A teenage tragedy song is a style of ballad in popular music that peaked in popularity in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Examples of the style are also known as "tear jerkers", "death discs" or "splatter platters",[1] among other colorful sobriquets coined by DJs that then passed into vernacular as the songs became popular. Often lamenting teenage death scenarios in melodramatic fashion, these songs were often sung from the viewpoint of the dead person's sweetheart, as in "Last Kiss"[2] (1961), or another witness to the tragedy, or the dead (or dying) person.[1] Notable examples include "Teen Angel" by Mark Dinning (1959), "Tell Laura I Love Her" by Ray Peterson (1960), "Ebony Eyes" by the Everly Brothers (1961), "Dead Man's Curve" by Jan and Dean (1964), and "Leader of the Pack" by the Shangri-Las (1964).[3] The genre's popularity faded around 1965 (as a mostly American phenomenon, it was one of many musical styles drowned out by the British Invasion),[4] but the hits from its heyday inspired a host of similar songs and parodies over the years.

Origins and format

By the mid-1950s, postwar youth culture in the U.S. was embracing rock and roll, and the folk revival was also approaching its zenith – the narrative style of many teenage tragedy songs had similarities to folk balladry.[5] Prison ballads (such as the Kingston Trio's "Tom Dooley", based on a folk song about a real murder) and gunfighter ballads (such as Johnny Cash's "Don't Take Your Guns to Town" and Marty Robbins' "El Paso", with similar themes of death, were also popular during the form's heyday. ("El Paso" was followed at #1 by two consecutive teenage tragedy songs, "Running Bear" and "Teen Angel".)

The teen tragedy genre's popular era began with "Black Denim Trousers and Motorcycle Boots", written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. Released just before 24-year-old actor James Dean's death in an automobile accident in the fall of 1955, it climbed the charts immediately afterward.[6] Teenage tragedies had specific thematic[7] tropes such as star-crossed lovers,[7] reckless youth, eternal devotion, suicide, and despair over lost love; along with lyrical elements that teens of the time could relate to their own lives[5] – such as dating, motorcycles and automobiles (car songs also being popular during the 1950s), and disapproving parents or peers.[3][8] Contemporary girl groups of the '60s also borrowed the genre's melodramatic template (as well as the use of sound effects, orchestration, echo and other sonic touches) for non-fatal but otherwise tragic story-songs, such as Reparata and the Delrons' over-the-top "Saturday Night Didn't Happen" and its B-side, "Panic", in 1968. In the Pussycats' 1966 "Dressed in Black", (co-written by George 'Shadow' Morton, and originally a Shangri-Las B-side) and in "We Don't Belong" by UK singer Sylvan (1965), the heartbreak and melancholy are palpable – and in Sylvan's case, nearly suicidal.[4]

Ethnomusicologist Kirsten Zemke considers these songs as forming a strictly musical genre that was bound by common thematic tropes, musical style and production elements; and as being particularly of their time. As for their popularity, she writes:

They sold well in their time, and the style has persisted throughout the decades in various forms. And … they have an interesting history. The question some writers have asked is "why?". Some of the reasons suggested for this genre’s macabre popularity are:

These were the ultimate teen rebellion songs. The only way out of parents' (and/or societal) control and expectations was death.
They were a natural extension of the "unrequited love" song, facilitated by the obvious rhyming of: good bye, cry and die.
There were a number of publicized deaths of pop stars and young actors during that period, including Sam Cooke, Johnny Ace, Eddie Cochran; and of course the plane crash that killed Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and the Big Bopper in 1959. This might explain the interest in songs around death, tragedy and sorrow.[9]

