The 828-metre (2,717 ft) tall Burj Khalifa in Dubai has been the tallest building since 2010.[1] The Burj Khalifa has been classified as megatall.[2]
A diagram showing the tallest buildings as of 2023

Tall buildings, such as skyscrapers, are intended here as enclosed structures with continuously occupiable floors and a height of at least 340 metres (1,120 ft). Such definition excludes non-building structures, such as towers.

History

Historically, the world's tallest man-made structure was the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, which held the position for over 3800 years[3] until the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in 1311.

The first skyscraper was pioneered in Chicago with the 138 ft (42.1 m) Home Insurance Building in 1885. The United States would remain the location of the world's tallest building throughout the 20th century until 1998, when the Petronas Towers were completed. Since then, two other buildings have gained the title: Taipei 101 in 2004 and Burj Khalifa in 2010.[4] Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Middle East, China, and Southeast Asia have experienced booms in skyscraper construction.[5]

Ranking criteria and alternatives

The international non-profit organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) was formed in 1969 and announces the title of "The World's Tallest Building" and sets the standards by which buildings are measured. It maintains a list of the 100 tallest completed buildings in the world.[6] The organization currently ranks Burj Khalifa in Dubai as the tallest at 828 m (2,717 ft).[6] However, the CTBUH only recognizes buildings that are complete, and some buildings included within the lists in this article are not considered finished by the CTBUH.

In 1996, as a response to the dispute as to whether the Petronas Towers or the Sears Tower was taller,[7] the council listed and ranked buildings in four categories:[8]

  • height to structural or architectural top;
  • height to floor of highest occupied floor;
  • height to top of roof (removed as category in November 2009);[9] and
  • height to top of any part of the building.

All categories measure the building from the level of the lowest significant open-air pedestrian entrance.[10]

Spires are considered integral parts of the architectural design of buildings, changes to which would substantially change the appearance and design of the building, whereas antennas may be added or removed without such consequences. The Petronas Towers, with their spires, are thus ranked higher than the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) with its antennas, despite the Petronas Towers' lower roofs and lower highest point.[8]

Until 1996, the world's tallest building was defined by the height to the top of the tallest architectural element, including spires but not antennae.[8] In 1930, this definitional argument led to a rivalry between the Bank of Manhattan Building and the Chrysler Building. The Bank of Manhattan Building (i.e. 40 Wall Street) employed only a short spire, was 282.5 m (927 ft) tall, and had a much higher top occupied floor (the second category in the 1996 criteria for tallest building). In contrast, the Chrysler Building employed a very large 38.1 m (125 ft) spire secretly assembled inside the building to claim the title of world's tallest building with a total height of 318.9 m (1,046 ft), although it had a lower top occupied floor and a shorter height when both buildings' spires were excluded.

Upset by Chrysler's victory, Shreve & Lamb, the consulting architects of the Bank of Manhattan Building, wrote a newspaper article claiming that their building was actually the tallest, since it contained the world's highest usable floor, at 255 m (837 ft). They pointed out that the observation deck in the Bank of Manhattan Building was nearly 30 m (98 ft) above the top floor in the Chrysler Building, whose surpassing spire was strictly ornamental and inaccessible.[11]

The Burj Khalifa currently tops the list by some margin, regardless of which criterion is applied.[12][13]

Tallest buildings in the world

As of 17 January 2024, this list includes all 93 buildings that are completed and architecturally topped out and reach a height of 340 m (1,120 ft) or more, as assessed by their highest architectural feature. The building is considered as architecturally topped out when it is under construction, structurally topped out, fully clad, and the highest finished architectural elements are in place.[10]

Burj Khalifa, tallest in the United Arab Emirates and the world
Merdeka 118, tallest in Malaysia
Shanghai Tower, tallest in China
Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower, tallest in Saudi Arabia
Lotte World Tower, tallest in South Korea
One World Trade Center, tallest in the United States
Taipei 101, tallest in Taiwan
Lakhta Center, tallest in Russia
Landmark 81, tallest in Vietnam
Al Hamra Tower, tallest in Kuwait
Autograph Tower, tallest in Indonesia

Of these buildings, almost half are in China. Six of the last seven buildings to have held the record as 'tallest building' are still found in the list, with the exception being the North Tower of the original World Trade Center at 417 m (1,368 ft) after its destruction in the September 11 attacks of 2001. If the Twin Towers had never been destroyed, and One World Trade Center had never been built, the WTC towers would rank 35 and 36 on the list today.

