Terrorism in Kenya
Part of the Somali Civil War

Smoke over Westgate shopping mall on 23 September 2013
Date7 August 1998 – present
Location
Kenya
Status Ongoing
Belligerents

Kenya Kenya

Supported by:

United States United States

Islamist terror groups:
Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen
al-Qaeda
Egyptian Islamic Jihad (1998)
Islamic State

local gangs and insurgent groups:

Sabaot Land Defence Force
Mungiki

Many terrorist attacks have occurred in Kenya during the 20th and 21st centuries.[1] In 1980, the Jewish-owned Norfolk hotel was attacked by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In 1998, the US embassy was bombed in Nairobi, as was the Israeli-owned Paradise hotel in 2002 in Mombasa. In 2013, the Somali jihadist group al-Shabaab killed 67 people at Nairobi's Westgate Shopping Mall. There have also been many other attacks.

Background

In July 1976, President Jomo Kenyatta allowed an Israel Defense Forces task force to cross Kenyan airspace and refuel at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, on its way to Entebbe International Airport in Uganda. Israel required help from an East African country for the success of its Operation Entebbe raid to extract people from a hostage crisis.[2] Without it, Israel lacked the logistical capacity to aerially refuel four to six aircraft so far from Israeli airspace. Perceived as Western interest and Israeli support, this incident was responded to with anger from Islamic extremists.

Major incidents

1975 Nairobi bombing and JM Kariuki murder

In early 1975, the first bombs to strike independent Kenya exploded. In February, there were two blasts in central Nairobi, inside the Starlight nightclub and in a travel bureau near the Hilton hotel. The day after the second explosion, JM Kariuki revealed in Parliament that his car had been hit "by what seemed to be bullets". There were rumours of a botched attempt on his life. They were followed by a more serious blast in a Nairobi bus on 1 March, which killed 30 people. Despite a massive public outcry and a police manhunt, no arrests were made. For several days thereafter, the city lived in fear, destabilized by numerous telephone bomb hoaxes.

On 2 March 1975, the day after the OTC bus blast, security officials including General Service Unit commander Ben Gethi publicly accosted JM Kariuki outside the Hilton hotel. Various police officers, including police commissioner Patrick Shaw, had been following JM throughout the day. Gethi asked Kariuki to accompany the security officials into a convoy of cars and took him to an unknown destination.[3][4]

The bombings stopped after the news of the disappearance and murder of JM Kariuki became public.[5][6]

1980 Norfolk Hotel bombing

The Norfolk hotel in Nairobi, owned by a prominent member of the local Jewish community, was bombed on 31 December 1980. The bomb killed 20 people of several nationalities, wounded 87 more, and destroyed much of the west wing. It was believed to be an act of revenge by pro-Palestinian militants for Kenya's supporting role in Israel's Operation Entebbe.[7][8][9][10]

According to reports about that incident, international security agencies in conjunction with the Kenya Police had a prime suspect within hours. He was identified as 34-year-old Qaddura Mohammed Abdel al-Hamid of Morocco, and he was said to have checked into the Norfolk Hotel in Nairobi in the last week of 1980. Al-Hamid was found to have paid for his room up until New Year's Day, but slipped away on the afternoon of 31 December. He had boarded a plane for Saudi Arabia by the time the guests at the Norfolk assembled for a New Year's Eve dinner.[11]

1998 United States embassy bombings

Aftermath at the U.S. embassy in Nairobi

On 7 August, between 10:30 a.m. and 10:40 a.m. local time, suicide bombers in trucks laden with explosives parked outside the embassies in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi, and almost simultaneously detonated.[12] 213 people were killed in the Nairobi blast, while 11 were killed in Dar es Salaam.[13] An estimated 4,000 in Nairobi were wounded, and another 85 in Dar es Salaam. Seismological readings analysed after the bombs indicated energy of between 3–17 tons of high explosive material.[14] Although the attacks were directed at American facilities, the vast majority of casualties were local citizens of the two African countries; 12 Americans were killed,[15] including two Central Intelligence Agency employees in the Nairobi embassy,[16] and one U.S. Marine, Sergeant Jesse Aliganga, a Marine Security Guard at the Nairobi embassy.[17][18]

The explosion damaged the embassy building and collapsed the neighbouring Ufundi Building where most victims were killed, mainly students and staff of a secretarial college housed there. The heat from the blast was channelled between the buildings towards Haile Selassie Avenue where a packed commuter bus was burned. Windows were shattered in a radius of nearly 1 kilometre.

