Texas Children's Hospital
Left to right: Wallace tower, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Feigin tower
Geography
LocationTexas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States
Coordinates29°42′28″N 95°24′06″W / 29.7077°N 95.4016°W / 29.7077; -95.4016 (Texas Children's Hospital)
Organization
FundingNon-profit hospital
TypeSpecialist
Affiliated universityBaylor College of Medicine
Services
Emergency departmentLevel 1 Pediatric Trauma Center
Beds973
SpecialtyChildren's hospital
HelipadFAA LID: 7XS2
History
OpenedFebruary 1, 1954 (1954-02-01)
Links
Websitewww.texaschildrens.org
ListsHospitals in Texas

Texas Children's Hospital is a nationally ranked, freestanding 973-bed,[1] acute care women's and children's hospital located in Houston, Texas. It is the primary pediatric teaching hospital affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine[2] and is located within the Texas Medical Center. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialty and subspecialty care to infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21[3] throughout Texas and features an ACS verified level I pediatric trauma center.[4] Its regional pediatric intensive-care unit and neonatal intensive care units serve the Southern United States region and also has programs to serve children from around the world. With 973 beds, it is the largest children's hospital in the United States.[5][6]

In addition to its main site in the Texas Medical Center, Texas Children's Hospital has satellite campuses in the suburb of The Woodlands and at its West Campus near Houston's Energy Corridor neighborhood. Texas Children's also has a network of clinics throughout the Houston metropolitan area[7] and maintains partnerships with sites across the world through the Texas Children's Global Health Network.[8]

Texas Children's Hospital is ranked as one of the best children's hospitals in the country and the world.[9] The 2023-2024 edition of U.S. News & World Report ranked Texas Children's Hospital #3 amongst 200 pediatric hospitals in the nation, and it has been recognized on the U.S. News & World Report Honor Roll for fifteen consecutive years.[10]

History

In 1940, the Texas Medical Center was first chartered as a set district. Texas Children's Foundation is formed to gain support to build a children's hospital and 6 acres were set aside for the planned hospital.[11] Groundbreaking for the new building was held in May 1951.

As the hospital was being built, hospital leaders established a relationship with the Baylor College of Medicine to allow students to be taught at the new hospital. The original Texas Children's Hospital was planned to have 3 floors and 106 beds.[12]

Texas Children's Hospital was first opened on February 1, 1954, creating the first children's hospital in Texas.[13] From the start in 1954, physician-in-chief Russell Blattner, established a new policy that at least one parent may be with a child during a hospital stay, setting a standard for parental visitation now commonly seen at children's hospitals around the world.

In 1962, Texas Children's Hospital partnered with St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital to open up the Texas Heart Institute. Years later Texas Children's Hospital separated from the Texas Heart Institute instead establishing their own pediatric cardiology program.[14]

Over the years, patient numbers at Texas Children's Hospital continuously increased. The hospital completed a $149-million expansion in 1989 that constructed two new buildings; the West Tower and the Wallace Tower. In addition to the new buildings, the hospital also renovated the main building known as the Abercrombie Building.[15]

Texas Children's Hospital in December 1970

On September 21, 1971, the patient known as "Bubble Boy," David Vetter was born at the Texas Children's Hospital. Vetter was immediately placed into a sterile "bubble" because of his SCID diagnosis. The boy lived in the hospital throughout his life before being discharged a few years later. Eventually he went to the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute for an experimental stem cell transplant, but died days later after contracting Epstein–Barr from the marrow, which had been undetectable in the pre-transplant screening.[16]

By 1993, the hospital officially had 465 licensed beds.[12]

When Hurricane Katrina first hit New Orleans in August 2005, Texas Children's (along with other hospitals) sent helicopters to Tulane Medical Center, Ochsner, and CHNOLA in order to help evacuate pediatric patients from the hospital.[17][18][19] In addition to helicopters, Texas Children's sent multiple fixed wing aircraft, ambulances, doctors, and nurses to Baton Rouge to help with patient care in New Orleans. In the aftermath of the storm, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine also took in pediatric residents from Tulane to continue their education.[20] Texas Children's Hospital was the primary pediatric evacuation hospital during Hurricane Katrina.[21]

Texas Children's completed a capital campaign in 2018, called Promise: The Campaign for Texas Children's Hospital, which was intended to meet the needs of a growing patient population who have a wider spectrum of complex needs.[22] The campaign raised $575 million and included construction of Texas Children's Hospital The Woodlands, which provides pediatric care for families in the communities north of Houston,[23] as well as construction of the Lester and Sue Smith Legacy Tower in the Texas Medical Center.[24] This building houses additional surgical and critical care services and Texas Children's Heart Center, including an Adult Congenital Heart department.

