The Portland Aerial Tram in Portland, Oregon, US
Aerial tramway in Engadin, Switzerland, suspended on two track cables with an additional haulage rope
The Port Vell Aerial Tramway in Barcelona, Spain

An aerial tramway, aerial tram, sky tram, aerial cablecar, aerial cableway, telepherique, or seilbahn is a type of aerial lift which uses one or two stationary ropes for support while a third moving rope provides propulsion.[1] With this form of lift, the grip of an aerial tramway cabin is fixed onto the propulsion rope and cannot be decoupled from it during operations. In comparison to gondola lifts, aerial tramways generally provide lower line capacities and higher wait times.[2]

Terminology

Cable car is the usual term in British English, where tramway generally refers to a railed street tramway. In American English, cable car may additionally refer to a cable-pulled street tramway with detachable vehicles (e.g., San Francisco's cable cars). As such, careful phrasing is necessary to prevent confusion.

It is also sometimes called a ropeway or even incorrectly referred to as a gondola lift. A gondola lift has cabins suspended from a continuously circulating cable whereas aerial trams simply shuttle back and forth on cables. In Japan, the two are considered as the same category of vehicle and called ropeway, while the term cable car refers to both grounded cable cars and funiculars. An aerial railway where the vehicles are suspended from a fixed track (as opposed to a cable) is known as a suspension railway.

Overview

An aerial tramway consists of one or two fixed cables (called track cables), one loop of cable (called a haulage rope), and one or two passenger or cargo cabins. The fixed cables provide support for the cabins while the haulage rope, by means of a grip, is solidly connected to the truck (the wheel set that rolls on the track cables). An electric motor drives the haulage rope which provides propulsion. Aerial tramways are constructed as reversible systems; vehicles shuttling back and forth between two end terminals and propelled by a cable loop which stops and reverses direction when the cabins arrive at the end stations. Aerial tramways differ from gondola lifts in that gondola lifts are considered continuous systems (cabins attached onto a circulating haul rope that moves continuously).[3]

An aerial tramway across the Yangtze river in the Chongqing CBD

Two-car tramways use a jig-back system: a large electric motor is located at the bottom of the tramway so that it effectively pulls one cabin down, using that cabin's weight to help pull the other cabin up. A similar system of cables is used in a funicular railway. The two passenger or cargo cabins, which carry from 4 to over 150 people, are situated at opposite ends of the loops of cable. Thus, while one is coming up, the other is going down the mountain, and they pass each other midway on the cable span.

Some aerial trams have only one cabin, which lends itself better for systems with small elevation changes along the cable run.

History

The first design of an aerial lift was by Croatian polymath Fausto Veranzio and the first operational aerial tram was built in 1644 by Adam Wybe in Gdańsk, Poland.[4] It was moved by horses and used to move soil over the river to build defences.[5] It is called the first known cable lift in European history and precedes the invention of steel cables. It is not known how long this lift was used. In any case, it would be another 230 years before Germany would get the second cable lift, this newer version equipped with iron wire cable.[6]

In mining

Cableway from abandoned coal mine in Adventdalen to Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway)
Cableway from abandoned coal mine in Adventdalen to Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway)

Tramways are sometimes used in mountainous regions to carry ore from a mine located high on the mountain to an ore mill located at a lower elevation. Ore tramways were common in the early 20th century at the mines in North and South America. One can still be seen in the San Juan Mountains of the US state of Colorado.

Other firms entered the mining tramway business—Otto, Leschen, Breco Ropeways Ltd., Ceretti and Tanfani, and Riblet for instance. A major British contributor was Bullivant who became a constituent of British Ropes in 1924.[7]

Moving people

Cable car in the Mount Ulia, Spain
Cable car in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

In the beginning of the 20th century, the rise of the middle class and the leisure industry allowed for investment in sight-seeing machines. Prior to 1893, a combined goods and passenger carrying cableway was installed at Gibraltar. Initially, its passengers were military personnel. An 1893 industry publication said of a two-mile system in Hong Kong that it "is the only wire tramway which has been erected exclusively for the carriage of individuals" (albeit workmen).[8] After the pioneer cable car suitable for the public transportation of people at Mount Ulia in 1907[9][10] (San Sebastián, Spain) by Leonardo Torres Quevedo and the Wetterhorn Elevator (Grindelwald, Switzerland) in 1908,[11] others to the top of high peaks in the Alps of Austria, Germany and Switzerland resulted. They were much less expensive to build than the earlier rack railway.