Following the attacks, a group calling itself the "Liberation Army for Holy Sites" took credit for the bombings. American investigators believe the term was a cover used by Egyptian Islamic Jihad, who had actually perpetrated the bombing.[19] The attacks brought Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri—and their terrorist organization al-Qaeda—to the attention of the American public for the first time, and resulted in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) placing bin Laden on its ten most-wanted fugitives list.

2002 Kikambala Hotel bombing and Arkia Airlines missile attack, Mombasa

An example of a Strela-2 surface-to-air missile system as fired at the Boeing 757 airliner during take-off

On 28 November 2002 two missiles were fired at, but missed, an Israeli passenger airliner as it took off from Mombasa airport. Subsequently, there was an attack on the Kikambala Hotel when it was receiving Israeli tourists.

The hotel blast occurred just after some 60 visitors had checked into the hotel, all of them from Israel, hotel officials said. 13 were killed and 80 injured. Ten Kenyans died, nine of whom were employed by the hotel, most of them were said to be traditional dancers who came to welcome the 140 guests arriving from Israel by state-chartered jet and three Israelis, two of whom were children. In an overnight operation that went on into the early hours, four Israeli military Hercules planes with teams of doctors and psychologists flew into Mombasa and evacuated injured Israeli tourists and all those who wanted to leave.[20]

Almost simultaneously, two shoulder-launched Strela-2 (SA-7) surface-to-air missiles were fired at another chartered Boeing 757 airliner owned by Israel-based Arkia Airlines as it took off from Moi International Airport.[1] The Arkia charter company had a regular weekly service flying tourists between Tel Aviv and Mombasa. Kenyan police discovered a missile launcher and two missile casings in the Changamwe area of Mombasa, about two kilometres (1.25 miles) from the airport.

Police sought MR Bajnaf Mselem Swaleh Mahdi Khamisi, who they believe may lead them to Fazul, the main suspect.[21]

2012 al-Shabaab attacks

In October 2011, a coordinated operation between the Somali military and the Kenyan military began against the al-Shabaab group of jihadi insurgents in southern Somalia.[22][23] The mission was officially led by the Somali army, with the Kenyan forces providing a support role.[23] Since then, a series of explosions have rocked various areas in Kenya, bombings which are believed to have been retaliatory attacks by Al-Shabaab.[24] In early June 2012, Kenyan forces were formally integrated into AMISOM.[25]

According to US Embassy in the past 2011/2012, there have been at least 17 attacks involving grenades or explosive devices in Kenya. At least 48 people died in these attacks, and around 200 people were injured. Nine of these attacks occurred in North Eastern Province, including locations in Dadaab, Wajir, and Garissa. Four attacks occurred in Nairobi, and four in Mombasa. Targets included police stations and police vehicles, nightclubs and bars, churches, a religious gathering, a downtown building of small shops, and a bus station. One attack involved two simultaneous assaults on churches in Garissa on 1 July 2012. In this attack, 17 people were killed and about 50 people were injured.[26]

2013 Westgate Mall shooting

On 21 September 2013, al-Shabaab associated gunmen targeted and shot customers at Nairobi's Westgate Shopping Mall. At least 67 people were killed in the attack.[27][28]

2014 Mpeketoni attacks

Between 15 and 17 June 2014, more than 60 people were killed in attacks in and near Mpeketoni, Lamu County. Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility, but the Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta asserted that the attacks were organized by local politicians with ties to a network of gangs. Correspondents from the area suggested that the attacks may have been motivated by ethnic or religious hatred, or revenge for land grabbing.