In November 2020, Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson collaborated with Microsoft and billionaire Bill Gates to donate Xbox Series X consoles to the Texas Children's Hospital along with 19 other children's hospitals throughout the country.[25][26][27]

Location marked as TCH
Location marked as TCH
TCH
Location within Texas Medical Center

Research

Also at TMC, The Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's also operate the nation's only Children's Nutrition Research Center, a United States Department of Agriculture facility that researches the nutritional needs of pregnant women, nursing women, children, teens, and young adults.[28]

The hospital operates several research centers, including the David Center, which was established in 1984 to honor David Vetter, the twelve-year-old also known as the "Bubble Boy," who died of a rare immune-system disorder. The David Center is dedicated solely to treating immunological-deficiency diseases, especially those involving the development of cancer.

Adult programs

In addition to their pediatric specialties, Texas Children's Hospital serves adults through a couple of their nationally recognized programs.[29] Texas Children's Hospital has one of the largest adult congenital heart disease programs in the U.S.,[30][31] and recently opened up a 16-bed inpatient unit to care for adults with congenital heart disease (legacy tower).[32]

Additionally, it houses the 106-bed Texas Children's Hospital - Pavilion for Women, providing gynecological and maternity care for women of all ages.[33][34]

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, Texas Children's Hospital opened up their units to adult patients of all ages to reduce the load on adult hospitals in the area.[35][36] Texas Children's Hospital accepted adults – both those who had COVID-19, and those that tested negative but were in the hospital for unrelated reasons.[37][38]

Rankings and recognition

In 2013, Parents Magazine listed the hospital as #7 on their Top 10 U.S. Children's Hospitals list.[39]

In 2016, the hospital was named as one of the "100 great hospitals in America" by the publication Becker's Hospital Review.[40]

In 2017 Texas Children's Hospital was recognized for "facility management excellence" by the American Society for Health Care Engineering.[41]

In 2020, Texas Children's was listed on Newsweek's World's Best Specialized Hospitals list for pediatrics.[9]

The 2023–2024 edition of U.S. News & World Report ranked Texas Children's Hospital as the 3rd best children's hospital in the United States.[10] Texas Children's Hospital is 1 of 10 hospitals designated on the U.S. News & World Report Honor Roll,[10] which is reserved to hospitals that rank in all 10 subspecialties surveyed.[10]

U.S. News & World Report Rankings for Texas Children's Hospital[42]
Specialty Rank (In the U.S.) Score (Out of 100)
Neonatology #3 92.9
Pediatric Cancer #6 93.8
Pediatric Cardiology & Heart Surgery #1 100.0
Pediatric Diabetes & Endocrinology #2 94.0
Pediatric Gastroenterology & GI Surgery #7 94.3
Pediatric Nephrology #1 100.0
Pediatric Neurology & Neurosurgery #2 99.2
Pediatric Orthopedics #8 89.8
Pediatric Pulmonology & Lung Surgery #1 100.0
Pediatric Urology #7 89.2

Facilities

Texas Children's Hospital is made up of many buildings including three hospital campuses, research centers, multiple specialty care centers, primary care offices, and urgent care centers. Texas Children's Hospital is currently under rapid expansion throughout Texas.

Texas Medical Center

Construction near Texas Children's Hospital

The main campus of Texas Children's Hospital is located in the Texas Medical Center. The Texas Children's Hospital buildings include inpatient facilities in Legacy Tower, West Tower, Pavilion for Women, and the Abercrombie building. Also located at the Texas Medical Center campus is the outpatient Wallace Tower, and the research buildings: the Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute and the Children's Nutritional Research Center.

