Syllidae
Syllis gracilis micrograph, showing the distinctive barrel-shaped proventricle
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Clade: Pleistoannelida
Subclass: Errantia
Order: Phyllodocida
Suborder: Nereidiformia
Family: Syllidae
Grube 1850[1]
Synonyms

Levidoridae

Schizogamy in syllid polychaete

Syllidae, commonly known as the necklace worms,[2] is a family of small to medium-sized polychaete worms. Syllids are distinguished from other polychaetes by the presence of a muscular region of the anterior digestive tract known as the proventricle.[3][4]

Syllid worms range in size from 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) to 14 centimetres (5.5 in). Most syllids are benthic organisms that transition to a pelagic epitoke for reproduction. They are found in all regions of the ocean, from the intertidal zone to the deep sea, and are especially abundant in shallow water.[3][5]

They are found in a range of habitats, moving actively on rock and sandy substrates, hiding in crevices and among seaweeds, and climbing on sponges, corals, hydrozoans, seagrasses and mangroves. They are generalist feeders.[6] A young Syllid was one of the first worms to be found with pollen from seagrass in its stomach, making it a possible pollinator.[7]

The proventricle, Syllid worm's most distinctive anatomical feature, allows the worm to feed by sucking due to its pumping action. It also plays a role in hormone production, and thus the worm's sexual development.[4] The proventricle is composed of strirated muscle cells with the longest known sacromeres among animals.[8] The proventricle is usually visible through the body wall.[9]

Syllis ramosa was the first polychaete discovered to have a branching body plan.[10] Later, two species of Ramisyllis were discovered to have a branching body plan.

Subfamilies

  • Anoplosyllinae
  • Autolytinae
  • Eusyllinae
  • Exogoninae
  • Syllinae
    • Syllis
      • Syllis aciculigrossa (San Martín, 1990)
      • Syllis adamantea (Treadwell, 1914)
      • Syllis albae Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017
      • Syllis albanyensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1984)
      • Syllis alosae San Martín, 1992
      • Syllis alternata Moore, 1908
      • Syllis amica Quatrefages, 1866
      • Syllis amicarmillaris Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014
      • Syllis anoculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
      • Syllis antoniae Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012
      • Syllis armillaris (O.F. Müller, 1776)
      • Syllis augeneri Haswell, 1920
      • Syllis barbata San Martín, 1992
      • Syllis bella Chamberlin, 1919
      • Syllis beneliahuae (Campoy & Alquézar, 1982)
      • Syllis benguellana Day, 1963
      • Syllis boggemanni San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
      • Syllis botosaneanui (Hartmann-Schröder, 1973)
      • Syllis brasiliensis McIntosh, 1885
      • Syllis breviarticulata Grube, 1857
      • Syllis brevicirrata McIntosh, 1908
      • Syllis brevicirris Hansen, 1882
      • Syllis broomensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1979)
      • Syllis caeca Monro, 1933
      • Syllis castroviejoi Capa, San Martín & López, 2001
      • Syllis cerina Grube, 1878
      • Syllis cirrita Lee & Rho, 1994
      • Syllis columbretensis (Campoy, 1982)
      • Syllis compacta Gravier, 1900
      • Syllis corallicola Verrill, 1900
      • Syllis cornuta Rathke, 1843
      • Syllis crassicirrata (Treadwell, 1925)
      • Syllis cruzi Núñez & San Martín, 1991
      • Syllis curticirris Monro, 1937
      • Syllis danieli San Martín, 1992
      • Syllis deleoni Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012
      • Syllis edensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1989)
      • Syllis elongata (Johnson, 1901)
      • Syllis ergeni Çinar, 2005
      • Syllis erikae (Hartmann-Schröder, 1981)
      • Syllis fasciata Malmgren, 1867
      • Syllis ferrani Alós & San Martín, 1987
      • Syllis filidentata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
      • Syllis garciai (Campoy, 1982)
      • Syllis gerlachi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
      • Syllis gerundensis (Alós & Campoy, 1981)
      • Syllis glandulata Nogueira & San Martín, 2002
      • Syllis glarearia (Westheide, 1974)
      • Syllis golfonovensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
      • Syllis gracilis Grube, 1840
      • Syllis guidae Nogueira & Yunda-Guarin, 2008
      • Syllis heterochaeta Moore, 1909
      • Syllis hyalina Grube, 1863
      • Syllis hyllebergi (Licher, 1999)
      • Syllis joaoi San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
      • Syllis jorgei San Martín & López, 2000
      • Syllis kabilica Ben-Eliahu, 1977
      • Syllis karlae San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
      • Syllis kas Lucas, Sikorski & San Martín, 2018
      • Syllis komodoensis Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008
      • Syllis krohnii Ehlers, 1864
      • Syllis lagunae Tovar-Hernández, Hernández-Alcántara & Solís-Weiss, 2008
      • Syllis latifrons Grube, 1857
      • Syllis licheri Ravara, San Martín & Moreira, 2004
      • Syllis limbata Grube, 1880
      • Syllis longesegmentata Grube, 1857
      • Syllis lunaris (Imajima, 1966)
      • Syllis lutea (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
      • Syllis luteoides (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
      • Syllis macroceras Grube, 1857
      • Syllis macrodentata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)
      • Syllis magdalena Wesenberg-Lund, 1962
      • Syllis magnapalpa (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
      • Syllis marceloi San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
      • Syllis marugani Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2006
      • Syllis maryae San Martín, 1992
      • Syllis mauretanica (Licher, 1999)
      • Syllis mayeri Musco & Giangrande, 2005
      • Syllis mercedesae Lucas, San Martín & Parapar, 2012
      • Syllis mexicana (Rioja, 1960)
      • Syllis microoculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
      • Syllis monilaris Savigny in Lamarck, 1818
      • Syllis mytilorum Studer, 1889
      • Syllis nigra Augener, 1925
      • Syllis nigrescens Grube, 1878
      • Syllis nigricirris Grube, 1863
      • Syllis nigriscens Grube, 1878
      • Syllis nigropunctata Haswell, 1886
      • Syllis notocera Ehlers, 1905
      • Syllis nuchalis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
      • Syllis obscura Grube, 1857
      • Syllis onkylochaeta Hartmann-Schröder, 1991
      • Syllis ortizi San Martín, 1992
      • Syllis parapari San Martín & López, 2000
      • Syllis parturiens Haswell, 1920
      • Syllis pectinans Haswell, 1920
      • Syllis picta (Kinberg, 1866)
      • Syllis pigmentata (Chamberlin, 1919)
      • Syllis pilosa Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008
      • Syllis pontxioi San Martín & López, 2000
      • Syllis profunda Cognetti, 1955
      • Syllis prolifera Krohn, 1852
      • Syllis prolixa Ehlers, 1901
      • Syllis pseudoarmillaris Nogueira & San Martín, 2002
      • Syllis pulvinata (Langerhans, 1881)
      • Syllis quadrifasciata Fischli, 1900
      • Syllis quaternaria Moore, 1906
      • Syllis ramosa McIntosh, 1879
      • Syllis riojai (San Martín, 1990)
      • Syllis robertianae McIntosh, 1885
      • Syllis rosea (Langerhans, 1879)
      • Syllis rubicunda Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008
      • Syllis rudolphi Delle Chiaje, 1841
      • Syllis schulzi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
      • Syllis sclerolaema Ehlers, 1901
      • Syllis setoensis (Imajima, 1966)
      • Syllis sol San Martín, 2004
      • Syllis stenura Blanchard in Gay, 1849
      • Syllis tamarae Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017
      • Syllis tiedemanni Delle Chiaje, 1841
      • Syllis torquata Marion & Bobretzky, 1875
      • Syllis tripantu Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017
      • Syllis truncata Haswell, 1920
      • Syllis tyrrhena (Licher & Kuper, 1998)
      • Syllis umbricolor Grube, 1878
      • Syllis unzima Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014
      • Syllis valida Grube, 1857
      • Syllis variegata Grube, 1860
      • Syllis villenai Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008
      • Syllis violacea Grube, 1870
      • Syllis vittata Grube, 1840
      • Syllis vivipara Krohn, 1869
      • Syllis warrnamboolensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1987)
      • Syllis westheidei San Martín, 1984
      • Syllis yallingupensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)
      • Syllis ypsiloides Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008
    • Ramisyllis