On 15 June 2014, about 50 masked gunmen hijacked a van[29][30] and raided a police station in the predominantly Christian town of Mpeketoni,[31] as well as burning hotels, restaurants, and government offices.[30] At least 53 people were reportedly killed during the attack, and eight others were unaccounted for as of 18 June.[32] Most of the dead Kenyans were Kikuyus.[33]

On 22 November 2014, 28 people on board a bus were executed in the Omar Jillo area of Mandera County in the north-eastern tip of Kenya. According to reports, the bus was hijacked by suspected members of the Islamist militant organisation al-Shabaab who identified and killed the non-Muslim passengers. Ten days later in the early hours of 2 December, news emerged of another brutal attack. This time, 36 people had been killed at a quarry in Koromei in the same county.[34][35]

2015 Garissa attack

In April 2015, gunmen stormed the Garissa University College, killing almost 150 people and wounding several others. The attackers claimed to be from the Al-Shabaab militant group, and indicated that they were retaliating over non-Muslims occupying Muslim territory.[36] The militants took several students hostage, freeing Muslims but withholding Christians. Over 500 students were still unaccounted for.[37]

2019 Nairobi Dusitd2 complex attack

On 15 January 2019, four gunmen attacked the DusitD2 complex at 14 Riverside Drive junction around 2.30PM. Before they were contained and brought down by the Kenya security forces, the terrorists killed 21 people and injured several others in the process.[38]

2020 Camp Simba attack

On January 5 2020, about 20 Al-Shabaab personnel attacked Camp Simba, the attack destroyed five aircraft and damaged one along with the destruction of two Oshkosh M-ATV and several fuel tankers. U.S. Army Specialist Henry Mayfield Jr was killed in the attack along with two other civilian contractors. After about an hour of fighting five Al-Shabaab soldiers were killed and five more arrested.[39]

