Tehran province
استان تهران
Province
Former building of Parliament of Iran
Tangeh Savashi
Tehran skyline view from top of Milad Tower
Jameh Mosque in Varamin
Tughrul Tower
From top left: Azadi Tower, Rudbar-e Qasran Road, Former building of Parliament of Iran, Tangeh Vashi, Tehran skyline view from top of Milad Tower, Jameh Mosque in Varamin, and Tughrul Tower in Rey
Counties of Tehran province
Counties of Tehran province
Location of Tehran province in Iran
Location of Tehran province in Iran
Coordinates: 35°42′42″N 51°24′25″E / 35.7117°N 51.4070°E / 35.7117; 51.4070
CountryIran
RegionRegion 1[1]
CapitalTehran
Counties16
Government
 • Governor-generalAlireza Fakhari
 • MPs of Assembly of Experts1 Abbas Ali Akhtari
2 Alireza Arafi
3 Ahmad Daneshzadeh Momen
4 Ahmad Jannati
5 Akbar Rafsanjanī
6 Ali Momen Poor
7 Mohammad-Ali Movahedi Kermani
8 Ebrahim Amini
9 Gholamreza Mesbahi-Moghaddam
10 Ghorbanali Dorri-Najafabadi
11 Hassan Rouhani
12 Hossein Ali Saadi
13 Mohammad-Ali Taskhiri
14 Mohammed Emami-Kashani
15 Mohammad Hassan Zali
16 Mohammad Reyshahri
17 Mohsen Esmaeili
18 Mohsen Qomi
19 Nasrallah Shah-Abadi
20 Seyed Abolfazel Mir Mohammadi
21 Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani
22 Mahmoud Alavi
Area
 • Total18,814 km2 (7,264 sq mi)
Population
 (2016)[2]
 • Total13,267,637
 • Estimate 
(2020)
13,973,000[3]
 • Density710/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+03:30 (IRST)
ISO 3166 codeIR-23
Main language(s)Persian
HDI (2018)0.834[4]
very high · 1st

Tehran province (Persian: استان تهران Ostān-e Tehrān) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It covers an area of 18,814 square kilometres (7,264 sq mi) and is located to the north of the central plateau of Iran.

At the time of the National Census of 2006, the province had a population of 13,281,858 in 3,729,010 households.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 12,183,391 people in 3,731,480 households, by which time Karaj, Nazarabad, and Savojbolagh Counties had been separated from the province to become Alborz province.[6] The province was made a part of the First Region with its secretariat located in Tehran, upon the division of the provinces into 5 regions, solely for coordination and development purposes on June 22, 2014.[1] According to the latest census in 2016, the population of the province had increased to 13,267,637 in 4,288,563 households.[2]

Tehran province borders Mazandaran province in the north, Qom province in the south, Semnan province in the east, Alborz province in the west and Markazi province in the southwest. The metropolis of Tehran is the capital city of the province and of Iran.

Tehran province is the richest in Iran, as it contributes approximately 29% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). Furthermore, it houses approximately 18% of the country's population and is the most industrialized province in Iran, with nearly 94% of its residents living in the cities as of 2016.[2]

The province gained importance when Tehran was proclaimed the capital by the Qajar dynasty in 1778. Today, Tehran, with a population of 8 million, is ranked amongst the 40 most populous metropolitan cities of the world.

History

The Achaemenid collection of The National Museum of Iran in Tehran.
Tehran has been Iran's capital since 1778.

Tehran province has several archeological sites indicating settlements dating back several thousand years. Until 300 years ago, Rey was the most prominent of the cities of the province. However, the city of Tehran rose to become the largest city and capital of Iran by 1778, and since then has been the political, cultural, economic, and commercial nucleus of Iran.

Tehran has over 1,500 historical sites of cultural significance registered with the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran. The oldest of these in Tehran province is the remains of two sites in Firuzkuh County that date back to the fourth millennium BCE.

Geography

The province of Tehran has over 12 million inhabitants and is Iran's most densely populated region. Approximately 86.5 percent reside in urban areas and 13.5 percent in rural areas of the province.[7]

The largest rivers of this province are Karaj River and Jajrood River.