Examples

TitleOriginal artistYearSongwriter(s)SynopsisNotes
"Black Denim Trousers and Motorcycle Boots"The Cheers1955Jerry Leiber, Mike StollerProtagonist collides with speeding train, presumed dead but never found.U.S. #6.
"Endless Sleep"Jody Reynolds1958Jody Reynolds, Dolores NanceMan believes his girlfriend has drowned, goes to the sea to do the same but finds and saves her.Precursor of the genre.[10] The song's original ending was to have the man's girlfriend die, but it was changed at the request of the record company to give the song a happy ending. U.S. #5.
"The Grave"Tony Casanova1958Tony CasanovaBoyfriend laments the death of his girlfriend, cause of death unspecified.
"Running Bear"Johnny Preston1959J. P. Richardson (The Big Bopper)The couple drowns.The chart success followed Richardson's own death in a plane crash along with Buddy Holly and Ritchie Valens. U.S. #1.
"The Ballad of Angel"Bobby Swanson1959Bobby SwansonNarrator’s girlfriend has died, cause unspecified.
"Teen Angel"Mark Dinning1959Jean Dinning, Red SurreyCouple’s car stalls on railroad track; boyfriend pulled girl out in time but she ran back to get his ring and got killed.U.S. #1.
"Tell Laura I Love Her"Ray Peterson[11]1960Jeff Barry, Ben RaleighProtagonist dies in an automobile racing accident while trying to win the $1,000 prize money to buy an engagement ring.Cover by Ricky Valance was #1 in the UK. U.S. #7.
"The Water Was Red"Johnny Cymbal1960Stanley WagnerNarrator meets girl on the beach, then she dies in a shark attack. Devastated, the narrator picks up a knife and sets off to kill the shark in retribution.
"Ebony Eyes"The Everly Brothers1961John D. LoudermilkProtagonist's fiancée dies in a plane crash on the way to the wedding.U.S. #8, UK #1, Can. #2
"The Prom"Del Shannon1961Del ShannonNarrator is on his way to the high school prom, sees his date fatally injured in a car accident.
"Moody River"Pat Boone1961Gary D. BruceSinger's girlfriend commits suicide by drowning.U.S. #1.
"Johnny Remember Me"John Leyton1961Geoff GoddardProtagonist's girlfriend died a year ago, cause unspecified, he still misses her.Produced by Joe Meek; later covered by psychobilly band The Meteors. UK #1.
"Last Kiss"[2]Wayne Cochran & the C.C. Riders1961Wayne CochranNarrator’s girlfriend dies in a traffic accident.The J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers cover was a 1964 U.S. #2
Cover by Pearl Jam was a 1999 U.S. #2.
"Jimmy Love" Cathy Carroll 1961 Jody Reynolds, Bert Carroll Narrator walks home with her fiance, lightning strikes a tree, a branch breaks off and kills him.
"Star Crossed Lovers" The Mystics 1961 T. Cooper & E. Zolas Young couple elope, die in car crash. B-side of "Goodbye Mr Blues".
"The Ballad of Billy Brown" Mort (Doc) Downey, Jr. 1961 Mort Downey Jr. Boyfriend has unexpectedly died, cause unspecified.
"A Thousand Feet Below" Terry Tyler 1961 C. Miller-Munn & J.W. Foster Girlfriend commits suicide, boyfriend blames himself but doesn’t specify why, decides to do it too.
"Leah"Roy Orbison1962Roy OrbisonProtagonist thinks he's drowning while diving for pearls to give as love tokens, wakes and realises it's a dream about his dead girlfriend. U.S. #25, Can. #7
"Call Me Lonesome"Arthur Alexander1962Arthur AlexanderAt a party another man dances with protagonist's girlfriend; when challenged, he stabs protagonist to death.Unreleased until 1987; early version of "Lonely Just Like Me"
"Patches"Dickey Lee1962Barry Mann, Larry KolberPatches commits suicide by drowning; her boyfriend follows suit.U.S. #6.
"Echo"The Emotions1962The Emotions, Henry BoyeNarrator reminisces about the time he crashed a car and his girlfriend died.
"Chapel Bells Ringing"Gene Summers1962M. TorverProtagonist's fiancée has died, cause unspecified.
"Oh, Susie Forgive Me" Kenny Karen 1962 Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil Reckless boyfriend crashes car leaving girlfriend paraplegic; he robs a store to fund her surgery, gets shot by cops and lies dying at her feet as he realises she can walk after all.
"The Pickup" Mark Dinning 1962 Helen Carter Narrator on a first date feels overwhelmed by his strength of feeling for the girl, is embarrassed so says he doesn’t want to see her again; she swiftly kills herself and he is sad.B-side of "All of This for Sally".
"Tragic Honeymoon" Cody Brennan & the Temptations 1962 Tony Lindauer Narrator recalls his friends; newlyweds get distracted while driving, crash and die.
"Teenage Honeymoon" Kenny Ancel 1962 Buddy Mize Newlyweds killed in a car crash.
"A Tear for Jesse" Jody Reynolds 1963 George R Brown, Dennis Hardesty Couple try to elope but her parents catch them; she commits suicide.
