SUSE Linux Enterprise
DeveloperSUSE
OS familyLinux (Unix-like)
Working stateCurrent
Source modelOpen source
Initial releaseAugust 31, 2000 (2000-08-31)
Latest release15[1] Edit this on Wikidata[2] Service Pack 5[3] / June 20, 2023 (2023-06-20)
Marketing targetCommercial market (include mainframes, servers, workstations, supercomputers)
Available inMultilingual
Update methodZypper, YaST2
Package managerRPM Package Manager
PlatformsIA-32 (except SLES 12 and 15), x86-64, ARM32, ARM64, s390x, IBM Power, IBM Z
Kernel typeMonolithic (Linux)
UserlandGNU
Default
user interface		GNOME[4][5]
LicenseGNU General Public License and various
Official websitewww.suse.com/products/server/
www.suse.com/products/desktop/

SUSE Linux Enterprise (SLE) is a Linux-based operating system developed by SUSE. It is available in two editions, suffixed with Server (SLES) for servers and mainframes, and Desktop (SLED) for workstations and desktop computers.

Its major versions are released at an interval of three–four years, while minor versions (called "Service Packs") are released about every 12 months. SUSE Linux Enterprise products receive more intense testing than the upstream openSUSE community product, with the intention that only mature, stable versions of the included components will make it through to the released enterprise product. It is developed from a common code base with other SUSE Linux Enterprise products.

IBM's Watson was built on IBM's POWER7 systems using SLES.[6] Hewlett Packard Enterprise's Frontier, world's first and fastest exascale supercomputer runs on SUSE's SLES 15 (HPE Cray OS).[7]

SUSE Linux Enterprise Server

SLES was developed based on SUSE Linux by a small team led by Marcus Kraft and Bernhard Kaindl as principal developer who were supported by Joachim "Jos" Schröder. It was first released on October 31, 2000 as a version for IBM S/390 mainframe machines.[8] In December 2000, the first enterprise client (Telia) was made public.[9] In April 2001, the first SLES for x86 was released.

From a business perspective, SLES is not only a technical offering, but also has entangled a commercial offering (services and support). The initial business model was inspired by recurrent charges established in the mainframe world at this time, and innovated by Jürgen Geck and Malcom Yates. Based on customer needs and feedback as well as other evolving Linux based offerings the business model has been reworked by different people in the subsequent years until today.

SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 9 (SLES 9) was released in August 2004. Service Pack 4 was released in December 2007. It was supported by hardware vendors including IBM, HP, Sun Microsystems, Dell, SGI, Lenovo, and Fujitsu Siemens Computers.[10][11][12][13][14]

SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10 (SLES 10) was released in July 2006,[15] and is also supported by the major hardware vendors. Service pack 4 was released in April 2011.[16] SLES 10 shared a common codebase with SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10—Novell's desktop distribution for business use—and other SUSE Linux Enterprise products.[17][18]

SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 (SLES 11) was released on March 24, 2009[19] and included Linux kernel 2.6.27, Oracle Cluster File System Release 2, support for the OpenAIS cluster communication protocol for server and storage clustering, and Mono 2.0.[20][21][22] SLES 11 SP1 (released May 2010) rebased the kernel version to 2.6.32.[23] In February 2012, SLES 11 SP2 was released, based on kernel version 3.0.10.[24] SLES 11 SP2 included a Consistent Network Device Naming feature for Dell servers.[25]

SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 (SLES 12) beta was made available on February 25, 2014,[26] and the final version was released on October 27, 2014.[27][28] SLES 12 SP1 was released on December 18, 2015.[29][30][31] SP1 added Docker, Shibboleth, Network Teaming, and JeOS images. SP2 was released November 11, 2016.[32][33][34] SP3 was released September 7, 2017.[35][36][37]

The SLES 13 and SLES 14 version numbers were skipped due to superstitions associated with those numbers in certain cultures.[38]

SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 (SLES 15) beta 1 was released on October 18, 2017,[39][40][41][42] and the final version was released on July 16, 2018.[2][43] SLES 15 SP2, which updates the kernel, PostgreSQL, Samba, Salt and many other parts of the operating system, was released on July 21, 2020.

SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop

SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP3

SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop (SLED), introduced as Novell Linux Desktop (NLD), targeted at the business market,[44] it is developed from a common codebase with SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) and other SUSE Linux Enterprise (SLE) products. SLED includes the GNOME Shell, LibreOffice, Evolution and many other popular open source packages such as Dia, TigerVNC, and lftp. Like SLES, SLED is based on openSUSE Tumbleweed and shares a common codebase with openSUSE Leap.

