Illustration for the sutra, Korea, 14th century

The Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment or Complete Enlightenment (traditional Chinese: 圓覺經; simplified Chinese: 圆觉经; pinyin: Yuánjué jīng; Japanese: 円覚経; rōmaji: Engaku-kyō; Korean: 원각경; romaja: Wongakgyeong; Vietnamese: kinh Viên Giác) is a Mahāyāna Buddhist sūtra[lower-alpha 1] highly esteemed by both the Huayan and Zen schools.[3] The earliest records are in Chinese, and it is believed to be of Chinese origin.[4]

Divided into twelve chapters as a series of discussions on meditation practice, this text deals with issues such as the meaning and origin of ignorance, sudden and gradual enlightenment, original Buddhahood, etc. these themes were also elucidated in the Awakening of Faith. It was intended to resolve questions regarding doctrine and meditation for the earliest practitioners of the Chan school. The most important commentary is the 9th-century Great Exegesis on the Sutra of Complete Enlightenment (圓覺經大疏鈔 Yuanjuejing Dashuchao) by Zongmi.

Titles

Its full Chinese title: Dà fāngguăng yuánjué xiūduōluó liǎoyì jīng (大方廣圓覺修多羅了義經, lit. 'the Great Vaipulya (Corrective & Expansive) Sutra on the Perfect Enlightenment and (the Sutra) Joyful Cultivation of the Thorough Understanding' [lower-alpha 2]).

Its reconstructed title in Sanskrit is Mahāvaipulya pūrṇabuddha-sūtra prasannārtha-sūtra.[7][lower-alpha 3]

History

Its translation into Chinese is traditionally attributed to Buddhatrāta, an Indian or Kashmiri monk otherwise unattested in history, who translated the work from Sanskrit in 693 in the White Horse Temple of Luoyang.[8] Some scholars, however, believe it to be Chinese in origin and written in the late 7th or early 8th century CE.[9][10][4] It is considered a creative reformulation that assembles the teaching from the Shurangama Sutra and Awakening of Faith,[9] which are also texts whose origin has been scrutinized.[3]

Summary

The Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment is arranged in twelve chapters, plus a short introductory section. The introductory section describes the scene of the sermon and lists the major participants. The location is a state of deep meditative concentration (samadhi) and the participants are the Buddha and one hundred thousand great bodhisattvas, among whom twelve eminent bodhisattvas act as spokesmen. Each one of the twelve gets up one by one and asks the Buddha a set of questions about doctrine, practice and enlightenment. The structure of the sutra is such that the most "essential" and suddenistic discussions occur in the earlier chapters and the more "functional" and gradualistic dialogues occur later.

This kind of structure reflects a motif associated with the doctrine of the Huayan school, which affirms that the Buddha delivered the abstruse Avatamsaka Sutra (華嚴經 ‘Huayan Scripture’) as his first sermon, in an effort to directly awaken those whose "roots of virtue" were well-matured. The terminology that Zongmi and Gihwa use to describe these advanced practitioners is that they possess the capacity for the teaching of "sudden enlightenment"; a direct awakening to the non-duality of reality, which necessarily precludes gradualist, "goal-oriented" practice. In the first two chapters (the chapters of Mañjuśrī and Samantabhadra), the Buddha holds very strictly to the sudden position, denying the possibility of enlightenment through gradual practice. In the third chapter he begins to allow for a bit of a gradual view, and the next several chapters become mixtures of the two. The final few chapters offer a fully gradualist perspective.

Gihwa's primary means of categorization of the chapters is according to the "three capacities" of practitioners: superior, middling and inferior. According to Gihwa, the first three chapters are aimed at those of superior capacity, the next seven for those of middling capacity and the final two for those of inferior capacity. However, this method of categorization does not necessarily mean that the later chapters become gradually easier to read and understand. In fact some of the most difficult discussions come in the later chapters. Most notable in this regard is the discussion of the "four traces" of Self, Person, Sentient Being and Life in Chapter Nine. Since the distinction between each of these four is extremely subtle, and the wording of the text itself is not that clear, this turns out to be one of the most difficult chapters to digest.

Notes

  1. ↑ Also translated as The Scripture on Fully Perfected Enlightenment[1] and Sutra of Perfect Awareness;[2] 1 fasc. (T 842.17.913a-922a)
  2. ↑ Duōluó (多羅) is a transcription of the first syllable of prasanna, meaning ‘to joyfully seek’.[5]
    A nītārtha (了義 liǎoyì) sutra aims to reveal an exhaustive and unbiased array of teaching.[6]
  3. ↑ That sūtra appears twice in the title is not a typo, and this repetition has been remarked as peculiar by scholars.[3]

References

  1. ↑ "Article". Tricycle: the Buddhist Review. Buddhist Ray, Inc. 1 January 1995. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  2. ↑ Frederick Paul Brandauer (1973). A critical study of the Hsi-yu pu. Stanford University. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 Sheng-yen; Marano, Christopher (1997). "Introduction". Translation and Commentary on the Sutra of Complete Enlightenment. Dharma Drum Publishing. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-0-9609854-7-0. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  4. 1 2 Muller 1998, p. 64.
  5. ↑ BuddhistDoor Glossary
  6. ↑ Soothill, W.E.; Hodous, Lewis (1937). A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms.
  7. ↑ Nagendra Kumar Singh (1996). International encyclopaedia of Buddhism. Vol. 5. Anmol Publications. p. 947. ISBN 978-81-7488-156-4. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  8. ↑ （日本）《佛書解說大辭典》第一卷 p.281，
  9. 1 2 Gregory, Peter N. (1994). "Tsung-mi's Perfect Enlightenment Retreat: Ch'an Ritual During the T'ang Dynasty" (PDF). Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie. Kyōtō. 7: 120. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  10. ↑ Takashi James Kodera; Dōgen (May 1980). Dōgen's formative years in China: an historical study and annotated translation of the Hōkyō-ki. Prajñā Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-87773-710-0. Retrieved 12 June 2011.

Bibliography

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