One of the first trams was at Chamonix, while others in Switzerland, and Garmisch soon followed. From this, it was a natural transposition to build ski lifts and chairlifts. The first cable car in North America was at Cannon Mountain in Franconia, New Hampshire in 1938.[12]

Many aerial tramways were built by Von Roll Ltd. of Switzerland, which has since been acquired by Austrian lift manufacturer Doppelmayr. Other German, Swiss, and Austrian firms played an important role in the cable car business: Bleichert, Heckel, Pohlig, PHB (Pohlig-Heckel-Bleichert), Garaventa and Waagner-Biró. Now there are three groups dominating the world market: Doppelmayr Garaventa Group, Leitner Group, and Poma, the last two being owned by one person.

Some aerial tramways have their own propulsion, such as the Lasso Mule or the Josef Mountain Aerial Tramway near Merano, Italy.

Urban transport

A Roosevelt Island Tram car in operation

While typically used for ski resorts, aerial tramways have been ported over for usage in the urban environment in recent times. The Roosevelt Island Tramway in New York City, the Cable cars in Haifa Israel and the Portland Aerial Tram are examples where this technology has been successfully adapted for public transport purposes.

Telpherage

The telpherage concept was first publicised in 1883 and several experimental lines were constructed. It was designed to compete not with railways, but with horses and carts.[13]

The first commercial telpherage line was in Glynde, which is in Sussex, England. It was built to connect a newly opened clay pit to the local railway station and opened in 1885.[13]

Double deckers

There are aerial tramways with double deck cabins. The Vanoise Express cable car carries 200 people in each cabin at a height of 380 m (1,247 ft) over the Ponturin gorge in France. The Shinhotaka Ropeway carries 121 people in each cabin at Mount Hotaka in Japan. The CabriO cable car to the summit of the Stanserhorn in Switzerland carries 60 persons, with the upper floor accommodating 30 people in the open air.[14]

Records

World's longest functioning aerial tramway, 1987–2013: Forsby-Köping
Wings of Tatev, Armenia, the world's longest reversible cable car line of one section
Masada cableway has the world's lowest station.

List of accidents

Despite the introduction of various safety measures (back-up power generators, evacuation plans, etc.) there have been several serious incidents on aerial tramways, some of which were fatal.

  • August 29, 1961: A military plane split the hauling cable of the Vallée Blanche Aerial Tramway on the Aiguille du Midi in the Mont Blanc massif: six people killed.
  • July 9, 1974: Ulriksbanen is an aerial tramway in Bergen, Norway, operated by a tow rope, which hauls it, and a carrying rope. On July 9, 1974, as the carriage reached its destination at the top station and just as the carriage operator was about to open the doors, the tow rope broke. The carriage operator was thrown into the back of the vehicle, preventing him from reaching the emergency brake. The carriage began whizzing down the still intact carrying rope, gathering speed quickly and approaching the first vertical mast about 70 meters away. Because the tow rope was broken, it was no longer taut at the point where it crossed over the mast — as the carriage crossed the mast, the broken tow rope jammed up and caused the carriage to jump off the carrying rope and begin to free-fall straight down towards the ground 15 meters below. The carriage crashed to the ground on a downslope, causing the carriage to careen down the mountainside a further 30 meters before it was crushed up against some boulders, finally coming to a stop. Four of the eight occupants were killed.[21]
  • March 9, 1976: In the Italian Dolomites at Cavalese, a cab fell after a rope broke, killing 43. (See 1976 Cavalese cable car crash)
  • April 15, 1978: In a storm, two carrying ropes of the Squaw Valley Aerial Tramway in California fell from the aerial tramway support tower. One of the ropes partly destroyed the cabin. Four were killed, 32 injured.
  • June 1, 1990: Nineteen were killed and fifteen injured after a hauling rope broke in the 1990 Tbilisi Cable car accident
  • February 3, 1998: U.S. Marine Corps EA-6B Prowler jets severed the cable of an aerial ropeway in Cavalese, Italy, killing 20 people. (See Cavalese cable car disaster (1998))
  • July 1, 1999: Saint-Étienne-en-Dévoluy, France. An aerial tramway car detached from the cable it was traveling on and fell 80 metres (260 ft) to the valley floor, killing all 20 occupants. The majority were employees and contractors of an international astronomical observatory run by the Institut de Radioastronomie Millémétrique. (See Saint-Étienne-en-Dévoluy cable car disaster)
  • October 19, 2003: Four were killed and 11 injured when three cars slipped off the cable of the Darjeeling Ropeway.
  • April 2, 2004: In Yerevan, Armenia on an urban cable car one of the two cabins derailed from the steel track cable and fell 15 m (49 ft) to the ground killing five, including two Iranian citizens, and injuring 11 others. The second cabin slammed onto the lower station injuring three people.[22]
  • October 9, 2004: Crash of a cabin of the Grünberg aerial tramway in Gmunden, Austria. Many injuries.
  • December 31, 2012: The Alyeska Resort Aerial Tramway was blown sideways while operating in high winds and was impaled on the tower guide, severely damaging the contacting cabin. Only minor injuries were incurred.
  • December 4, 2018, an exterior panel of the Portland Aerial Tram dropped at least 100 feet (30 m) and struck a pedestrian walking below.[23]
  • May 23, 2021: 14 people were killed when a cable failed at 300 m from the top of the Mottarone mountain.[24]
  • October 21, 2021: One person died after a cable car cabin became detached from its cable at the Ještěd mountain in Liberec, Czech Republic.[25]