"A Young Man Is Gone"The Beach Boys1963Bobby Troup, Mike LoveMan dies in car crash.Though it doesn't mention him by name, it appears to refer to James Dean.
"B.J. the D.J."Stonewall Jackson1963Hugh X. LewisCountry music radio DJ gets little sleep and drives a poorly maintained car, with fatal results.U.S. Country #1
"Dead Man's Curve"Jan and Dean1964Jan Berry, Roger Christian, Brian Wilson, Artie KornfeldThe protagonist is severely injured; his racing opponent is killed.U.S. #8.
"Terry"Twinkle1964Lynn Ripley (Twinkle)Couple have an argument, boy leaves on his motorcycle and fatally injures himself; unclear if it was deliberate.UK #4[4]
"Leader of the Pack"The Shangri-Las1964George "Shadow" Morton, Jeff Barry, Ellie GreenwichJimmy, the titular motorcycle gang leader, is killed in a motorcycle crash.U.S. #1, Can. #3.
"The Hero"Bernadette Carroll1964B. Nosal, P. MaheuProtagonist's fiance is a high school football player, his team bus crashes and kills everyone aboard.A regional airplay hit in North Carolina (#1), Florida, West Virginia and elsewhere[12]
"Laurie (Strange Things Happen)"[13]Dickey Lee1965Milton Addington, Cathie HarmonNarrator recounts a tale similar to the story of Resurrection Mary.U.S. #14, Can. #6.
"Give Us Your Blessings"The Shangri-Las1965Jeff Barry, Ellie GreenwichA girl’s parents don’t approve of her boyfriend, the couple elope and both die in a car crash with an unspecified cause, vision impeded by tears is suggested.U.S. #29, Can. #11
"I Can Never Go Home Anymore"The Shangri-Las1965George "Shadow" MortonFollowing an argument with her mother, the narrator runs away only to regret it when her mother dies of a broken heart.U.S. #6, Can. #2.
"A Young Girl of Sixteen"Noel Harrison1965Charles Aznavour, Oscar Brown Jr., Robert ChauvignyRich girl elopes with a man who eventually leaves her; she dies in an unspecified manner.From a French song recorded by Aznavour in 1959[14] and by Edith Piaf in 1951. U.S. #51, Can. #5.
"Nightmare"[15]Lori Burton/
The Whyte Boots		1966Pam Sawyer, Lori BurtonGirl’s boyfriend goes off with another girl; goaded on by her friends, she attacks the other girl and accidentally kills her."The Whyte Boots" were a fabricated girl group; Burton sang lead and the track is on her 1967 LP Breakout[4]
"Ode to Billie Joe"Bobbie Gentry1967Bobbie GentryLocal boy commits suicide, narrator’s family are somewhat indifferent.U.S. #1, Can. #1
"Condition Red"The Goodees1968Don Davis, Freddie BriggsGirl’s parents disapprove of her boyfriend; he leaves on his motorcycle and immediately fatally crashes into a car.U.S. #46, Can. #14[4]
"Sweet Rosie Jones"Buck Owens1968Buck OwensProtagonist’s girlfriend falls for another man; she says she’d ‘rather die than hurt you’, but it’s unclear if she actually does die; either way, he plans to drown himself in response.Title track from Owens’ album of the same name. #2 US Country, #4 CAN Country.
"D.O.A." Bloodrock 1971 Jim Rutledge, Lee Pickens, Ed Grundy, Chris Taylor, Stevie Hill, Rick Cobb Protagonist was in a plane crash, has lost both his arms and is now receiving medical attention but is about to die from his injuries. U.S. #36
"Seasons in the Sun"Terry Jacks1974Jacques Brel, Rod McKuenMan reflects on his life in light of his impending death.English-language adaptation of Brel's "Le Moribond".[16] CAN #1, US #1, UK #1
"Emma"Hot Chocolate1974Errol Brown, Tony WilsonTeen sweethearts get married, some time later the wife kills herself due to failure to be a film star. U.S. #8, U.K. #3
"Run Joey Run"David Geddes1975Paul Vance & Jack PerriconeProtagonist gets his girlfriend pregnant; her father goes after him with a gun; girlfriend pleads with father for mercy; father accidentally shoots daughter; angels sing.US Billboard #4, Cash Box #1; Canada #12
"Hello, This Is Joanie"Paul Evans1978Paul Evans, Fred TobiasProtagonist had a drunken argument with titular girlfriend and she left in anger and died in a car crash; he consoles himself by listening to the outgoing message on her answering machine.UK #6
"Bat Out of Hell"Meat Loaf1978Jim SteinmanProtagonist is a motorcyclist, riding "faster than any other boy has ever gone." He is so involved that he "never [sees] the sudden curve till it's way too late." Drums and a roaring guitar indicate the crash. The biker lies fatally injured, "torn and twisted at the foot of a burning bike." He can see his "heart still beating." Throughout the song, the repeated line "I'll be gone when the morning comes" is a double entendre of leaving his lover and of his impending death.[17][18] The song was inspired by as "Leader of the Pack", "Terry" and "Tell Laura I Love Her"; Steinman wanted to write the "most extreme crash song of all time".[18]UK #8

