After entering through the main entrance, guests proceed down a walkway that winds left. One or two smaller queue areas may be active depending on the number of guests waiting to ride. Eventually, the path leads up a ramp, in which signs are on display containing historical facts about The Beast,[33] and into the station, which resembles an old mining facility. Warning signs to secure loose articles are on display, along with promotional material with ominous warnings about the upcoming Beast encounter. Guests proceed through one last sub-queue within the station before boarding.

Layout

The ride begins with the train making a 180-degree turn out of the station, traveling through a switch track, which provides the option of diverting trains to a covered storage area. A small mineshaft can be seen on the right side. Riders take a slight left turn and slowly climb 110 feet (34 m) up the first lift hill. Dramatic music can be heard on the speaker as an announcer tells guests to remain seated throughout the entire ride.[34] After cresting the top, the train plunges 135 feet (41 m) at a 53-degree angle,[32] entering a 125-foot-long (38 m) underground tunnel[10][35] and passing an on-ride camera.[34] The train exits the first drop still making its way out of the tunnel, which is followed by a sharp left turn into a 63-foot-tall (19 m) airtime hill with a 72-foot (22 m) drop at a 32-degree angle.[10][35][36] The train then climbs upward, makes a right turn, and speeds into a covered brake shed. Once through the magnetic trim brakes, the track turns to the right and continues through a heavily wooded area. Veering left, the track enters the second tunnel, which is 269 feet (82 m) long.[10][35] A quarter of this tunnel is underground, while the exit is above ground in relation to the topography of the land. As it exits the tunnel, the train gains speed veering right, then takes another hard turn to the right on a slight incline.[34]

The track goes downhill, rises uphill, and then passes over a set of trim brakes before climbing the 107-foot (33 m) tall second lift hill.[37] At the top of this lift, the train turns left and begins a gradual, 18.5-degree drop.[10] During the descent, the track tilts to the left in preparation for the upcoming double helix that features a highly banked turn to the left. The drop itself measures 141 feet (43 m) from the crest of the lift hill to the lowest point of the helix. The signature double helix features two long tunnels and turns riders counterclockwise twice at very high speeds while ascending. After exiting this element, the train dips through another small hill into the final magnetic brake run and returns to the station.[34][38]

Records

When it opened in 1979, The Beast set several world records among roller coasters including height, speed, and track length.[1][24][25] It still retains the record for length among wooden coasters at 7,361 feet (2,244 m), which continues to be recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records.[1][25] The Beast is also known to have one of the longest ride times at 4 minutes and 10 seconds.[39]

The Beast has held world records for the following:

  • Tallest wooden roller coaster at 110 feet (34 m), tied with Screamin' Eagle at Six Flags St. Louis when it opened[1][40]
  • Longest drop on a wooden roller coaster at 141 feet (43 m)[41]
  • Fastest wooden roller coaster at 64.8 mph (104.3 km/h)[1][42]
    • If the brakes were applied, the maximum speed decreased to 51.2 miles per hour (82.4 km/h).[10]
  • Longest track length on a wooden roller coaster at 7,361 feet (2,244 m)[25]

Awards and rankings

When The Beast opened, it was well received. American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE) held one of its first official events at Kings Island in 1979,[1] and its members ranked The Beast as the "most outstanding thrill ride" in 1981.[43] Additionally, in 1988, Roller Coaster magazine ranked the coaster second on its list of the top ten rides.[44] In 2004, the ACE designated The Beast as a Roller Coaster Landmark by the American Coaster Enthusiasts, an organization that [2] There is a plaque commemorating the achievement located near the main entrance to the ride.[45] The Beast ranks third among Kings Island attractions in terms of the number of rides given, which as of 2019 is over 54 million.[5]

Golden Ticket Awards: Top wood Roller Coasters
Year1998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202120222023
Ranking 3[46]7[47]6[48]12[49]7[50]8[51]7[52]8[53]8[54]8[55]8[56]7[57]7[58]7[59]7[60]8[61]8[62]6[63]6[64]6[65]5[66]5[67]5[68]5[69]6[70]
NAPHA Survey: Favorite Wood Roller Coaster[71]
Year 2005 2006 2007
Ranking
2 (tie)
5
4 (tie)