SLED since version 12 has included a modified version of the GNOME Classic Shell to include a layout with one panel on the bottom of the screen, traditional application menus, and desktop icons for traditional desktop users. It also includes LibreOffice, Mozilla Firefox, and Evolution along with many standard GNOME utilities, such as GNOME Documents and GNOME Files. As well, the YaST Control Center allows end users to make advanced changes to the system from the command line.

HP offers business notebooks with SLED 11 preinstalled, under both its own brand and the Compaq brand.[45]

Micro-Star International offered MSI Wind Netbooks with SLED 10 preinstalled.[46] Sun Microsystems previously licensed SLED as the basis of the Linux version of Java Desktop System.

In March 2018, SUSE Product Manager Jay Kruemcke wrote in SUSE blog that SUSE Linux Enterprise developers have ported it to Raspberry Pi.[47]

History

SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop has been developed while SUSE was under the ownership of several different parent companies. SUSE was owned by and conducted business as Novell from SLED's first release as Novell Linux Desktop in 2004 until 2011 when The Attachmate Group purchased Novell and created SUSE as an autonomous subsidiary. Micro Focus in turn purchased The Attachmate Group in 2014 and made SUSE an autonomous business unit, before selling it to EQT Partners in 2019. EQT Partners is a private equity group that develops new companies before divesting them as independent companies.[48][49]

Novell Linux Desktop 9

Novell Linux Desktop (NLD) 9 was originally released November 8, 2004,[50] less than a year after Novell's acquisition of SUSE. There were a number of Service Packs (SP's) released for NLD 9. SP1 was released on February 11, 2005 and contained many updates. After that, SP2 was released on August 9, 2005, containing all the released updates and bugfixes since August 2004. SP3 was released on December 22, 2005.

NLD 9 was based on SUSE Linux 9.1 and offered a more conservative offering of desktop applications for businesses. Its desktop included common end user applications like Mozilla Firefox, OpenOffice.org. NLD also included software developed by Novell and its 2003 acquisition Ximian, such as the Red Carpet software management tool from Ximian and Novell's system management tool ZenWorks.[51]

SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10

With SLED 10, Novell increased the focus on features for a broader range of corporate users by focusing on meeting the needs for basic office workers, positioning SLED as a competitor to Microsoft Windows. Basic office workers were defined in this context as users who need basic desktop functionality, including an office suite, a collaboration client, a web browser, and instant messaging. Novell attempts to meet these needs by concentrating on making these components very compatible with existing enterprise infrastructure, such as Microsoft Office data files, Microsoft Active Directory, and Microsoft Exchange Server or Novell GroupWise collaboration systems.

It also included the Beagle desktop search tool,[52] similar to Spotlight in Mac OS X v10.4. The Xgl+Compiz support enables a variety of advanced graphical effects in the user interface, such as "application tiling" (similar to Exposé). Other features include making it easier for Linux beginners to connect digital cameras to the computer and play audio files such as MP3s using Helix Banshee. The version of GNOME included this release was highly customized, and debuted the slab application menu on a one panel layout. SLED 10 was originally released June 17, 2006. The last service pack for SLED 10 was Service Pack 4, released April 15, 2011.[53]

SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 11

SLED 11, based on openSUSE 11.1, was released March 24, 2009. It included an upgrade to GNOME and was the first release to ship KDE 4, with version 4.1.3. Several improvements were made to improve Microsoft Active Directory and Microsoft Exchange Server integration, and the Novell OpenOffice.org version was upgraded to version 3.0. SLED continued to include some proprietary components such as Adobe Flash, as well as open-source implementations of closed sourced plugins and runtimes such as Moonlight and Mono.[54]

Four service packs were released for SLED 11, with Service Pack 2 notably bringing BtrFS commercial support to the enterprise Linux market and including the snapper tool to manage BtrFS snapshots. The most current service pack, SP 4, was released July 17, 2015.

SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 12

On October 28, 2014, SUSE (now an independent business unit) released SLED 12 built on openSUSE 13.1. SLED 12 introduced several new technological upgrades, including systemd, GNOME 3, GRUB 2, plymouth, and the in-house built wicked wireless network manager. SLED 12 also included further stability and integration with BtrFS. With the transition to GNOME 3, the GNOME Classic Shell, the vanilla GNOME Shell, and a SLE Classic Shell with a design that more closely mimics the slab layout were included. KDE, the default desktop environment in openSUSE, and support for 32-bit x86 processors were dropped from the enterprise distribution.[55]