bold Denotes building that is or was once the tallest in the world
List of tallest buildings is located in Earth
Burj KhalifaBurj Khalif
Burj KhalifaBurj Khalif
Merdeka 118
Merdeka 118
Shanghai Tower
Shanghai Tower
braj Al BaitAbraj Al Bait
braj Al BaitAbraj Al Bait
↖︎Ping An IFC
↖︎Ping An IFC
Lotte World Tower
Lotte World Tower
One WTC
One WTC
Guangzhou CTF FC↘︎
Guangzhou CTF FC↘︎
↙︎Tianjin CTF FC
↙︎Tianjin CTF FC
China Zun →
China Zun →
Taipei 101
Taipei 101
Buildings taller than 500 m and their locations

Alternative measurements

Height to pinnacle (highest point)

Tallest buildings by pinnacle height, including all masts, poles, antennae, etc. in 2014

This measurement disregards distinctions between architectural and non-architectural extensions, and simply measures to the highest point, irrespective of material or function of the highest element.[10]

This measurement is useful for air traffic obstacle determinations, and is also a wholly objective measure. However, this measurement includes extensions that are easily added, removed, and modified from a building and are independent of the overall structure.

This measurement only recently came into use, when the Petronas Towers passed the Sears Tower (now named Willis Tower) in height. The former was considered taller because its spires were considered architectural, while the latter's antennae were not. This led to the split of definitions, with the Sears Tower claiming the lead in this and the height-to-roof (now highest occupied floor) categories, and with the Petronas claiming the lead in the architectural height category.

If the World Trade Center towers were still standing, the North (1,368 feet (417 m)) and South Towers (1,362 feet (415.1 m)) would fall between numbers 35 and 36 on the current list (it can be assumed the rebuilt One World Trade Center would have never been built).

† Denotes building with pinnacle height higher than architectural
Rank Building City Country Height Floors Built
1Burj Khalifa†Dubai United Arab Emirates829.8 m2,722 ft1632010
2Merdeka 118†Kuala Lumpur Malaysia680.1 m2,231 ft1182022
3Shanghai TowerShanghai China632 m2,073 ft1282015
4Abraj Al-Bait TowersMecca Saudi Arabia601 m1,971 ft1202012
5Ping An Finance CenterShenzhen China599.1 m1,965 ft1152016
6Lotte World Tower†Seoul South Korea555.7 m1,823 ft1232016
7One World Trade Center†New York City United States546.2 m1,792 ft1042014
8Tianjin CTF Finance Centre†Tianjin China530.4 m1,740 ft982019
9Guangzhou CTF Finance CentreGuangzhou China530 m1,739 ft1112016
10China ZunBeijing China528 m1,732 ft1082018
11Willis Tower†Chicago United States527 m1,729 ft1081974
12Taipei 101Taipei Taiwan508 m1,667 ft1012004
13Shanghai World Financial Center†Shanghai China494.3 m1,622 ft1012008
14International Commerce CentreHong Kong China484 m1,588 ft1182010
15Wuhan Greenland CenterWuhan China475.6 m1,560 ft972021
16Central Park TowerNew York City United States472.4 m1,550 ft982020
17Landmark 81†Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam469.5 m1,540 ft812018
18Lakhta CenterSt. Petersburg Russia462 m1,516 ft862019
19International Land-Sea CenterChongqing China458.2 m1,503 ft982022
20John Hancock Center†Chicago United States456.9 m1,499 ft1001969
21The Exchange 106Kuala Lumpur Malaysia453.6 m1,488 ft952019
22Changsha IFS Tower T1Changsha China452.1 m1,483 ft942018
23Petronas Tower 1Kuala Lumpur Malaysia451.9 m1,483 ft881998
23Petronas Tower 2Kuala Lumpur Malaysia451.9 m1,483 ft881998
25Zifeng TowerNanjing China450 m1,476 ft892010
25Suzhou IFSSuzhou China450 m1,476 ft982019
27Empire State Building†New York City United States443.2 m1,454 ft1021931
28Kingkey 100Shenzhen China441.8 m1,449 ft1002011
29Guangzhou International Finance CenterGuangzhou China438.6 m1,445 ft1032009
30Wuhan CenterWuhan China438 m1,437 ft882019
31111 West 57th StreetNew York City United States435.3 m1,428 ft822020
32Dongguan International Trade Center 1Dongguan China426.9 m1,401 ft882020
33One VanderbiltNew York City United States427 m1,401 ft582020
34432 Park AvenueNew York City United States425.5 m1,396 ft852015
35Marina 101Dubai United Arab Emirates425 m1,394 ft1012017
36Trump International Hotel and TowerChicago United States423.2 m1,388 ft962009
37Jin Mao TowerShanghai China421 m1,381 ft881998
38Princess Tower†Dubai United Arab Emirates414 m1,358 ft1012012
39Al Hamra TowerKuwait City Kuwait412.6 m1,354 ft802010
40Two International Finance CentreHong Kong China412 m1,352 ft882003
41Haeundae LCT The Sharp Landmark TowerBusan South Korea411.6 m1,350 ft1012019
42Guangxi China Resources TowerNanning China402.7 m1,321 ft852019
43Guiyang Financial Center Tower 1[105]Guiyang China401 m1,316 ft792021