Mountain ranges such as The Alborz span the north; Savad Kooh and Firooz Kooh are located in the northeast; Lavasanat, Qarah Daq, Shemiranat, Hassan Abad and Namak Mountains are in the southern areas; Bibi Shahr Banoo and Alqadr are situated in the southeast and the heights of Qasr-e-Firoozeh been located to the east of the province.

Environmentally, the climate of Tehran province is stable and has four seasons, in winter its experiences cold and snowy conditions, in spring and autumn it experiences generally mild conditions with ample rain, and in summer it experiences warm to hot conditions, and is generally dry. In the mountains, however, it is cold and semi-humid all year round, and the higher regions are colder with long winters. The hottest months of the year are from mid-July to mid-September when temperatures range from 28 °C (82 °F) to 30 °C (86 °F) and the coldest months experience 1 °C (34 °F) around January–February, but at certain times in winter it can reach −20 °C (−4 °F). Tehran city has cold winters and warm to hot summers. Average annual rainfall is approximately 200 millimetres (7.9 in), the maximum being during the winter season mostly in the form of snow. On the whole, the province has a cold semi-arid, steppe climate in the south and an alpine climate in the north.

Tehran Province map

Administrative divisions

Tehran province population history
Administrative Divisions2006[5]2011[6]2016[2]
Baharestan County1—523,636536,329
Damavand County96,860100,690125,480
Eslamshahr County447,192485,688548,620
Firuzkuh County37,41638,71233,558
Karaj County21,709,481——
Malard County3—373,994377,292
Nazarabad County2128,666——
Pakdasht County240,841291,397350,966
Pardis County4——169,060
Pishva County5—75,45486,601
Qarchak County5——269,138
Qods County3—290,663316,636
Ray County292,016319,305349,700
Robat Karim County608,530195,917291,516
Savojbolagh County2215,086——
Shahriar County1,044,707624,440744,210
Shemiranat County37,77844,06147,279
Tehran County7,882,8438,293,1408,737,510
Varamin County540,442526,294283,742
Total13,281,85812,183,39113,267,637
1Separated from Robat Karim County
2Separated from Tehran province
3Separated from Shahriar County
4Separated from Tehran County
5Separated from Varamin County

Cities

According to the 2016 census, 12,452,230 people (nearly 94% of the population of Tehran province) live in the following cities: Abali 2,758, Absard 10,648, Ahmadabad-e Mostowfi 14,077, Andisheh 116,062, Arjomand 1,124, Baghestan 83,934, Baqershahr 65,388, Bumahen 79,034, Chahardangeh 49,950, Damavand 48,380, Eslamshahr 448,129, Fasham 6,945, Ferdowsieh 34,221, Ferunabad 21,682, Firuzkuh 17,453, Golestan 239,556, Hasanabad 43,922, Javadabad 4,844, Kahrizak 37,527, Kilan 2,882, Lavasan 18,146, Malard 281,027, Nasimshahr 200,393, Nasirshahr 28,644, Pakdasht 236,319, Parand 97,464, Pardis 73,363, Pishva 59,184, Qarchak 231,075, Qods 309,605, Robat Karim 105,393, Rudehen 28,533, Sabashahr 53,971, Safadasht 32,476, Salehabad 58,683, Shahedshahr 25,544, Shahriar 309,607, Sharifabad 18,281, Shemshak 3,423, Tehran 8,693,706, Vahidieh 33,249, and Varamin 225,628.[2]

The following table shows the ten largest cities of Tehran province:[2]

Rank Name County 2016
1 Tehran Tehran 8,693,706
2 Eslamshahr Eslamshahr 448,129
3 Shahriar Shahriar 309,607
4 Qods Qods 309,605
5 Malard Malard 281,027
6 Golestan Baharestan 239,556
7 Pakdasht Pakdasht 236,319
8 Qarchak Qarchak 231,075
9 Varamin Varamin 225,628
10 Nasimshahr Baharestan 200,393

Tehran province today

Tehran is the commercial heart of Iran. Tehran province has over 17,000 industrial units employing 390,000 people, 26% of all units in Iran. The province contains 30% of Iran's economy, and comprises 40% of Iran's consumer market. The province has three hydro dams namely Latiyan, Lar, and Amir Kabir as well as two natural lakes, providing the water supply of Tehran and the province.