SLE 12 Service Pack 1 was the first to be the basis for openSUSE's more conservative Leap series, with openSUSE Leap 42.1 sharing its codebase with SLE 12 SP 1. Leap 42.2 and 42.3 were built from the same codebase as SLE 12 SP 2 and SLE SP 3 respectively. SLED 12's underlying base, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12, was the first version of SLE to be offered on the Microsoft Store to be run on the Windows Subsystem for Linux.[56]

SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15

SLE skipped over versions 13 and 14, realigning the versions of openSUSE Leap and SLE at version 15. SLE 15 was released June 25, 2018 with the same codebase as openSUSE Leap 15.0. SLED 15 included major upgrades to GNOME 3.26, LibreOffice 6.0, GCC 7 and LTS kernel version 4.12. Version 15 also made the Wayland implementation of GNOME the default. SLES and SLED can now also be installed from the same media. SLED 15 offers the same GNOME Desktop options as SLED 12.[57]

SLE 15 SP 1 shares a common codebase with openSUSE Leap 15.1. SLE 15 SP 1 includes improvements to the ability to migrate from openSUSE Leap to SLE, increased 64-bit Arm System on a Chip (SoC) supported processor options, transactional updates, and various other features.[58]

SLE 15 SP 3 features a unified repository with same source code and binary packages with openSUSE Leap 15.3.[59]

People

Novell's effort on SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10 was led by Nat Friedman, one of the two founders of Ximian. Nat was aided by a host of former Ximian and SUSE developers, with product manager Guy Lunardi and engineering manager Kelli Frame.

Derivatives

Through SUSE Studio Express, users can create custom appliances based on SUSE Linux Distributions including SLED. Options for SLE allow for the creation of derivative distributions as custom Kiwi and docker containers with customized package choices and configuration parameters.

Unique Features

YaST Control Center

YaST is the primary configuration tool in the SUSE Linux distributions, including SLED. YaST is an installation and administration program which can handle hard disk partitioning, system setup, RPM package management, online updates, network and firewall configuration, user administration and more in an integrated interface consisting of various modules for each administrative task.

SUSE Package Hub

SUSE Package Hub gives SLE users the option to install packages that are not an official part of the SUSE Linux Enterprise distribution or are more up to date than those included with the latest version of SLE. SUSE Package Hub is unofficial, and the software installed from its repositories does not receive commercial support from SUSE. Currently about 9,000 packages are available from SUSE Package Hub for SLE 12 and 15 with packages available for AArch64, ppc64le, s390x, and x86-64.[60]

End-of-support schedule

Legacy versions of SUSE Linux Enterprise (SLES 9 and 10) had a ten year product lifecycle. Newer versions have a thirteen year product lifecycle (SLES 11, 12, and 15). The current support model consists of 10 years of general support from time of First Customer Shipment (FCS), followed by 3 years of Long Term Service Pack Support (LTSS).

SLES version Latest SP FCS Release date[61] General Ends[61] LTSS Ends[62]
Old version, no longer maintained: first — 31 October 2000 ? —
Old version, no longer maintained: 7 — 13 October 2001 ? —
Old version, no longer maintained: 8 4 1 October 2002 30 December 2007 30 December 2009
Old version, no longer maintained: 9 4 3 August 2004 31 August 2011 1 August 2014
Old version, no longer maintained: 10 4 17 June 2006 31 July 2013 30 July 2016
Old version, no longer maintained: 11 4 24 March 2009 31 March 2019 31 March 2022
Older version, yet still maintained: 12 5 27 October 2014 31 October 2024 31 October 2027
Current stable version: 15 5 16 July 2018 31 July 2028 31 July 2031
Legend:
Old version
Older version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

Version history

Release dates of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server versions:[63]