Height to occupied floor

Tallest buildings by highest occupied floor in 2022.

This height is measured to the highest occupiable floor within the building.[10]

Rank Building City Country Height Floors Built
1Burj KhalifaDubai United Arab Emirates585.4 m (1,921 ft)1632010
2Shanghai TowerShanghai China583.4 m (1,914 ft)1282015
3Ping An Finance CenterShenzhen China562.2 m (1,844 ft)1152016
4China ZunBeijing China515.5 m (1,691 ft)1082018
5Merdeka 118Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia502.8 m (1,650 ft)1182023
6Lotte World TowerSeoul South Korea497.6 m (1,633 ft)1232016
7Guangzhou CTF Finance CentreGuangzhou China495.5 m (1,626 ft)1112016
8Abraj Al-Bait TowersMecca Saudi Arabia494.4 m (1,622 ft)1202012
9Shanghai World Financial CenterShanghai China474 m (1,555 ft)1012008
10International Commerce CentreHong Kong China468.8 m (1,538 ft)1182010
11Tianjin CTF Finance CentreTianjin China439.4 m (1,442 ft)972018
12Taipei 101Taipei Taiwan438 m (1,437 ft)1012004
13Central Park TowerNew York City United States431.8 m (1,417 ft)982020
14Changsha IFS Tower T1Changsha China431 m (1,414 ft)942017
15International Land-Sea CenterChongqing China429.8 m (1,410 ft)982022
16KK100Shenzhen China427.1 m (1,401 ft)982011
17Guangzhou International Finance CenterGuangzhou China415.1 m (1,362 ft)1012010
18Willis TowerChicago United States412.7 m (1,354 ft)1081974

Height to roof

This list of tallest buildings by height to roof ranks completed skyscrapers by height to roof which reach a height of 300 metres (984 ft) or more. Only buildings with continuously occupiable floors are included, thus non-building structures including towers, are not included. Some assessments of the tallest building use 'height to roof' to determine tallest building, as 'architectural feature' is regarded as a subjective and an imprecise comparative measure. However, in November 2009, the CTBUH stopped using the roof height as the metric for tall buildings because modern tall buildings rarely have a part of the building that can categorically be deemed the roof.[106]