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Syllidae.
  1. ↑ Gil, J., Musco, L. (2015). Read G, Fauchald K (eds.). "Syllidae Grube, 1850". World Polychaeta database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  2. ↑ "Necklace-worms -- KnowBC - the leading source of BC information". www.knowbc.com. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
  3. 1 2 Fukuda, Marcelo V. "Syllidae". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  4. 1 2 Lamb, Andy; Hanby, Bernard P. (2005). Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest. Canada: Harbour Publishing. p. 133. ISBN 1-55017-361-8.
  5. ↑ San Martín, Guillermo; Worsfold, Tim M. (2015). "Guide and keys for the identification of Syllidae (Annelida, Phyllodocida) from the British Isles (reported and expected species)". ZooKeys (488): 1–29. doi:10.3897/zookeys.488.9061. PMC 4389122. PMID 25878521.
  6. ↑ Sigvaldadottir, Elin; Mackie, Andrew S.Y.; Helgason, Gudmundur V.; Reish, Donald J.; Svavarsson, Jorundur; Steingrimsson, Sigmar A.; Gudmundsson, Gudmundur (2013). Advances in Polychaete Research. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 288. ISBN 978-94-017-0655-1.
  7. ↑ van Tussenbroek, Brigitta I.; Villamil, Nora; Márquez-Guzmán, Judith; Wong, Ricardo; Monroy-Velázquez, L. Verónica; Solis-Weiss, Vivianne (29 September 2016). "Experimental evidence of pollination in marine flowers by invertebrate fauna". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 12980. Bibcode:2016NatCo...712980V. doi:10.1038/ncomms12980. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5056424. PMID 27680661. S2CID 1903911.
  8. ↑ Weidhase, Michael; Beckers, Patrick; Bleidorn, Christoph; Aguado, M. Teresa (2016-10-04). "On the role of the proventricle region in reproduction and regeneration in Typosyllis antoni (Annelida: Syllidae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 196. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0770-5. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5050598. PMID 27716025.
  9. ↑ "Syllidae : Brief Summary". eol.org. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
  10. ↑ Marshall, Michael (2 March 2012). "Zoologger: the worm that looks like a tree". New Scientist. Retrieved 28 September 2017.


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