| Sukh Jiwan Mal | |
|---|---|
| Raja of Kashmir | |
| Reign | 1754–1762 |
| Born | Kabul, Durrani Empire (Present-day Afghanistan) |
| Died | 1762 Lahore, Durrani Empire (Present-day Punjab, Pakistan) |
Raja Sukh Jiwan Mal (died 1762) was the Punjabi Khatri ruler of Kashmir from 1754 to 1762. He rose from the rank of soldier to governor and then finally became a ruler. He was the first Hindu chief in Kashmir after a gap of nearly 400 years.[1]
Early life
Sukhjiwan Mal was born in Kabul (Afghanistan) to a Hindu Khatri family, with origins from the city of Bhera (Punjab).[2]
History
Background
Kashmir under Afghan rulers was in a bad state. Locals were tortured and killed during the reign of Afghans. The very first Afghan chief Abdullah Khan Isk Aquasi appointed by Ahmad Shah Abdali would line up all Kashmiris whom he considered rich and would ask them to either part with their wealth or to face death. The Afghan army would often raid and loot common Kashmiri houses.[3]
Rise
After the loot and plunder, Abdullah Khan Isk Aquasi returned to Kabul leaving Kashmir under the charge of Abdullah Khan Kabuli. Kabuli appointed Sukh Jivan Mal as his chief advisor.[3] A local leader of Kashmiri Muslims, Abdul Hassan Bandey wanted to get rid of the cruel Afghan rulers.[1] Bandey convinced Sukh Jivan Mal to kill Kabuli and become independent. Subsequently, Kabuli was assassinated and Sukh Jivan Mal became the independent ruler after formally getting the title of "raja".[3]
Reign
As the ruler of Kashmir, Sukh Jivan appointed Bandey as his chief minister. As a retaliation, Ahmad Shah Abdali sent Khwaja Kijak and Abdullah Khan Isk Aquasi to Kashmir. They were both defeated. In another occasion, Afghan prisoners of war were paraded in the streets with Kashmiri crowds spitting at them.[3] The locals of Kashmir were at large happy with the smooth and efficient administration but the happiness did not last very long. A destructive famine occurred in 1755 followed by locust attack. These natural calamities forced the locals to desperately eat dead locusts.[4] Sukh Jiwan distributed 80 lakh kg rice for free among the poor people.[1]
According to Schwartz, "Kashmir's only respite from economic and political pressures during the Afghan and Sikh rule occurred during the reign of Sukh Jivan Mal, marked by a flowering of literacy activity attached to patronage." Sukh Jiwan held weekly symposiums to which he invited all the poets. He also employed poets to produce history of Kashmir in the style of Book of Kings.[5] Under the advice of Mohanand Dhar, Sukh Jiwan Mal in order to facilitate his work imported many Khatri Hindus from Punjab to Kashmir.[6]
Defeat
When force did not work, Abdali used wit to get control of Kashmir. He attempted to destroy the good relations between Sukh Jivan and Bandey by putting a wedge against them. Taking advantage of this situation, Abdali sent an army led by Nurud-din-Khan Bamzai to Kashmir. A major portion of Raja Sukh Jivan Mal's army including his commander-in-chief Bakth Mal betrayed him.[7] Eventually, he was captured, blinded and sent to Abdali in Lahore where he was killed by throwing him under an elephant.[3]
References
- 1 2 3 Gupta, Hari Ram (October 2001). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh commonwealth or Rise and fall of Sikh misls. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 978-81-215-0165-1.
- ↑ Rashid, Abdur (1978). History of the Muslims of Indo-Pakistan Sub-continent, 1707-1806. Research Society of Pakistan.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Jagmohan (15 November 2019). My Frozen Turbulence in Kashmir (12th Edition_Reprint 2019). Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-93-85926-56-3.
- ↑ Nanda, K. K. (1 January 2013). War With No Gains (Prabhat Prakashan). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-8430-241-7.
- ↑ Schwartz, Schwartz Kevin L. (18 March 2020). Remapping Persian Literary History, 1700-1900. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-5087-4.
- ↑ Suri, Inderjit Singh (2006). Lest We Forget: A History of Sikhs of Kashmir. Inderjit Singh.
- ↑ Gupta, Hari Ram (1944). Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab, 1707-1793. Minerva book shop.