Lesser incidents

  • 13 June 2010 – during a "NO" campaign rally, a petrol bomb was thrown into the crowds as the meeting dispersed at dusk, sparking a stampede as people fled. Some witnesses reported that there had been two separate explosions, in Uhuru Park in the centre of the city. Five people were killed and as many as 75 were injured. The meeting was called by a church leader to campaign against a proposed new constitution in a referendum.[40]
  • 17 September 2011 – a grenade shell was recovered within the premises of the office of the Prime Minister. However, police cooled off the issue saying it was not targeting anybody.[41]
  • 24 October 2011 – a Russian made F1 grenade was detonated in the Mwauras disco in Nairobi, injuring 14 people. The police linked the attack to Al-Shabaab.[42] It was followed by a second attack that evening against a bus stop that killed at least one person and injured eight.[43] Elgiva Bwire Oliacha (alias Mohamed Seif), who claimed to be a member of Al-Shabaab, was arrested, pleaded guilty for both attacks,[44] and was sentenced to life in prison.[45][46]
  • 30 September 2012 – the Sunday school of St Polycarp's church in Nairobi was attacked with grenades. According to newspaper reports, one child was killed. Kenyan police blamed the attack on Al-Shabaab sympathizers.[47]
  • 14 December 2013 – 2013 Nairobi bus attack – a hand grenade was thrown onto a minibus in Eastleigh, a Somali-dominated suburb of Nairobi, killing 4 people and wounding 36 others. It was the fourth such attack to occur during the 50th anniversary week of Kenya's independence. Thirteen people had died since 10 December 2013, with no group claiming responsibility for the assaults.[48]
  • 14 March 2014 – in the city of Mombasa, two terrorists were arrested while driving a car carrying two improvised bombs.[49]
  • 19 March 2014 – Kenyan police unintentionally parked a car outside their office that was carrying a massive cache of terrorist explosives, including 130 pounds of plastic.[50]
  • 1 April 2014 – in the Eastleigh district of Nairobi, six people were killed and dozens more injured when terrorists exploded bombs at two separate locations about three hundred meters apart.[51]
  • 9 April 2014 – it was reported that twelve shops in the Nairobi city center were being investigated for funneling money to terrorists.[52]
  • 23 April 2014 – Nairobi police station bombing – a car bomb exploded in front of a police station in Nairobi's Pangani quarter, killing four people including 2 police.[53]
  • 3 May 2014 – three people were killed and fifteen injured[54][55] when a hand grenade was detonated inside a bus in Mombasa.[56] In another incident on the same day, an improvised explosive device was deposited within a bag on a beach.[57] The bag was noticed, and no casualties were reported after "people took cover".[56]
  • 4 May 2014 – 2014 Nairobi bus bombings – on the Thika Highway in Nairobi, terrorists exploded homemade bombs on two commuter buses, nearly simultaneously and about a kilometer apart. Three people were killed and sixty-two others were injured.[55]
  • 16 May 2014 – 2014 Gikomba bombings – two improvised explosive devices were detonated simultaneously in the Gikomba market in Nairobi, killing at least 12 people and injuring 70.[58]
  • 23 May 2014 – a grenade was thrown at a police vehicle carrying two suspects in the City of Mombasa. Two people were injured.
  • 5–6 July 2014 – 2014 Lamu attacks – heavily armed men attacked the Kenyan villages of Hindi in Lamu County and Gamba in Tana River County. At least 29 people were killed.
  • 22 November 2014 – gunmen attacked a bus traveling from the town of Mandera to Nairobi, killing 28 people, mostly teachers and government workers heading to Nairobi for the December holidays.[59]
  • 2 December 2014 – Al-Shabaab militants attacked and killed 36 quarry workers, many of whom were non-Muslims, near the town of Mandera.[60]
  • 26 May 2015 – May 2015 Garissa ambush – while rushing to the aid of colleagues who had been hit by a landmine explosion in the village of Yumbis, Garissa County, Kenyan police were ambushed by Al-Shabaab. A gun battle ensued and four police vehicles were set ablaze. Al-Shabab claimed that at least 20 policemen were killed but a government interior ministry spokesman said only one officer was wounded. The previous week Al-Shabaab had occupied Yumbis (70 km north of Garissa) for a day.[61][62][63]
  • 21 December 2015 – two people were killed and three others injured when gunmen, believed to be part of Al-Shabaab, attacked a bus travelling from the town of Mandera to Nairobi, and a lorry, near the north-eastern village of El Wak on the Somali border. Muslim passengers helped dress non-Muslims in Islamic headscarves so as to prevent the gunmen from identifying them; and refused to separate from non-Muslims when ordered to do so. A non-Muslim bus passenger who tried to run away was shot dead, as was a non-Muslim person in the lorry.[64][65][66]
  • 26 January 2019 – an explosive device blew up in Latema road, Nairobi injuring 2 people.
  • 4 December 2021, two police officers were shot dead and at least 12 other officers injured when Al-Shabaab militants ambushed a lorry carrying 20 officers on the Rhamu-Mandera Road. Later on the same day, a suspected militant was killed by Kenyan special forces in the Bambo area of Mandera County.[67]
  • 3 January 2022, Six Christians Killed in a suspected Al-Shabaab Attack in Widhu village, Lamu West, Kenya[68]
  • 2 February 2022, 13 People Killed by Roadside Bomb in North-eastern Kenya (Mandera County), Terror Group Al-Shabaab Suspected.[69]

Anti-terrorism legislation

The Kenyan Parliament is working on legislation focused on reducing terrorism.[1]

There has been opposition from Muslim, NGO and human rights groups. The bill aims to allow police to tap private communications, seize property and access the bank details of suspected terrorists.[70]

President Mwai Kibaki approved the Prevention of Terrorist Act 2012, Kenya's first piece of anti-terrorist legislation to be passed, on 2 October 2012.[71]

Dynamics

At the urging of al-Shabaab,[24] an increasing number of terrorist attacks in Kenya have been carried out by local Kenyans, many of whom are recent converts to Islam.[72] Estimates in 2012 placed the figure of Kenyan fighters at around 10% of Al-Shabaab's total forces.[73]

Referred to as the "Kenyan mujahideen by al-Shabaab's core members,[72] the converts are typically young and overzealous, poverty making them easier targets for the outfit's recruitment activities. Because the Kenyan insurgents have a different profile from the Somali and Arab militants that allows them to blend in with the general population of Kenya, they are also often harder to track. Reports suggest that Al-Shabaab is attempting to build an even more multi-ethnic generation of fighters in the larger region.[73]