The province contains 170 mines, over 330 square kilometres of forests, and over 12800 square kilometres of pasture.

Generally speaking, year round, regions such as the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains, especially in the mountains, valleys, and rivers and artificial lakes formed behind the great dams of Amir Kabir, Latiyan and Lar along with natural lakes of Jaban and Tarr provide considerable recreation for the province.

Moreover, due to excessive snowfall in the northern areas of the province during the winter season, the Alborz mountains form an excellent environment for winter sports such as skiing. Dizin, Shemshak, and Tochal are the most popular skiing resorts.

Anthropology

Tehran province is the most populous province of Iran.[8][9] The population density in this province is 969 people per square kilometer.[10] During a research that was commissioned by the General Culture Council in 2009 and based on a field survey and a statistical community among the residents of 288 cities and about 1400 villages across the country, the percentage of ethnic groups that were sampled in this survey in this province was as follows. Persians was 56.9%, Azari 56.9%, Northern (Mazani, Gilak and Talish) 30.3%, Kurdish 5.5%, Lurs 2.8%, Baloch 2.1%.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]

Ethnicities

Persians

The majority of the people of Tehran province are Persian-speaking tribes and clans, in such a way that the city of Tehran is considered the largest Persian-speaking city in the world.[18][19]

Azerbaijanis

Azerbaijanis are one of the Iranian ethnic groups living in Tehran province, who also form the largest group of immigrants in Tehran province. Azeris in Tehran speak Turkish, Azeri and Farsi languages.[20][21][22][23][24]

Mazanderanis

Mazanderanis are the third largest tribe of Tehran province, who mostly migrated to Tehran from the cities of Babol, Sari, Amol, Qaem Shahr and Savadkuh. In addition to Tehran city, Mazanderani language is also spoken in Firuzkuh, Damavand and Shemiranat cities.[25][26]

Kurds

Many Kurds have migrated to Tehran province in recent years to continue their studies or to find jobs. Also, the people of Sarbandan, Jaban, Sorkheh Deh and Khosrovan districts of Damavand county in the east of Tehran province speak Kurmanji Kurdish language. The people of these areas are Kurmanji Kurds who moved to this area from Khorasan during the Qajar period. Simultaneously with the migration of Kurmanji tribes from Khorasan to Damavand, another group of Kurds from Khorasan migrated from Chenaran to Piranshahr, one of the cities of Kurdistan south of Lake Urmia.[27][28][29][30]

Lurs

Many Lurs migrate to Tehran province every year, and in this way, Tehran has a minority of Lurs. Also, Hadavand clan is one of the oldest and largest clans of Tehran province, which moved to Tehran province during the time of Karim Khan Zand.[31][32][33]

Gilaks

A population of Gilaks also live in Tehran and speak Gilaki and Farsi languages.

Armenians

A population of Iranian Armenians mainly lives in the eastern areas of Tehran.[34][35][36][37]

Citizens of other countries

Afghans: About 2 million Afghan nationals live in Tehran.

Iraqis of Iranian origin

a population of Iraqi nationals who are of Iranian origin that live in Dolat Abad area of Tehran.

The unstable situation and the war in neighbouring Afghanistan and Iraq prompted a rush of refugees into the country who arrived in their millions, with Tehran being a magnet for much seeking work, who subsequently helped the city to recover from war wounds, working for far less pay than local construction workers. Many of these refugees are being repatriated with the assistance of the UNHCR, but there are still sizable groups of Afghan and Iraqi refugees in Tehran who are reluctant to leave, being pessimistic about the situation in their own countries. Afghan refugees are mostly Dari-speaking Tajik and Hazara, speaking a variety of Persian, and Iraqi refugees are mainly Mesopotamian Arabic-speakers who are often of Iranian and Persian ethnic heritage.[38][39][40][41][42]

Transportation

Road transport

Freeways (in blue) and main roads (in green) in Tehran province

Tehran province is served by a large freeway and expressway network:


Rail network

National Rail Network

The city of Tehran is connected to the North, South, West and East with the railway. It has weekly trains for Istanbul. Tehran is the headquarters of RAJA (Iran national railway). There may be plans to build high speed railway lines from Tehran to Mashhad and Isfahan.