Rank Building City Country Height (m) Height (ft) Floors Built Reference
1Burj KhalifaDubai UAE739.4 m2,426 ft1632010[107]
2Shanghai TowerShanghai China587.4 m2,073 ft1272015[108]
3Ping An Finance CenterShenzhen China562 m1,821 ft1152016[109]
4Abraj Al-Bait TowersMecca Saudi Arabia530.0 m1,740 ft1202012
5Guangzhou CTF Finance CentreGuangzhou China530 m1,739 ft1112016
6 Tianjin CTF Finance Centre Tianjin  China 530 m 1,739 ft 97 2019
7Merdeka 118Kuala Lumpur Malaysia520.9 m1,709 ft1182022
8Lotte World TowerSeoul South Korea497.6 m1,633 ft1232016
9Shanghai World Financial CenterShanghai China487.41 m1,599 ft1012008[110]
10International Commerce CentreHong Kong Hong Kong479.83 m1,574 ft1182010[111]
11Central Park TowerNew York City United States472.44 m1,550 ft1312019[112]
12Taipei 101Taipei Taiwan449.20 m1,471 ft1012004[113]
13Willis TowerChicago United States442.14 m1,451 ft1081974[114]
14KK100Shenzhen China442.0 m1,449 ft1002011 -->
15Guangzhou International Finance CenterGuangzhou China432.00 m1,417 ft1032009[115]
16432 Park Avenue New York City  United States 425.5 m 1,396 ft 96 2015 -->
17One World Trade CenterNew York City United States417.0 m1,368 ft1042014[116]
18International Finance CentreHong Kong Hong Kong401.1 m1,316 ft882003[117]
21Princess TowerDubai UAE392.0 m1,286 ft1012012[118]
22Jin Mao TowerShanghai China382.5 m1,255 ft881998[119]
23Zifeng TowerNanjing China381.3 m1,251 ft892009[120]
24Empire State BuildingNew York City United States381.0 m1,250 ft1021931[121]
25=Petronas Tower 1Kuala Lumpur Malaysia378.5 m1,250 ft881998[122]
25=Petronas Tower 2Kuala Lumpur Malaysia378.5 m1,250 ft881998[123]
26Marina 101Dubai UAE371.0 m1,207 ft802014
27Al Hamra TowerKuwait City Kuwait368.0 m1,207 ft802011
28Trump International Hotel and TowerChicago United States357.8 m1,174 ft962009[124]
29Tuntex Sky TowerKaohsiung Taiwan347.5 m1,140 ft851997[125]
30Aon CenterChicago United States346.25 m1,136 ft831973[126]
31John Hancock CenterChicago United States343.5 m1,127 ft1001969
32Mercury City TowerMoscow Russia339.0 m1,112 ft752012
33China World Trade Center Tower 3Beijing China333.0 m1,093 ft742008
34Ryugyong HotelPyongyang North Korea330.0 m1,083 ft1051992[C]
35The IndexDubai UAE328.0 m1,076 ft802009
36Shun Hing SquareShenzhen China324.8 m1,066 ft691996
37Four Seasons Place KLCCKuala Lumpur Malaysia323 m1,076 ft742018
38CITIC PlazaGuangzhou China321.9 m1,056 ft801997
39Nina TowerHong Kong Hong Kong318.8 m1,046 ft802006
40Rose TowerDubai UAE315.0 m1,033 ft722008
41Bank of China TowerHong Kong Hong Kong315.0 m1,033 ft721990
42Bank of America PlazaAtlanta United States311.8 m1,023 ft551992
43Emirates Office TowerDubai UAE311.0 m1,020 ft562000
44U.S. Bank TowerLos Angeles United States310.3 m1,018 ft731989
45Menara TelekomKuala Lumpur Malaysia309.9 m1,017 ft552001
46Almas TowerDubai UAE310.0 m1,017 ft742008
47The ShardLondon United Kingdom310.0 m1,017 ft722012
48Central PlazaHong Kong Hong Kong309.0 m1,014 ft781992
49One57New York City United States306m1,005 ft732014
50The Address Downtown Burj KhalifaDubai UAE306.0 m1,004 ft782008
51JPMorgan Chase TowerHouston United States305.4 m1,002 ft751982
52Northeast Asia Trade TowerIncheon South Korea305.1 m1,001 ft682010
53Baiyoke Tower IIBangkok Thailand304.0 m997 ft851997
54Wells Fargo PlazaHouston United States302.4 m992 ft711983
55Kingdom CentreRiyadh Saudi Arabia302.0 m991 ft412002
56Moscow TowerMoscow Russia302.0 m989 ft762010
57We've the ZenithBusan South Korea301.0 m988 ft802011-->

Buildings under construction

This is a list of buildings taller than 350 m that are currently under construction.[127] On-hold buildings whose construction was interrupted after it had reached a significantly advanced state are also listed.