Deathless themes

Teenagers meeting with tragedy in song was not new in the 1950s (or for that matter in the 1650s, around the time "Barbara Allen" was popular). In literature, it has been a recurring and resonant theme over centuries, most notably in William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Another early example in song is "Oh My Darling, Clementine", published in 1884 but based on earlier songs and apparently written as a parody.[19]

As popular music and the society it mirrored changed from the late 1960s onward, the themes carried on in different forms and styles. Songs and spoken-word productions about the dangers of drug abuse joined the parade of pathos on radio airwaves, ranging from three-minute morality plays to lamentations (from the parental perspective) on the generation gap. These include "Once You Understand" by Think (U.S. #23, 1971) and radio and TV host Art Linkletter's Grammy-winning single "We Love You, Call Collect" (U.S. #42, 1969). Recorded before his daughter Diane's apparent suicide in 1969, the record also included Diane speaking the reply, "Dear Mom and Dad".[20] Into the 1970s, as the Vietnam War continued, hit ballads of youth and death included Terry Jacks' No. 1 hit "Seasons in the Sun" (1974), their protagonists of indeterminate age, or slightly older than teens. A song that was thought to have referenced the Civil War was Paper Lace's 1974 hit "Billy Don't Be a Hero", made a bigger hit in the U.S. by Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods. Hard-rock acts recorded vehicular death scenarios such as "D.O.A." (Bloodrock, 1971), "Detroit Rock City" (Kiss, 1976) and "Bat Out of Hell" (Meat Loaf, 1977).

Teenage tragedy would continue to chart through the 1970s. In 1979, "I Don't Like Mondays" was written by Bob Geldof and Johnnie Fingers,[21] inspired by the Grover Cleveland school shooting in San Diego that occurred while the Boomtown Rats were on tour in the U.S.[22] The song went to No. 1 in the U.K., and No. 4 in Canada.[23] The Smiths' 1987 song "Girlfriend in a Coma" also took inspiration from teenage tragedy songs, by taking the melodramatic aspect and pushing it to extremes. Some songs merely updated the sound of the previous era, such as "Racing Car" by Dutch group Air Bubble (1976), while others used the melodic and stylistic tropes of teen tragedy in tougher, grittier settings, as in the Ramones' "You're Gonna Kill That Girl" (1977) and "7-11" (1981), and the Misfits' "Saturday Night" (1999). "Teen Idle" by Marina and the Diamonds (2012), evoking an archetype of disenfranchised youth, is a thematic heir to the original teen tragedy oeuvre.[24]

Satires and parodies

Notable parody songs, satires and send-ups of teen tragedy over the decades have included:

  • "Let's Think About Living" (1960), with Bob Luman mocking then-current musical trends, and trying to steer listeners away from the fascination with teenage death songs and gunfighter ballads.
  • "Valerie", a 1961 doo-wop styled teen tragedy spoof by the Mark III, a young folk trio.[25]
  • "All I Have Left is Johnny's Hubcap" on the 1962 parody album, Mad “Twists” Rock ’n’ Roll, produced in association with Mad magazine.
  • "Surfin' Tragedy" (1963) by the Breakers, in which a surfer careens "90 miles an hour" into a Malibu pier, killing him instantly. It is included on The Rhino Brothers Present the World's Worst Records.
  • "Leader of the Laundromat" by the Detergents (1964), a direct parody of the Shangri-Las' hit, written by Paul Vance and Lee Pockriss. The Detergents were a studio group that included singer Ron Dante, later of the Archies.[26]
  • Jimmy Cross's "I Want My Baby Back" (1965), a novelty record about a fatal head-on collision with "The Leader of the Pack", narrated in a down-home patter reminiscent of Andy Griffith. The single made the Billboard Hot 100 (reaching #92), and became a cult classic years later from airplay on Dr. Demento's syndicated radio show; it is on the World's Worst Records compilation[27] and on Rhino's 1984 compilation LP Teenage Tragedies.
  • In a 1965 episode of The Lucy Show, "Lucy in the Music World", Lucille Ball tried to appeal to teenagers with a song about a boyfriend whose "surfboard came back by itself." She had been advised that youth today "aren't happy unless they're miserable."[6]
  • "Death Cab for Cutie" by the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band (1967), the inspiration for the band of the same name.
  • Randy Newman's song "Lucinda", on his 1970 album 12 Songs, concerns a girl who falls asleep on the beach in her graduation gown, and is killed and buried by a beach cleaning machine.[28]
  • In John Entwistle's "Roller Skate Kate", from his 1973 album Rigor Mortis Sets In, the heroine is killed while skating in the high-speed lane of the motorway.
  • 10cc's 1973 song "Johnny Don't Do It", done in the style of early 1960s girl-group songs, with the trope of the bad boy who is good but misunderstood. Johnny steals a motorcycle and hits a truck, killing his girlfriend along with himself.[29]
  • "Pizza Man," a parody of "Leader of the Pack", sung by Alice Playten as part of the National Lampoon Lemmings stage show and subsequent album, in 1973.[30]
  • Gilda Radner, Jane Curtin, and Laraine Newman recorded a song for season 2 of Saturday Night Live entitled "Chevy, Chevy" which is a send-up of teen tragedy, presenting Chevy Chase as a teen idol.
  • On The Rich Little Show of March 8, 1976, Tom Bosley and "Sweathogs" Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs, Robert Hegyes, and Ron Palillo sang a parody of the genre called "Pizza Death", in which the simple-minded driver of a pizzeria delivery van crashed, affording the by-standers an opportunity for free pizza.
  • "My Baby's the Star of a Driver's Ed Movie," a 1983 song by Blotto.
  • "The Homecoming Queen's Got a Gun" by comedian and singer Julie Brown. Released nationally in 1984, the song (along with an accompanying video in heavy MTV rotation) was both a parody of the genre, and a satire of valley girl culture.[31]
  • Tom Chapin and Michael Mark wrote a parody of a teenage tragedy song called "The Battle Beast and Barbie" for Chapin's 1994 album "So Nice To Come Home." Written in the parodic style of a '60s girl group tragedy ballad, it involves two plastic toys who "met by accident and fell in love", only for Battle Beast to be shot down by "Ken" at the school prom.
  • The MST3K treatment of the 1996 film Werewolf included a sketch in which Mike and the bots dressed up as a girl group to sing "Where, O Werewolf", about "Suzy" (Mike) in a doomed relationship with her werewolf boyfriend.
  • "Road Man" by Smash Mouth, in which a roadie is hit by a train while rushing to get the band's gear to a show.
  • Rilo Kiley, with lead singer Jenny Lewis, recorded "Teenage Love Song", a genre parody in which the singer laments being abandoned by her boyfriend after having sex in a motel room.