Cableways in fiction

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Aerial Technologies, Lesson 5: Aerial Trams". The Gondola Project. April 24, 2010. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
  2. ↑ "Basic Lesson 3: Aerial Trams & Funiculars". The Gondola Project. November 13, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
  3. ↑ Neumann, Edward S. "Cable Propelled Systems in Urban Environments" (PDF). Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 14, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
  4. 1 2 Hoffman, K.; Zrnić, Nenad (2012). Koetsier, Teun; Ceccarelli, Marco (eds.). Explorations in the history of machines and mechanisms : proceedings of HMM2012. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 387. ISBN 9789400741324.
  5. ↑ "Adam Wijbe-Galeria Wielkich Zapomnianych-Wydział Postaciologii". Rzygacz.WebD.pl. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
  6. ↑ "Cable lift pioneer from Harlingen built Gdansk bastion and dikes » The Windmill news articles". goDutch. Archived from the original on December 18, 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
  7. ↑ "Images in Bullivant & Co". Isle of Dogs Heritage & History. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013.
  8. ↑ Going to the Isle of Dogs by Lesser Columbus, Bullivant & Co. 1893 page 10. This item can be accessed through an original held by the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers
  9. ↑ "El transbordador aéreo de Ulia, pionero en el mundo". noticias de Gipuzkoa. August 2, 2022.
  10. ↑ Klaus Hoffmann. Recent Developments in Cable-Drawn Urban Transport Systems,(pdf) vol. 34, No. 4, 2006, FME Transactions.
  11. ↑ The first aerial cableway, blog of the Swiss National Museum
  12. ↑ "A Rich History - 75 years in the making". New Hampshire Department of Resources and Economic Development. 2008. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015.
  13. 1 2 Lusted, A., 1985: The Electric Telpherage Railway. Glynde Archivist 2:16–28.
  14. ↑ "Switzerland launches the world's first Cabrio aerial cableway". SwissTravelSystem.com. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
  15. ↑ Widén, E. G. A. (1943). The ropeway Kristineberg-Boliden : A record ropeway construction. Stockholm: Nordströms linbanor.
  16. ↑ "Linbanan Forsby – Köping". Privat.bahnhof.se. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
  17. ↑ "Island Travel: longest cable car over water". BayJournal for Moreton Bay. February 19, 2007. Archived from the original on March 30, 2012.
  18. ↑ "Technical data". Maennlichen.ch. GGM/LWM. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  19. ↑ "World's longest cable car line opens to Armenia". Physorg.com. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
  20. ↑ "Guinness World Record for Longest Non-stop Double Track Cable Car". guinnessworldrecords.com. October 16, 2010. Retrieved October 16, 2010.
  21. ↑ "Ulykken som ingen trodde kunne skje (Norwegian)". nrk.no. July 9, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  22. ↑ "Four Killed in Cable Car Crash in Yerevan". Azatutyun.am. Retrieved April 2, 2004.
  23. ↑ Sparling, Zane (May 9, 2019). "Design flaw blamed for Portland Aerial Tram incident". PamplinMedia.com.
  24. ↑ "Italy cable car fall: Nine dead after accident near Lake Maggiore". BBC News. May 23, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  25. ↑ "One killed in Czech cable car accident". CNN. Reuters. October 31, 2021.
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