Building Planned architectural height Floors Planned completion Country City Ref.
Jeddah Tower[note 1] 1,000 m (3,300 ft)167+? Saudi ArabiaJeddah[129]
Goldin Finance 117[note 2] 597 m (1,959 ft) 117  ?  China Tianjin
The Line 500 m (1,600 ft)  ? 2030  Saudi Arabia Neom [130]
Greenland Jinmao International Financial Center 499.8 m (1,640 ft) 102 2025  China Nanjing [131]
Suzhou Zhongnan Center499.2 m (1,638 ft)1032025 ChinaSuzhou[132]
HeXi Yuzui Tower A498.8 m (1,636 ft)842025 ChinaNanjing[133]
Greenland Centre 498 m (1,634 ft) 108 2025  China Xi'an [134]
Fuyuan Zhongshan 108 IFC 498 m (1,634 ft) 101 2029  China Zhongshan [135]
Tianfu Center488.9 m (1,604 ft)952026 ChinaChengdu[136]
Chushang Building 475 m (1,558 ft) 111 2025  China Wuhan [137]
Wuhan CTF Centre475 m (1,558 ft)842026 ChinaWuhan[138]
Fosun Bund Center T1 470 m (1,540 ft)  ?  ?  China Wuhan [139]
Suzhou Center North Tower470 m (1,540 ft) ?2024 ChinaSuzhou[140]
Chengdu Greenland Tower468 m (1,535 ft)1012024 ChinaChengdu[141]
Guohua Financial Center Tower 1465 m (1,526 ft)79 ? ChinaWuhan[142]
Tianshan Gate of the World 450 m (1,480 ft) 106 2025  China Shijiazhuang [143]
China Resources Land Center450 m (1,480 ft)98 ? ChinaDongguan[144]
One Bangkok 436.1 m (1,431 ft) 92 2025  Thailand Bangkok [145]
Greenland Shandong International Financial Center[note 2]428 m (1,404 ft)88 2023 ChinaJinan[146]
Greenland Center Tower 1 428 m (1,404 ft) ? ? Kunming [147]
Nanjing Financial City Tower 1426 m (1,398 ft)882024Nanjing[148]
JPMorgan Chase Building423 m (1,388 ft)632025 United StatesNew York City[149]
Ningbo Center Tower 1409 m (1,342 ft)802024 ChinaNingbo[150]
Dongfeng Plaza Landmark Tower407 m (1,335 ft)1002024 ChinaKunming[151]
Wuhan Yangtze River Center Tower 400 m (1,300 ft) 82 2025  China Wuhan [152]
Mukaab 400 m (1,300 ft) ? 2030  Saudi Arabia Riyadh
Hangzhou West Railway Station Hub Tower 1 399.8 m (1,312 ft) 83  ?  China Hangzhou [153]
Shenzhen Bay Super Headquarters Base Tower C-1 394 m (1,293 ft) 78 2027  China Shenzhen [154]
Evergrande Center393.9 m (1,292 ft)712024 ChinaShenzhen[155]
Iconic Tower[note 2] 393.8 m (1,292 ft) 77 2023  Egypt Cairo [156]
Haiyun Plaza Tower 1390 m (1,280 ft)862024 ChinaRizhao[157]
Citymark Center[note 2] 388.3 m (1,274 ft) 70 2022  China Shenzhen
China Merchants Bank Headquarters Tower 1 387.4 m (1,271 ft) 74 ?  China Shenzhen [158]
Tour F 385.8 m (1,266 ft) 64 ?  Ivory Coast Abidjan [159]
Icon Towers 1 384 m (1,260 ft) 77 2029  Indonesia Jakarta [160]
Shekou Prince Bay Tower380 m (1,250 ft)70 ? ChinaShenzhen[161]
Shenzhen Luohu Friendship Trading Centre 379.9 m (1,246 ft) 83 ?  China Shenzhen [162]
Greenland Star City Light Tower379.9 m (1,246 ft)832025 ChinaChangsha[163]
Guangdong Business Center375.5 m (1,232 ft)602024 ChinaGuangzhou[164]
China Merchants Prince Bay Tower374 m (1,227 ft)592028 ChinaShenzhen[165]
Ping An IFC373 m (1,224 ft) ? ? ChinaNanchang[166]
Shanghai International Trade Center Tower 1370 m (1,210 ft)672024 ChinaShanghai[167]
Lucheng Square369 m (1,211 ft)75 ? ChinaWenzhou[168]
Taipei Twin Tower 1369 m (1,211 ft)742027 TaiwanTaipei[169]
Hengli Global Operations Headquarters Tower 1369 m (1,211 ft) ?2024 ChinaSuzhou[170]
Ciel Tower365.5 m (1,199 ft)812023 UAEDubai[171]
Ping An Finance Center Tower 1[note 2]360 m (1,180 ft)742023 ChinaJinan[172]
Huiyun Center[note 2]359.2 m (1,178 ft)802022 ChinaShenzhen[173]
Fosun Bund Center T2356 m (1,168 ft) ? ? ChinaWuhan[174]
Shenzhen Bay Super Headquarters Base Tower C-2 355.7 m (1,167 ft) 68 2027  China Shenzhen [175]
Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Building 352 m (1,155 ft) 59 ?  Turkey Istanbul [176]
Guohong Center350 m (1,150 ft)712025 ChinaWenzhou[177]
Guowei ZY Plaza350 m (1,150 ft)62 ? ChinaZhuhai[178]
China Resources Huafu Tower350 m (1,150 ft) ? ? ChinaShenzhen[179]
Global Port Tower 1350 m (1,150 ft) ?2024 ChinaLanzhou[180]
Global Port Tower 2350 m (1,150 ft) ?2024 ChinaLanzhou[181]
Poly Liangxi Plaza350 m (1,150 ft) ? ? ChinaFoshan[182]