Version Revision Release Date Notes
SuSE Linux Enterprise Server S/390 October 31, 2000
Sparc and IA-32 April 2001[64]
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 7 Initial release October 13, 2001 For the first time, a common codebase is used for all architectures (IA-32, Itanium, iSeries and pSeries, S/390 and zSeries 31-bit, zSeries 64-bit)
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 8[65] Initial release October 2002
SP1
SP2
SP2a
SP3
SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 9 Initial release August 3, 2004
SP1 January 19, 2005
SP2 July 7, 2005
SP3 December 22, 2005
SP4 December 12, 2007
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10 Initial release June 17, 2006
SP1 June 18, 2007
SP2 May 19, 2008
SP3 October 12, 2009
SP4 April 12, 2011
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 Initial release March 24, 2009
SP1 June 2, 2010
SP2 February 15, 2012
SP3 July 1, 2013
SP4 July 16, 2015
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 Initial release October 27, 2014[66]
SP1 January 12, 2016[29][30][31]
SP2 November 11, 2016[32][33][34]
SP3 September 7, 2017[35][36][37]
SP4 December 11, 2018[67]
SP5 December 9, 2019[68]
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 Initial release July 16, 2018 Versions 13 and 14 did not have server releases
SP1 June 24, 2019[69]
SP2 July 21, 2020[70]
SP3 June 23, 2021[71]
SP4 June 24, 2022[72]
SP5 June 20, 2023[73]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 is Generally Available". Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  2. 1 2 "SUSE Introduces Multimodal OS to Bridge Traditional and Software-Defined Infrastructure - SUSE Communities". June 25, 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  3. ↑ "Latest SUSE Linux Enterprise goes all in with confidential computing". 20 June 2023.
  4. ↑ Vugt, Sander van (February 2007). The Definitive Guide to SUSE Linux Enterprise Server - Sander van Vugt - Google Books. Apress. ISBN 9781430203261. Retrieved 2017-03-06.
  5. ↑ "DistroWatch.com: SUSE Linux Enterprise". Retrieved 2017-03-06.
  6. ↑ Release Notes SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12, Novell, Inc., 2011-02-15, archived from the original on 30 April 2015, retrieved 2011-02-15
  7. ↑ Dayley, Bret (7 January 2023). "World's fastest supercomputer runs SUSE Linux". SUSE.
  8. ↑ "SuSE Linux for S/390 available today" (Press release). SuSE. October 31, 2000. Archived from the original on June 5, 2001. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
  9. ↑ Gardiner, Joey (December 7, 2000). "Linux mainframe ousts Sun servers at Telia". silicon.com. Archived from the original on April 14, 2005. Retrieved 2006-11-15.
  10. ↑ A First Look at Novell Linux Desktop 9 [LWN.net]
  11. ↑ Novell Linux Desktop | Network World
  12. ↑ Novell Linux Desktop 9: Grabbing a Part of the Enterprise, OSNews
  13. ↑ Linux in Government: Linux Desktop Reviews, Part 2 - Novell Linux Desktop | Linux Journal
  14. ↑ Novell serves up an operating system winner with SLES 9 | Network World
  15. ↑ "Novell Delivers Next-Generation Platform for the Open Enterprise"
  16. ↑ Novell Offers Industry's Longest Enterprise Linux Support Program
  17. ↑ First Look: Novell's SLED 10, OSNews
  18. ↑ First Look: Novell's SLED 10, pt. II, OSNews
  19. ↑ Novell Ships SUSE Linux Enterprise 11
  20. ↑ Morgan, Timothy Prickett (2008-03-25). "Novell Previews Features in SUSE Linux Enterprise 11". The Linux Beacon. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06.
  21. ↑ SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 11: Lots of Tech but Short on Polish | ZDNet
  22. ↑ SLED 11: a distro for businesses, not idealists • The Register
  23. ↑ "Novell Announces SUSE Linux Enterprise 11 Service Pack 1".
  24. ↑ "Release Notes for SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 Service Pack 2". Novell. 2012-02-15.
  25. ↑ Narendra K (July 2012). "Consistent Network Device Naming in Linux" (PDF). Dell Linux Engineering division. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
  26. ↑ Suse Linux Enterprise 12 Beta available, retrieved 2014-05-27
  27. ↑ SUSE Linux Enterprise 12 Now Available, retrieved 2014-11-30
  28. ↑ "Die Neuerungen von Suse Linux Enterprise 12 | c't Magazin". Archived from the original on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
  29. 1 2 "SUSE Linux Enterprise 12 Service Pack 1 Now Available". SUSE. December 22, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
  30. 1 2 "SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP1 Release Notes". SUSE. August 3, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
  31. 1 2 "First Service Pack for SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 Brings Docker and Shibboleth". softpedia. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
  32. 1 2 Raj Meel (November 8, 2016). "SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 Service Pack 2 – The Best Enterprise OS". SUSE. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
  33. 1 2 "SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP2 Release Notes". SUSE. April 3, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
  34. 1 2 Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (November 11, 2016). "SUSE Linux Enterprise 12 Service Pack 2 arrives". ZDNet. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
  35. 1 2 Raj Meel (September 7, 2017). "Announcing Service Pack 3 for SUSE Linux Enterprise 12". SUSE. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
  36. 1 2 "SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP3 Release Notes". SUSE. September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
  37. 1 2 Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (September 8, 2017). "SUSE Linux Enterprise 12 SP3 released". ZDNet. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
  38. ↑ SUSE Linux Enterprise turns 15: Look, Ma! A common code base
  39. ↑ SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 Beta 1 is available! - SUSE Communities
  40. ↑ SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 Reaches Beta: Using GNOME & Wayland, Linux 4.12 - Phoronix
  41. ↑ Suse Linux Enterprise 15 Bridges Traditional, Software-Defined Systems | Enterprise | LinuxInsider
  42. ↑ SUSE Linux Enterprise Server takes a big step forward | ZDNet
  43. ↑ Release Notes | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 GA
  44. ↑ Peter Galli (2006). "Novell aims rebranded SUSE Linux 10 at enterprise desktops". eWeek. Archived from the original on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
  45. ↑ HP E-Commerce Site
  46. ↑ Novell Extends Desktop Linux Leadership Through Pre-Load Agreement With Micro-Star International
  47. ↑ A small server for big companies – New Raspberry Pi support in SLES for ARM - SUSE Communities
  48. ↑ "Suse is once again an independent company". TechCrunch. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
  49. ↑ "Long term perspective - EQT". Long term perspective - EQT. 10 June 2019. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  50. ↑ DistroWatch. "Distribution Release: Novell Linux Desktop 9 (DistroWatch.com News)". distrowatch.com. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
  51. ↑ "Novell Linux Desktop 9 Review | ZDNet". ZDNet. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
  52. ↑ Peter Galli (2005). "Novell Says Its Next Linux Desktop Will Surpass Windows". eWeek. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
  53. ↑ "Support | Availability of SLES10 SP4 for Novell Open Enterprise Server 2 (OES2) customers". www.novell.com. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  54. ↑ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. "Novell's SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 11: A true Windows replacement". Computerworld. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
  55. ↑ Loschwitz, Martin. "SLE 12 » ADMIN Magazine". ADMIN Magazine. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
  56. ↑ "Get SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 - Microsoft Store". Microsoft Store. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
  57. ↑ "Release Notes | SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 GA". www.suse.com. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
  58. ↑ "SUSE Provides Platform for Cloud-Native, Containerized Applications as Enterprises Move to Hybrid and Multi-Cloud". June 24, 2019.
  59. ↑ Pfeifer, Gerald (2021-03-03). "Closing the Leap Gap". SUSE Communities. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
  60. ↑ "SUSE Package Hub - FAQ". packagehub.suse.com. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
  61. 1 2 SLES Lifecycle Dates
  62. ↑ SLES Long Term Service Pack Support
  63. ↑ "Novell Support Lifecycle". Retrieved 2011-08-11.
  64. ↑ "SuSE Linux Enterprise Server Now Available" (Press release). SuSE. 2001-03-24. Archived from the original on June 27, 2001. Retrieved 2017-06-21.
  65. ↑ kernel in SLES
  66. ↑ "SUSE Linux Enterprise 12 Now Available".
  67. ↑ "Release Notes | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP4".
  68. ↑ "Release Notes | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP5".
  69. ↑ "Release Notes | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP1".
  70. ↑ "Release Notes | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP2".
  71. ↑ "Release Notes | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP3".
  72. ↑ "Release Notes | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP4".
  73. ↑ "Release Notes | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP5".