West Campus

In addition to the main Texas Medical Center campus, Texas Children's also has a hospital located in west Houston, Texas Children's Hospital West Campus.[43] The hospital has 94 pediatric beds, 2 procedure rooms, and 8 operating rooms.[44] The hospital originally opened on December 1, 2010, as just an outpatient hospital before their expansion, adjacent to the Houston Methodist Hospital West.[45] The campus is notable for containing the first pediatric biocontainment unit in the country.[46][47] The west campus also has a helipad to transport critical cases to the main campus.[48]

The hospital is listed as one of The Leapfrog Group's Top Children's Hospitals for both the 2018 list[49] and the 2019 list.[50]

The Woodlands

Texas Children's Hospital The Woodlands originally opened its outpatient tower in October 2016.[51] The hospital's inpatient tower features 85 pediatric beds and the area's only dedicated pediatric emergency room.[52]

In early 2020, supermarket chain, Kroger donated $100,000 to Texas Children's-The Woodlands to help in the fight against childhood hunger.[53]

Austin

In mid 2020 officials from Texas Children's announced that plans were made to build and open a new children's hospital in Northwest Austin, Texas. The plans are for a $450 million, 360,000 square foot hospital with 48 beds and shell space for future expansion.[54][55] The announcement comes at a time when Austin based Dell Children's Medical Center also has plans to open a new children's hospital in North Austin.[56] The expansion of pediatric services is attributed to the fact that Austin is one of the fastest-growing cities in America.[57] The hospital is expected to be complete in 2023.[58][59]

Texas Children's Cancer Center

Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center is one of the largest pediatric oncology and blood disease centers in the United States.[60] The 2023–24 edition of U.S. News & World Report ranked Texas Children's Hospital #6 in the subspecialty of pediatric cancer within the United States.[10] It is located in Houston, Texas.

The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21[61] throughout Texas.

The facilities of the multidisciplinary center, located at Texas Children's Hospital in the Texas Medical Center, includes a 36-bed inpatient unit, a 22,000-square-foot (2,000 m2) outpatient clinic and a 15-bed bone marrow transplant unit, as well as 47 research laboratories.[62] Each year the center provides a specialized level of care to more than 4,000 children and adolescents newly diagnosed with cancer and blood diseases.

History

Originally called the Research Hematology-Oncology Service, Texas Children's Cancer Center was founded by Dr. Donald J. Fernbach in January 1958.[63] The National Cancer Institute provided the first grant that the center was funded on.[64]

In 1959, the first bone marrow transplant from one identical twin to another was performed by Fernbach; this was one of the first procedures of its kind for aplastic anemia.[65]

The Hematology Center at Texas Children's Hospital has been treating children diagnosed with hematological disorders since 1958.[64]