List by continent

The following list shows the tallest completed buildings located on each continent listed by greatest to least height (click on name of continent for continent-specific list):

Continent Building Height Floor count Completed Country City
AsiaBurj Khalifa828 m (2,717 ft)1632010 United Arab EmiratesDubai
North AmericaOne World Trade Center541.3 m (1,776 ft)942014 United StatesNew York City
EuropeLakhta Center462 m (1,516 ft)862018 RussiaSaint Petersburg
AfricaIconic Tower393.8 m (1,292 ft)79 2023 EgyptNew Administrative Capital
OceaniaQ1323 m (1,060 ft)782005 AustraliaGold Coast
South AmericaGran Torre Santiago[183]300 m (980 ft)642012 ChileSantiago
AntarcticaLong Duration Balloon (LDB) Payload Preparation Buildings[184][185]15 m (49 ft)12005-McMurdo Station

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ Marked as under Construction by CTBUH, on-hold according to other sources[128]
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Structurally Topped Out
  1. ↑ The world's tallest building from 2004 to 2010
    [25]
  2. ↑ World's tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004
    [34][35]
  3. ↑ Formerly known, and still commonly referred to, as the Sears Tower; world's tallest building from 1974 to 1998
    [39]
  4. ↑ Tallest building in the Southern Hemisphere[63]
  5. ↑ World's tallest building from 1931 to 1972
    [66]
  6. ↑ Tower 1[85]
    Tower2[86]
  7. ↑ T3N:[88]
    T4N:[89]
  8. ↑ Formerly John Hancock Center
    [100]