One such recent convert who helped plan the 2010 Kampala bombings, but now cooperates with the Kenyan Police, believes that in doing so, the group is essentially trying to use local Kenyans to do its "dirty work" for it while its core members escape unscathed.[72] According to diplomats, Muslim areas in coastal Kenya and Tanzania, such as Mombasa and Zanzibar, are also especially vulnerable for recruitment.[73]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Aronson, Samuel (1 November 2013). "Kenya and the Global War on Terror" (PDF). African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  2. ↑ Dunstan, Simon (2011). Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 53. ISBN 9781448818686. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  3. ↑ South Africa History Online. Sahistory.org.za (2 March 1975).
  4. ↑ Charles Hornsby. When Kenyatta Lost Control on Event in government Archived 16 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Tommboya.org.
  5. ↑ Mwangi Githahu. Star Newspaper. Could string of bombings be a screen for assassination plot?
  6. ↑ "Could string of bombings be a screen for assassination plot?". Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  7. ↑ Kiruga, Morris (15 September 2013). "20 killed in bomb attack on Norfolk". Daily Nation. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  8. ↑ "Nairobi assault: Kenyan terrorist attacks since 1980". The Telegraph. 21 September 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  9. ↑ "AROUND THE WORLD; Kenya Hunts for Suspect in Fatal Hotel Bombing". The New York Times. 3 January 1981. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  10. ↑ "24-Hour Room Service - The Norfolk, Nairobi, Kenya". The Independent. 18 April 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  11. ↑ Torchia, Christopher (19 October 2013). "Kenya mall attack echoes 1980 hotel bombing". Associated Press. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  12. ↑ "U.S. Embassy Bombings". U.S. Department of State website. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
  13. ↑ "Frontline: The trail of evidence - FBI executive summary". PBS. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  14. ↑ "Some Practical Applications of Forensic Seismology" (PDF). Retrieved 3 November 2010.
  15. ↑ "Profiles of Americans killed in Kenya embassy bombing". CNN. 13 August 1998. Archived from the original on 16 December 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
  16. ↑ Associated Press, "Bin Laden raid avenged secret CIA deaths", The Japan Times, 30 May 2011, p. 1.
  17. ↑ Jesse Nathanael Aliganga Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ "Fil-Am hero guard killed in Nairobi". highbeam.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012.
  19. ↑ Global Briefings, Issue 27, "Osama bin Laden tied to other Fundamentalists", September 1998.
  20. ↑ Israel evacuates tourists from Kenya. BBC News (29 November 2002).
  21. ↑ "Kenya Police. Wanted Persons". Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  22. ↑ "Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission". The Standard. Kenya. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012.
  23. 1 2 "Joint Communique – Operation Linda Nchi". Mfa.go.ke. 12 October 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  24. 1 2 "huge-blasts" Al-Shabaab to retaliate in Kenya with "huge blasts"
  25. ↑ "Kenya: Defense Minister appointed as acting Internal Security Minister". Garowe Online. 19 June 2012. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  26. ↑ Travel Warning – Kenya : US Embassy Archived 10 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Nairobi.usembassy.gov.
  27. ↑ "Kenya's Westgate shopping mall reopens after tragedy". BBC News. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  28. ↑ "Terror in Westgate mall: the full story of the attacks that devastated Kenya". The Guardian. 4 October 2013. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016.
  29. ↑ Gander, Kashmira (16 June 2014). "Kenya hotel attack: Suspected al-Shabaab militants kill 48 people in Mpeketoni". The Independent. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  30. 1 2 "Mpeketoni attack: Death toll rises to 48". Daily Nation. Agence France-Presse. 16 June 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  31. ↑ "Unidentified gunmen hit hotels, petrol, police station at Kenya's coast: police". Reuters. 16 June 2014.
  32. ↑ "Kenya attacks: Al-Shabab raid village near Mpeketoni". BBC News. 17 June 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  33. ↑ "Kenya attack: Five suspects shot dead near Mpeketoni". BBC News. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  34. ↑ "Al-Shabaab dampens Kenyatta's ICC victory". 20 January 2015.
  35. ↑ "Gunmen kill 28 in morning of terror".