Tehran Metro

Hassan Abad Sq. Metro station

Tehran is served by a system of metro of three urban lines (1, 2, 4) and one suburban line (5) serving Karaj and Tehran western suburbs. There are plans to extend the system to eight urban lines and express express suburban lines.

Airports

Tehran province has two main passenger airports:

It also has a number of air force bases.

Parks, recreation and other attractions

A view of Tehran and Alborz Mountains
The Niavaran Public Library is nestled snugly within the Niavaran city park.
View of Mount Damavand (itself located in Mazandaran province) as seen from the Dizin ski resort.
Milad tower

Religious centers

Mosques, shrines, mausoleums, and tombs

Churches

Higher education

Sharif University of Technology main campus

Tehran province's major universities are:

See also

bibliography

  • Ahmady, Kameel (2023). From Border to Border. Moldova: Scholars’ Press publishes. ISBN 9786206769538.
  • Shahri, Jafar (2002). old Tehran (in Persian). Tehran: Moein publication.
  • Mahmoudian, AliAkbar (2008). A look at Tehran from the beginning until now. Tehran: Institute of Geographical and Cartographic Gitaology.

References

  1. 1 2 همشهری آنلاین-استان‌های کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 23. Archived from the original (Excel) on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  3. ↑ "توجه: تفاوت در سرجمع به دليل گرد شدن ارقام به رقم هزار مي باشد. (in Persian)". Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  4. ↑ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  5. 1 2 "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 23. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  6. 1 2 "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)" (Excel). Iran Data Portal (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 23. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  7. ↑ www.sci.org.ir/content/userfiles/_sci_en/sci_en/sel/j-shvro-84.html. Retrieved November 2011 Archived 2021-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ "Tehran |". www.stonybrook.edu. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  9. ↑ Wainwright, Oliver (2019-01-09). "'Like LA with minarets': how concrete and cars came to rule Tehran". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  10. ↑ "Tehran, Iran Metro Area Population 1950-2023". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  11. ↑ Ahmady, Kameel (2022-08-25). "Ethnicity and Identities in Iran: Progress and Equality". International Journal of Kurdish Studies. 8 (2): 238–272. doi:10.21600/ijoks.1148638. ISSN 2149-2751. S2CID 251379094.
  12. ↑ شماره کتابشناسه ملّی:۲۸۸۷۱۴۱طرح بررسی و سنجش شاخص‌های فرهنگ عمومی کشور (شاخص‌های غیرثبتی){گزارش}:استان تهران/به سفارش شورای فرهنگ عمومی کشور؛ مدیر طرح و مسئول سیاست گذاری:منصور واعظی؛ اجرا:شرکت پژوهشگران خبره پارس -شابک:۷-۴۲-۶۶۲۷-۶۰۰-۹۷۸ *وضعیت نشر:تهران-موسسه انتشارات کتاب نشر ۱۳۹۱ *وضعیت ظاهری:۲۹۶ ص:جدول (بخش رنگی)، نمودار (بخش رنگی) [The project of surveying and measuring the country's public culture indicators] (in Persian). Tehran.
  13. ↑ "Iran's Ethnic Groups". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  14. ↑ "A Geopolitical Analysis of Ethnicity in Iran" (PDF).
  15. ↑ Shahshahani, Soheila (2022-11-02). "Anthropology and ethnic studies, Iran". International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology. 6 (1): 17. doi:10.1186/s41257-022-00077-6. ISSN 2366-1003.
  16. ↑ "Tehran | History, Population, & Tourism | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2023-10-28. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  17. ↑ Kazemi, Mehrshad; Takmil Homayon, Naser; Shabani, Reza (2019-08-23). "Representation of ethics, social behaviors and cultural traditions of Tehran's people during the Qajar period, Relying on foreign traveler reports". Journal of History. 14 (55): 40–61. ISSN 1735-8221.