References

  1. ↑ "Burj Dubai now a record 688m tall and continues to rise". Emaar Properties. 1 September 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
  2. ↑ "The Tallest 20 in 2020: Entering the Era of the Megatall". CTBUH. 8 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  3. ↑ Collins, Dana M. (2001). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
  4. ↑ GmbH, Emporis. "History of the World's Tallest Buildings". EMPORIS. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  5. ↑ "Skyscraper construction booming in Middle East, Asia - CNN.com". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  6. 1 2 "100 tallest completed buildings in the world". CTBUH. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  7. ↑ Lynn S. Beedle. "Tallest: Petronas vs. Sears Tower Controversy". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 "History of Measuring Tall Buildings". www.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  9. ↑ "CTBUH changes height criteria, Burj Khalifa height increases". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 17 November 2009. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
  10. 1 2 3 4 CTBUH Height Criteria for Measuring & Defining Tall Buildings (PDF). CTBUH.
  11. ↑ Binder, Georges (August 2006). 101 of the world's tallest buildings. Images Pub. p. 102. ISBN 978-1864701739.
  12. ↑ "Tall Buildings In Numbers Vanity Height". Ctbuh.org. Archived from the original on 17 November 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  13. ↑ "Most of the World's Tallest Buildings Game the System With 'Vanity Height' – Jenny Xie". The Atlantic Cities. 9 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  14. ↑ "Create Lists/Graphics – The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  15. ↑ "Burj Khalifa - the Skyscraper Center".
  16. ↑ "Merdeka PNB118 – The Skyscraper Center".
  17. ↑ "Shanghai Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
  18. ↑ "Makkah Royal Clock Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  19. ↑ "Ping an Finance Center - the Skyscraper Center".
  20. ↑ "Lotte World Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
  21. ↑ "One World Trade Center - the Skyscraper Center".
  22. ↑ "Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre - the Skyscraper Center".
  23. ↑ "Tianjin CTF Finance Centre - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  24. ↑ "CITIC Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
  25. ↑ "TAIPEI 101 - the Skyscraper Center".
  26. ↑ "Shanghai World Financial Center - the Skyscraper Center".
  27. ↑ "International Commerce Centre - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  28. ↑ "Wuhan Greenland Center - the Skyscraper Center".
  29. ↑ "Central Park Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  30. ↑ "Lakhta Center - the Skyscraper Center".
  31. ↑ "Vincom Landmark 81 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  32. ↑ "The Exchange 106 - the Skyscraper Center".
  33. ↑ "Changsha IFS Tower T1 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  34. ↑ "Petronas Twin Tower 1 - the Skyscraper Center".
  35. ↑ "Petronas Twin Tower 2 - the Skyscraper Center".
  36. ↑ "Zifeng Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
  37. ↑ "Suzhou IFS - the Skyscraper Center".
  38. ↑ "Wuhan Center Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
  39. ↑ "Willis Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
  40. ↑ "KK100 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  41. ↑ "Guangzhou International Finance Center - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  42. ↑ "111 West 57th Street - the Skyscraper Center".
  43. ↑ "One Vanderbilt Avenue - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  44. ↑ "432 Park Avenue - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  45. ↑ "Marina 101 - the Skyscraper Center".
  46. ↑ "Trump International Hotel & Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
  47. ↑ "Minying International Trade Center T2 - the Skyscraper Center".
  48. ↑ "Jin Mao Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
  49. ↑ "Princess Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  50. ↑ "Al Hamra Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  51. ↑ "Two International Finance Centre - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  52. ↑ "LCT the Sharp Landmark Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
  53. ↑ "Guangxi China Resources Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
  54. ↑ "Guiyang International Financial Center T1 - the Skyscraper Center".
  55. ↑ "China Resources Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  56. ↑ "23 Marina - the Skyscraper Center".
  57. ↑ "CITIC Plaza - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  58. ↑ "CITYMARK CENTRE - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  59. ↑ "Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  60. ↑ "30 Hudson Yards - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  61. ↑ "Shun Hing Square - the Skyscraper Center".
  62. ↑ "Eton Place Dalian Tower 1 - the Skyscraper Center".
  63. ↑ "Indonesia's Tallest Skyscraper Autograph Tower Almost Completed". Indonesia Expat. 28 January 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  64. ↑ "Nanning Logan Century 1 - the Skyscraper Center".
  65. ↑ "Burj Mohammed Bin Rashid - the Skyscraper Center".
  66. ↑ "Empire State Building - the Skyscraper Center".
  67. ↑ "Elite Residence - the Skyscraper Center".
  68. ↑ "1 Corporate Avenue - the Skyscraper Center".
  69. ↑ "Central Plaza - the Skyscraper Center".
  70. ↑ "Federation Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
  71. ↑ "Dalian International Trade Center - the Skyscraper Center".
  72. ↑ "The Address Boulevard - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  73. ↑ "Qingdao Hai Tian Center - the Skyscraper Center".
  74. ↑ "Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  75. ↑ "Bank of China Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
  76. ↑ "Bank of America Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
  77. ↑ "The St. Regis Chicago - the Skyscraper Center".
  78. ↑ "Almas Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  79. ↑ "Hanking Center - the Skyscraper Center".
  80. ↑ "Greenland Group Suzhou Center - the Skyscraper Center".
  81. ↑ "Gevora Hotel - the Skyscraper Center".
  82. ↑ "Galaxy Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  83. ↑ "Galaxy Tower 2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  84. ↑ "Il Primo Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  85. ↑ "JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai Tower 1 - the Skyscraper Center".
  86. ↑ "JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai Tower 2 - the Skyscraper Center".
  87. ↑ "Emirates Tower One - the Skyscraper Center".
  88. ↑ "Raffles City Chongqing T3N - the Skyscraper Center".
  89. ↑ "Raffles City Chongqing T4N - the Skyscraper Center".
  90. ↑ "OKO - Residential Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
  91. ↑ "The Torch - the Skyscraper Center".
  92. ↑ "Forum 66 Tower 1 - the Skyscraper Center".
  93. ↑ "The Pinnacle - the Skyscraper Center".
  94. ↑ "Glory・Xi'an International Financial Center - the Skyscraper Center".
  95. ↑ "Spring City 66 - the Skyscraper Center".
  96. ↑ "85 Sky Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
  97. ↑ "Aon Center - the Skyscraper Center".
  98. ↑ "The Center - the Skyscraper Center".
  99. ↑ "Neva Tower 2 - the Skyscraper Center".
  100. ↑ "875 North Michigan Avenue - the Skyscraper Center".