Notable people

President and CEO

Physicians-in-Chief

Physicians

Patients

  • David Vetter (1971–1984) – severe combined immune deficiency syndrome (a.k.a., The Bubble Boy)[75][76]
  • The Mata Twins (2014–present) - formerly conjoined twins that underwent a 26-hour operation to be surgically separated[77]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Texas Children's Hospital". Children's Hospital Association. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  2. ↑ "Our Affiliates: Texas Children's Hospital". Baylor College of Medicine. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  3. ↑ "Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology". www.texaschildrens.org. Archived from the original on 2018-03-05. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  4. ↑ "Official Trauma Centers". American College of Surgeons. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  5. ↑ "About Texas Children's Hospital". Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
  6. ↑ "30 Largest Children's Hospitals in the United States". Beckers Hospital Review. Archived from the original on 2020-07-02. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  7. ↑ "Maps and Directions". Texas Children's Hospital. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  8. ↑ "Texas Children's Global Health Network". Texas Children's Hospital Global Health Network. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  9. 1 2 Newsweek (2020-02-27). "Best Hospitals – Top Specialized". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 2020-10-04. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Harder, Ben (26 June 2023). "Best Children's Hospitals 2023-2024 Honor Roll". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on December 31, 2022. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  11. ↑ "Women's Auxiliary to Texas Children's Hospital records – McGovern Historical Center". Archived from the original on 2020-10-07. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  12. 1 2 "Texas Children's Hospital: Then & Now". Legendary Care. Archived from the original on 2018-08-26. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  13. ↑ Post, Houston (2017-01-01). "Texas Children's Hospital Catches Popular Fancy". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2018-09-08. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  14. ↑ Cooley, Denton A. (2008). "A Brief History of the Texas Heart Institute". Texas Heart Institute Journal. 35 (3): 235–239. ISSN 0730-2347. PMC 2565532. PMID 18941593.
  15. ↑ "TSHA | Texas Children's Hospital". Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on 2020-10-07. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  16. ↑ Roane, Kit (December 6, 2015). "The Boy in the Bubble" Archived 2015-12-10 at the Wayback Machine. Retro Report. The New York Times.
  17. ↑ Baldwin, Steve; Robinson, Andria; Barlow, Pam; Fargason, Crayton A. (2006-05-01). "Moving Hospitalized Children All Over the Southeast: Interstate Transfer of Pediatric Patients During Hurricane Katrina". Pediatrics. 117 (Supplement 4): S416–S420. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0099O. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 16735276.
  18. ↑ Landry, Brian T. (30 August 2010). "Children's Hospital Faces Hurricane Katrina: Five Years After the Storm - RACmonitor". www.racmonitor.com. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  19. ↑ Gardner, Jay (2006). "Escape from New Orleans: A pediatrician's diary - Stanford Medicine Magazine - Stanford University School of Medicine". sm.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  20. ↑ Becker, Alexandra (27 August 2020). "A medical career shaped by Hurricane Katrina". www.tmc.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  21. ↑ Distefano, Susan M.; Graf, Jeanine M.; Lowry, Adam W.; Sitler, Garry C. (2006-05-01). "Getting Kids From the Big Easy Hospitals to Our Place (Not Easy): Preparing, Improvising, and Caring for Children During Mass Transport After a Disaster". Pediatrics. 117 (Supplement 4): S421–S427. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0099P. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 16735277.
  22. ↑ Arnold, John (11 April 2019). "Promise Campaign raises more than $100M over original goal, two years ahead of schedule". TMC News. Texas Medical Center. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  23. ↑ "Texas Children's Hospital The Woodlands opens its doors". Texas Children's Annual Report 2017. Texas Children's Hospital. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  24. ↑ Commins, John (9 Mar 2011). "Texas Children's Opens $220M West Campus Hospital". Health Leaders Media. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  25. ↑ Napoli, Jessica (2020-11-23). "Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson donates Xbox consoles to 20 children's hospitals". Fox News. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  26. ↑ "The Rock and Microsoft team up to donate personalized Xbox consoles to hospitals - TechInSecs". OLTNEWS. 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  27. ↑ Dennis, Ryan (12 November 2020). "Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Surprises Dozens at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta With Xbox Consoles". oz-magazine. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  28. ↑ Nichols, Buford L. (2009-01-09). "Establishment of the USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital in 1978". The Journal of Nutrition. 139 (1): 188–191. doi:10.3945/jn.108.092627. ISSN 1541-6100. PMID 19056811.
  29. ↑ "Why I still go to Texas Children's Hospital | Texas Children's Hospital". www.texaschildrens.org. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  30. ↑ "CHD Clinic - Texas Adult Congenital Heart". ACHA. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  31. ↑ "Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program | Texas Children's Hospital". www.texaschildrens.org. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  32. ↑ "Texas Children's Hospital Has A Dedicated Floor For Adults With Congenital Heart Disease". KXAN Austin. 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-12-12.