  18. ↑ "Tehran | History, Population, & Tourism | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2023-10-28. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  19. ↑ "Tehran Population 2023". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  20. ↑ Ahmady, Kameel (2019). From Border to Border. Comprehensive research study on identity and ethnicity in Iran. Mehri publication.
  21. ↑ "Tehran, Iran - Image of the Week - Earth Watching". earth.esa.int. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  22. ↑ "Iran - Azarbaijanis". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  23. ↑ "About this Collection | Country Studies | Digital Collections | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  24. ↑ "dspace.khazar.org/jspui/handle".
  25. ↑ TABNAK, تابناک |. "یک میلیون مازندرانی در تهران هستند" [There are one million Mazanderanis in Tehran]. fa (in Persian). Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  26. ↑ "«یک و نیم میلیون مازندرانی پایتخت‌نشین شدند». ایرنا" [There are one and a half million Mazanderanis in Tehran] (in Persian).
  27. ↑ Ahmady, Kameel (2022-01-25). "A Peace-Oriented Investigation of the Ethnic Identity Challenge in Iran (A Study of Five Iranian Ethnic Groups with the GT Method)". International Journal of Kurdish Studies. 8 (1): 1–40. doi:10.21600/ijoks.1039049. ISSN 2149-2751. S2CID 245507220.
  28. ↑ https://tarood.ir/%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86/
  29. ↑ Yazdanpanah, Hassan; Zarghi, Afshin; Shafaati, Ali Reza; Foroutan, Seyyed Mohsen; Aboul-Fathi, Farshid; Khoddam, Arash; Nazari, Firoozeh (2012). "Exposure assessment of the tehran population (iran) to zearalenone mycotoxin". Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR. 11 (1): 251–256. ISSN 1735-0328. PMC 3813106. PMID 24250447.
  30. ↑ "بررسی ابعاد مهاجرت کُردها به تهران و اقلیم کُردستان" [Investigating the dimensions of Kurdish migration to Tehran and the Kurdistan region]. dana.ir (in Persian). Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  31. ↑ "طی پنج سال گذشته؛ 42 هزار لرستانی به تهران مهاجرت کرده‌اند" [Over the past five years; 42 thousand people from Lurestan have migrated to Tehran]. پايگاه خبري یافته (لرستان) (in Persian). 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  32. ↑ "Iranian Lurs Ethnic - Bakhtiari Nomad People in Iran". 2023-03-19. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  33. ↑ "Lur | Persian Plateau, Ethnic Group, Nomadic | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  34. ↑ Iskandaryan, Gohar (2019). "The Armenian community in Iran: issues and emigration". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  35. ↑ "Tehran". Society for Orphaned Armenian Relief (SOAR). Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  36. ↑ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  37. ↑ "FACTBOX-Facts about Armenians in Iran". Reuters. 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  38. ↑ "Refugees in Iran".
  39. ↑ Ahmady, Kameel. Ahmady, Kameel 2021:Traces of Exploitation in Childhood A Comprehensive Research on Forms, Causes and Consequences of Child Labour in Iran. Avaye Buf, Denmark (in Persian).
  40. ↑ "Nearly 2.5 Million Afghans Reside in Western Tehran". Iran International. 2023-11-03. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  41. ↑ Azadi, RFE/RL's Radio. "Afghan Refugees In Iran Say Camps Filled With Misery As They Await Fate". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  42. ↑ Rahimitabar, Parisa; Kraemer, Alexander; Bozorgmehr, Kayvan; Ebrahimi, Fatemeh; Takian, Amirhossein (2023-01-21). "Health condition of Afghan refugees residing in Iran in comparison to Germany: a systematic review of empirical studies". International Journal for Equity in Health. 22 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/s12939-023-01832-7. ISSN 1475-9276. PMC 9862781. PMID 36681845.
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