Further reading

Server
  • Eckert, Jason (2007). SUSE Linux Enterprise Server Administration (Course 3037). Thomson/Course Technology. p. 760. ISBN 978-1-4188-3731-0.
  • Eckert, Jason (March 2006). Advanced SUSE Linux Enterprise Server Administration (Course 3038). Thomson/Course Technology. p. 432. ISBN 978-1-4188-3732-7.
  • Eckert, Jason (2007). SUSE Linux Enterprise Server Security. Course Technology. ISBN 978-1-4283-2223-3.
  • Kuo, Peter; Jacques Beland (2005). SUSE LINUX Enterprise Server 9 Administrator's Handbook. Novell Press. ISBN 978-0-672-32735-3.
  • van Vugt, Sander (2006). The Definitive Guide to SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. Apress. ISBN 978-1-59059-708-8.
  • Harris, Jeffrey; Mike Latimer (2005). Novell Open Enterprise Server Administrator's Handbook, SUSE LINUX Edition. Novell Press. ISBN 978-0-672-32749-0.
Desktop
  • Eckert, Jason (2007). SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop Administration. Course Technology. ISBN 978-1-4283-2227-1.
  • Habraken, Joe (2005). Novell Linux Desktop 9 Administrator's Handbook. Novell Press. ISBN 978-0-672-32790-2.
  • Dulaney, Emmett (2005). Novell Linux Desktop 9 User's Handbook. Novell Press. ISBN 978-0-672-32729-2.
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