  101. ↑ "Shimao Global Financial Center - the Skyscraper Center".
  102. ↑ "Four Seasons Place - the Skyscraper Center".
  103. ↑ "ADNOC Headquarters - the Skyscraper Center".
  104. ↑ "One Shenzhen Bay Tower 7 - the Skyscraper Center".
  105. ↑ "Guiyang Financial Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  106. ↑ "CTBUH Changes Height Criteria". Ctbuh.org. 17 November 2009. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  107. ↑ "Burj Khalifa". Emporis. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015.
  108. ↑ "Shanghai Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015.
  109. ↑ "Ping An International Finance Center". Emporis. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020.
  110. ↑ "Shanghai World Financial Center". Emporis. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016.
  111. ↑ "International Commerce Centre". Emporis. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015.
  112. ↑ "Central Park Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020.
  113. ↑ "Taipei 101". Emporis. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015.
  114. ↑ "Willis Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015.
  115. ↑ "Guangzhou International Finance Center". Emporis. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015.
  116. ↑ "One World Trade Center". Emporis. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015.
  117. ↑ "Two International Finance Centre". Emporis. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  118. ↑ "Princess Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015.
  119. ↑ "Jin Mao Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015.
  120. ↑ "Zifeng Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015.
  121. ↑ "Empire State Building". Emporis. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015.
  122. ↑ "Petronas Tower 1". Emporis. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016.
  123. ↑ "Petronas Tower 2". Emporis. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021.
  124. ↑ "Trump International Hotel & Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015.
  125. ↑ "Tuntex Sky Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  126. ↑ "Aon Center". Emporis. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016.
  127. ↑ "All Global Buildings". CTBUH. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  128. ↑ "Jeddah Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021.
  129. ↑ "Kingdom Tower in Saudi Arabia Will Soon Be the World's Tallest Building". Mashable.com. 19 April 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  130. ↑ Monteros, Mario Espinosa de los (26 July 2022). "First views of 'The Line', the 170-kilometer Saudi skyscraper". Diario AS. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  131. ↑ "Greenland Jinmao International Financial Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  132. ↑ "Suzhou Zhongnan Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  133. ↑ "HeXi Yuzui Tower A". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  134. ↑ "Greenland Centre". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  135. ↑ "Fuyuan Zhongshan 108 IFC". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  136. ↑ "Tianfu Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  137. ↑ "Chushang Building". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  138. ↑ "Wuhan CTF Finance Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  139. ↑ "Fosun Bund Center T1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  140. ↑ "Suzhou Center North Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  141. ↑ "Chengdu Greenland Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  142. ↑ "Guohua Financial Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  143. ↑ "Tianshan Gate of the World Plots 27 and 28". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  144. ↑ "China Resources Land Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  145. ↑ "One Bangkok O4H4". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  146. ↑ "Shandong IFC". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  147. ↑ "Greenland Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  148. ↑ "Nanjing Financial City Phase II Plot C Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  149. ↑ "JPMorgan Chase World Headquarters". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  150. ↑ "Ningbo Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  151. ↑ "Dongfeng Plaza Landmark Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  152. ↑ "Wuhan Yangtze River Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  153. ↑ "Hangzhou West Railway Station Hub Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  154. ↑ "Shenzhen Bay Super Headquarters Base Tower C-1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  155. ↑ "Evergrande Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  156. ↑ "Iconic Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  157. ↑ "Haiyun Plaza Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  158. ↑ "China Merchants Bank Headquarters Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  159. ↑ "Tour F". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  160. ↑ icon tower
  161. ↑ "Shekou Prince Bay Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  162. ↑ "Shenzhen Luohu Friendship Trading Centre". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  163. ↑ "Greenland Star Light Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  164. ↑ "Guangdong Business Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  165. ↑ "China Merchants Prince Bay Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  166. ↑ "Ping An IFC". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  167. ↑ "Xujiahui Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  168. ↑ "Lucheng Square". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  169. ↑ "Taipei Twin Towers to open in 2027". Taiwan News. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  170. ↑ "Hengli Global Operations Headquarters Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  171. ↑ "Ciel Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  172. ↑ "Ping An Finance Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  173. ↑ "Huiyun Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  174. ↑ "Fosun Bund Center T2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  175. ↑ "Shenzhen Bay Super Headquarters Base Tower C-2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  176. ↑ "Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  177. ↑ "Guohong Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  178. ↑ "Guowei ZY Plaza". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  179. ↑ "China Resources Huafu Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  180. ↑ "Global Port Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  181. ↑ "Global Port Tower 2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  182. ↑ "Poly Liangxi Plaza". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  183. ↑ "Costanera Center es oficialmente el edificio más alto de Latinoámerica". La Segunda. 14 February 2012.
  184. ↑ Jones, W. Vernon. "Report on the Balloon Program" Archived 7 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, NASA Astrophysics Subcommittee Meeting. 16 April 2013.
  185. ↑ Pacheco, Luis Eduardo. "McMurdo Station, Antarctica – Stratospheric balloon launches". stratocat.com.ar. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
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