  36. ↑ "Nearly 150 dead in Al-Shabaab school attack, Kenyan officials say". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  37. ↑ "Kenya attack: Garissa University assault 'killed 147'". BBC News. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  38. ↑ "Anatomy of terrorist attack on DusitD2 hotel". Daily Nation. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  39. ↑ "1 U.S. Serviceperson, 2 Contractors Dead, 6 Planes Struck, Including Rare Spy Plane, In Kenya Attack (Updated)". The Drive. 5 January 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  40. ↑ Pflanz, Mike. (13 June 2010) "Explosion at Kenyan referendum rally kills five". The Daily Telegraph.
  41. ↑ "Raila evacuated but police claim nothing serious". The Standard, Kenya (21 September 2011).
  42. ↑ "Police link al-Shabab to Nairobi attack". Al Jazeera. 24 October 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  43. ↑ "Kenyan capital hit by second blast". Al Jazeera. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  44. ↑ "Deaths in attack in Kenya border town". Al Jazeera. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  45. ↑ "Kenyans in first al-Shabab battle in Somalia". BBC. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  46. ↑ "Kenyan Sentenced to Life in Prison for Grenade Attacks". VOA News. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  47. ↑ "Kenya children hurt 'in church grenade attack'". BBC. 30 September 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  48. ↑ "Deadly blast 'shreds' bus in Kenyan capital". 14 December 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  49. ↑ "Kenya arrests two after bombs found in car". BBC News. 14 March 2014.
  50. ↑ "Kenyan police park massive car bomb outside their offices after missing explosives in vehicle". The Telegraph. 19 March 2014.
  51. ↑ "6 KILLED IN TWIN TERROR BLASTS IN EASTLEIGH". Nairobi News. 1 April 2014. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  52. ↑ "12 Shops in city centre funding terrorists". Nairobi News. 9 April 2014. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  53. ↑ "Kenya car bomb kills four in Nairobi's Pangani quarter". BBC News. 23 April 2014.
  54. ↑ "Kenya: Three Killed in Nairobi Bus Bombings". Sky News. 4 May 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  55. 1 2 "Kenya buses hit by deadly twin blasts in Nairobi". BBC. 4 May 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  56. 1 2 "Kenya blasts: three dead after twin attacks in Mombasa". The Telegraph. 3 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
  57. ↑ Odula, Tom (3 May 2014). "Kenya gov't: 3 killed in 2 blasts at Kenyan coast". Big Story. Associated Press. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
  58. ↑ "Kenya's Nairobi hit by twin blasts in Gikomba Market". BBC. 16 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  59. ↑ "At least 28 killed in Shabaab attack on Nairobi-bound bus in Mandera". 22 November 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  60. ↑ "Kenya bus attack: Al-Shabaab militants slaughter 28 non-Muslims who failed to recite Koran". The Independent. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  61. ↑ "Kenyan police clash with al-Shabab in Garissa County". BBC News. 26 May 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  62. ↑ "Al-Shabab storms Kenyan village near Garissa". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  63. ↑ Variyar, Mugdha (26 May 2015). "Kenya: Garissa Policemen Survive Al-Shabaab Ambush in Yumbis". Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  64. ↑ "Kenyan Muslims shield Christians in Mandera bus attack". BBC. 21 December 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  65. ↑ "Muslims hailed for protecting Christians during terror attack on Kenyan bus". The Guardian. Associated Press. 22 December 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  66. ↑ "Muslims 'shielded Christians from Shabaab'". 21 December 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  67. ↑ "One militant killed after the killing of 2 cops in Mandera". The Star. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  68. ↑ "Six Christians Killed in Kenya Terrorist Attack". Persecution. 3 January 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  69. ↑ "13 People Killed by Roadside Bomb in Northeastern Kenya, Terror Group Al-Shabaab Suspected". CBN News. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  70. ↑ All Africa. Kenya's Anti-Terrorism Bill Raises Privacy Concerns. Allafrica.com (3 July 2012).
  71. ↑ PPS. Kibaki assents to anti-terror bill
  72. 1 2 3 Kenya: A new breed of terrorist is born
  73. 1 2 3 "Special Report: In Africa, a militant group's growing appeal". Reuters. 30 May 2012.
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