  33. ↑ "Texas Children's Pavilion for Women Services | Pavilion for Women". women.texaschildrens.org. Archived from the original on 2020-08-19. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  34. ↑ "Texas Children's Pavilion for Women opens outpatient services; labor delivery services slated for spring 2012 | Texas Children's Hospital". www.texaschildrens.org. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  35. ↑ "Largest Children's Hospital In The US Admits Adults As Virus Cases Soar In Texas". 2020-06-23. Archived from the original on 2020-08-19. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  36. ↑ Forster, Victoria. "Texas Children's Hospital Starts Admitting Adult Patients As Coronavirus Cases In The State Soar To Record Levels". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2020-09-05. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  37. ↑ Ackerman, Todd (2020-06-23). "Texas Children's admitting adult patients because of COVID-19 surge". HoustonChronicle.com. Archived from the original on 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  38. ↑ Ellison, Ayla (23 June 2020). "Texas Children's admits adult patients as COVID-19 cases surge". Beckers Hospital Review. Archived from the original on 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  39. ↑ Lebowitz Rossi, Holly (7 February 2013). "Top 10 U.S. Children's Hospitals Named by Parents Magazine". Parents. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  40. ↑ "100 great hospitals in America | 2016". Beckers Hospital Review. Archived from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  41. ↑ McCandless, Mary Ellen (2020-11-03). "Yale New Haven Health Recognized For Facility Management Excellence". Facility Executive - Creating Intelligent Buildings. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  42. ↑ "Texas Children's Hospital 2023–24 US News Overview". U.S. News & World Report. 21 June 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  43. ↑ Commins, John (9 March 2011). "Texas Children's Opens $220M West Campus Hospital". www.healthleadersmedia.com. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  44. ↑ "Texas Children's Hospital Opens West Campus, its First Suburban Hospital". Medical Construction and Design. 17 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  45. ↑ MOSER, EMILY (2011-04-14). "Texas Children's West Campus opens doors with celebration". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  46. ↑ Hernandez, Haley (2020-06-25). "Inside the Texas Children's Isolation Unit that is treating adults with COVID-19". KPRC. Archived from the original on 2020-09-13. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  47. ↑ Feibel, Carrie (2014-12-08). "Texas Children's Will Build Nation's First Pediatric Biocontainment Unit". Houston Public Media. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  48. ↑ "AirNav: 0TA1 - Texas Children's Hospital West Campus Heliport". www.airnav.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-23. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  49. ↑ "The 118 best hospitals, according to Leapfrog". www.advisory.com. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  50. ↑ "Top Hospitals". Leapfrog. 2016-01-21. Archived from the original on 2020-05-31. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  51. ↑ Loop, Abigail (2017-05-04). "Texas Children's Hospital The Woodlands celebrates grand opening of inpatient tower, emergency center". impact. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  52. ↑ Pulsinelli, Olivia (31 January 2014). "Rendering: Texas Children's Hospital breaks ground on Woodlands campus". Houston Business Journal. Archived from the original on 2017-06-13. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  53. ↑ Vaughns, Chaniece (24 February 2020). "Kroger Donates $100,000 to Texas Children's Hospital The Woodlands". Woodlands Online. Archived from the original on 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  54. ↑ Anderson, Will (20 May 2020). "Texas Children's to build $450M hospital in Northwest Austin". Austin Business Journal. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  55. ↑ Gates, Billy (2020-05-20). "Texas Children's Hospital to build new hospital in north Austin". KXAN Austin. Archived from the original on 2020-06-12. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  56. ↑ Perdue, Brian (2020-05-20). "Austin to get 2 new children's hospitals in 'fastest-growing part of fastest-growing city'". impact. Archived from the original on 2020-06-22. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  57. ↑ Cantu, Tony (2020-05-20). "Texas Children's To Build Hospital In Austin". Austin, TX Patch. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  58. ↑ Villalpando, Nicole. "Texas Children's opening new hospital in North Austin". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  59. ↑ Ackerman, Todd (2020-05-20). "Texas Children's to build $450 million hospital, its first outside of Houston, in Austin". HoustonChronicle.com. Archived from the original on 2020-08-08. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  60. ↑ Baylor College of Medicine . Retrieved 2009-04-14
  61. ↑ "Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology | Texas Children's Hospital". www.texaschildrens.org. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  62. ↑ Texas Children's Cancer Center. Facilities at the Texas Children's Hospital Location . Archived 2013-09-07 at archive.today
  63. ↑ "Donald Fernbach Obituary". Legacy.com. The Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  64. 1 2 Parish, Betsy (2008). Legacy: 50 Years of Loving Care. Houston: Elisha Freeman Publishing. p. 377. ISBN 9780978620066.
  65. ↑ Reflections on Texas Children's Hospital Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2009-10-30
  66. ↑ Martin, Joe (3 Mar 2017). "Texas Children's Hospital names tower after longtime CEO". bizjournals.com. Houston Business Journal. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  67. ↑ Hudson, Angela (January 15, 2003). "Remembering Texas Children's First Physician in Chief". Texas Medical Center News. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
  68. ↑ Texas Medical Center News Remembering Ralph Feigin Retrieved 11-05-2009
  69. ↑ Todd Ackerman (26 February 2020). "Pediatric AIDS chief doctor steps down at Texas Children's Hospital in Houston". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  70. ↑ Houston Chronicle Archived 2014-04-13 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2014-04-11
  71. ↑ "Dr. Benjy Frances Brooks". National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  72. ↑ Mike Hixenbaugh (21 December 2017). "Charles Fraser, elite pediatric heart surgeon, steps down from Texas Children's Hospital". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  73. ↑ Hall, Robert J. (2007). "The "Father of Modern Interventional Pediatric Cardiology" retires". Texas Heart Institute Journal. 34 (1): 1–2. PMC 1847919. PMID 17420783.
  74. ↑ "Biography of David G. Poplack, MD". Texas Children's Hospital. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  75. ↑ "The Boy in the Bubble | American Experience". www.pbs.org. Archived from the original on 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  76. ↑ McVicker, Steve (1997-04-10). "Bursting the Bubble". Houston Press. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  77. ↑ A. Palowski (17 February 2016). "Formerly conjoined twins thrive one year after epic surgery". today.com. The Today Show. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
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