Notes

  1. ↑ Some sources cite an alternate figure of $3.8 million.[11][12]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Keeter, John (October 2, 2017). "The Beast: The original biggest, baddest, tallest, fastest wooden roller coaster in the world". Kings Island. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Helbig, Don (June 25, 2017). "The Story Behind The Beast". Kings Island. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
  3. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Mighty Canadian Minebuster  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Richardson, Rachel (October 24, 2014). "Ohio man is The Beast's 50 millionth rider". Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  5. 1 2 Helbig, Don. "The Beast: 40 Years of Terror". Kings Island. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  6. ↑ "Original Beast Design Rediscovered - Kings Island". Coasternation.
  7. ↑ "The Beast". Kings Island. Archived from the original on April 11, 2010.
  8. 1 2 "Southwest Ohio Amusement Park Historical Society". Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  9. ↑ Weisenberger, Nick (April 12, 2011). "Coasters-101: Foundations". Coasters-101. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Knippenberg, Jim (April 16, 1999). "Beast coasts through 20 years". The Cincinnati Enquirer. p. 89. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  11. ↑ "3.8 million Beast, shows and more at Kings Island". The Cincinnati Post. April 21, 1979. p. 29. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  12. 1 2 Brinkmoeller, Tom (April 12, 1979). "Higher Than High and Faster Than Fast". The Cincinnati Enquirer. p. 63. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  13. ↑ Hunt, Doug (February 11, 1979). "Cincinnati's 'Beast' Loose". The Times Recorder. p. 8. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  14. ↑ Wells, Cheryl (July 29, 1979). "Why Do We Love to Be Scared". The Philadelphia Inquirer. pp. 232, 234. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  15. ↑ Helbig, Don (February 6, 2019). "40 Years Ago Today, The Beast Was Named". Kings Island. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  16. 1 2 Keeter, John (September 5, 2017). "The Beast's Best Gal". Kings Island. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  17. ↑ "Record breaking roller coaster at Kings Island". The Circleville Herald. April 11, 1979. p. 8. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  18. ↑ "Kings Island's The Beast Celebrates 35th Anniversary". UltimateRollerCoaster.com. April 14, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
  19. 1 2 Keeter, John (June 8, 2019). "The Beast: The First 40 Years". Kings Island. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  20. 1 2 Marden, Duane. "The Beast  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  21. ↑ Tan, Lot (August 8, 2013). "Kings Island introduces roller coaster for 2014". Middletown Journal. Archived from the original on August 12, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
  22. ↑ "Kings Island Sells Pieces Of Troubled 'Son Of Beast' Roller Coaster". CBS 62. October 9, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  23. ↑ Krosnick, Brian (March 4, 2016). "Inside the Demise of the Record-Breaking Roller Coaster that Went Too Far". Theme Park Tourist. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  24. 1 2 Halter, Jon (June 1979). "Kings Island". Boys' Life. pp. 14–16. ISSN 0006-8608. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Levine, Arthur (February 13, 2018). "The 10 Longest Roller Coasters in the World". tripsavvy.com. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  26. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Wood Record Holders – Length". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  27. ↑ Condie, Todd (April 2004). "Cincinnati Magazine". 37 (7). Emmis Communications: 168. ISSN 0746-8210. Retrieved July 29, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. ↑ "Demolition completed for Son of Beast". WLWT. November 20, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  29. ↑ Helbig, Don (April 12, 2019). "Top Storylines As Kings Island Begins 2019 Season". Kings Island. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
  30. ↑ Showalter, Chad (April 10, 2019). "Following in the Beast's Footsteps". Kings Island. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
  31. ↑ Corner, Natalie (March 30, 2022). "Kings Island wooden roller coaster to beat its own record". ABC6. ABC. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
  32. 1 2 Lewis, Kaitlin (January 2, 2022). "Kings Island's famous coaster 'The Beast' undergoing a track refresh this winter". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Yahoo. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
  33. ↑ The Beast's Big Day Out 4K, retrieved July 23, 2022
  34. 1 2 3 4 "The Beast Front Row (HD POV) Kings Island". coastercrutchfield. July 15, 2013. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2020 – via YouTube.
  35. 1 2 3 "40 Things You May Not Know About The Beast Roller Coaster, Which Turned 40 This Year".
  36. ↑ "Meet the high rollers".
  37. ↑ "This Date in 1979: The First Time I came Face-to-face With The Beast". Kings Island.
  38. ↑ Helbig, Don (February 12, 2012). "A Look Back at the Construction of the Beast". Kings Island. Archived from the original on June 13, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  39. ↑ Helbig, Don (April 10, 2020). "Kings Island Wood Coaster Capital of the World". Kings Island. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  40. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Height – Wood". RCDB. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  41. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Drop – Wood". RCDB. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  42. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Speed – Wood". RCDB. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  43. ↑ "Coaster Lovers Say The Beast's The Best". The Marion Star. June 6, 1982. p. 38. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  44. ↑ Stewart, D. L. (May 22, 1988). "New coasters roll with old black magic". Dayton Daily News. pp. 1, 6. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  45. ↑ Bullock, Joel (August 28, 2007). "Beast @ Kings Island". The Coaster Critic. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
  46. ↑ "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 6B. August 1998. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  47. ↑ "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 6B. August 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  48. ↑ "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. August 2000. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  49. ↑ "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 6B. August 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  50. ↑ "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 6B. September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  51. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 10–11B. September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  52. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 14–15B. September 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  53. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 22–23B. September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  54. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 30–31B. September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  55. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 11 (6.2): 42–43. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  56. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 12 (6.2): 42–43. September 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  57. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 13 (6.2): 38–39. September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  58. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 14 (6.2): 38–39. September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  59. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 15 (6.2): 46–47. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  60. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 16 (6.2): 46–47. September 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  61. ↑ "2013 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 17 (6.2): 40–41. September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  62. ↑ "2014 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 18 (6.2): 38–39. September 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  63. ↑ "2015 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 19 (6.2): 45–46. September 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  64. ↑ "2016 Top 50 Wooden Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  65. ↑ "2017 Top 50 Wooden Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  66. ↑ "2018 Top 50 Wooden Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  67. ↑ "2019 Top 50 Wood Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  68. ↑ "2021 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2021. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  69. ↑ "2022 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2022. Archived from the original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  70. ↑ "2023 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Amusement Today. 27 (6.2): 71–72. September 2023. Archived from the original on September 10, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  71. ↑ Surveys - National Amusement Park Historical Association
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