  • In "The Living End" by the Jesus and Mary Chain, a leather-clad biker in love with himself ends up crashing into a tree.[32]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Alternative Love Songs from the Teenage Tragedy Vault". NPR. February 14, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  2. 1 2 "Last Kiss: The Incredible, Convoluted Story Behind This Classic #1 Hit". Forgotten Hits. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
  3. 1 2 Luan Lawrenson-Woods (July 2, 2013). "Leader of the Pack". The Popular Romance Project. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Sheila Burgel (2005), One Kiss Can Lead to Another: Song by Song, Rhino Entertainment
  5. 1 2 Todd Leopold (March 30, 2006). "The teenager's death song". CNN. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  6. 1 2 "Splatter Platters: A Look at Teenage Tragedy Songs". Go Retro. July 9, 2013. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  7. 1 2 "Genre Rules with Dr. Kirsten Zemke: 'Teenage Coffin Songs'". 95bFM, Auckland, New Zealand. November 18, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
  8. ↑ Rife, Katie (September 14, 2016). "Screeching tires and busting glass: Defining the teen-tragedy song in 60 minutes". AV Club.
  9. ↑ Zemke, Kirsten (September 22, 2015). "What the Genre? Teenage Coffin Songs". APRA/AMCOS. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
  10. ↑ R. Serge Denisoff (1989). "'Teen Angel': Resistance, Rebellion and Death – Revisited". In Timothy E. Scheurer (ed.). American Popular Music: The age of rock. Popular Press. p. 96.
  11. ↑ "Ray Peterson, balladeer of teenage tragedy". Boston Globe. January 29, 2005. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
  12. ↑ "Ask 'Mr. Music'". Jerryosborne.com. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
  13. ↑ "More Music Madness: Teen death songs will never die". NBC News. September 14, 2007. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
  14. ↑ "A Young Girl of 16". Lyricsplayground.com. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
  15. ↑ "Lori Burton::Nightmare (Mono Single Version)". Aquarium Drunkard. October 3, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
  16. ↑ "30 years since the death of Jacques Brel: his life, his art, his legacy - World Socialist Web Site". Wsws.org. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
  17. ↑ Meat Loaf (commentary) (2004). Meat Loaf Live with the Melbourne Symphone Orchestra (DVD). Melbourne: Warner Music Vision.
  18. 1 2 Jim Steinman (1999). Classic Albums: Meat Loaf Bat Out of Hell (DVD). Image Entertainment.
  19. ↑ Butler, Andrew (October 31, 2014). Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9. ISBN 9781844578375. Retrieved March 22, 2019 – via Google Books.
  20. ↑ "TV Show Host Art Linkletter Dies at 97". Foxnews.com. May 26, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
  21. ↑ Aine McMahon (January 26, 2019). "Geldof and Fingers reach settlement over 'I Don't Like Mondays'". The Irish Times. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  22. ↑ Staff. "I Don't Like Mondays". Snopes.com. Snopes. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  23. ↑ Clarke, Steve (October 18–31, 1979). The Fastest Lip on Vinyl. EMAP National Publications Ltd. pp. 6–7. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ Monger, James Christopher. "Electra Heart – Marina and the Diamonds". AllMusic. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  25. ↑ "Man/Valerie 45". 45cat. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
  26. ↑ Richie Unterberger. "The Detergents | Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
  27. ↑ Daryl W. Bullock (2015). Jimmy Cross: I Want My Baby Back. Bristol Green Publishing. ISBN 9781482624465. Retrieved April 10, 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  28. ↑ Courrier, Kevin (March 22, 2019). Randy Newman's American Dreams. ECW Press. p. 104. ISBN 9781550226904. Retrieved March 22, 2019 – via Google Books.
  29. ↑ "10 Cc - Johnny Don't Do It Lyrics". MetroLyrics.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved July 20, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  30. ↑ "1972–1973 Obie Awards". infoplease.com. Archived from the original on September 17, 2009. Retrieved November 27, 2009.
  31. ↑ "The Homecoming Queen's Got A Gun - Julie Brown". The Demented Music Database. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
  32. ↑ "The Jesus and Mary Chain – The Living End". Genius.com. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
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