Nakota / Nakoda // Îyârhe[1]
"ally / friend" // "moutain"
PersonÎyethka[2]
PeopleÎyethkabi
(Îyethka Oyade)
LanguageÎyethka Îabi / wîchoîe
Îyethka Wowîhâ[3]
CountryÎyethka Makóce
King George VI and Queen Elizabeth greet chieftains of the Nakoda, who have brought a photo of Queen Victoria, during the 1939 royal tour of Canada. The treaties were originally signed by representatives of the Crown acting in Queen Victoria's name.
Stoney language area
Blue Bird, Nakoda girl

The Nakoda (also known as Stoney, Îyârhe Nakoda, or Stoney Nakoda) are an Indigenous people in Western Canada and the United States.

They used to inhabit large parts of what is now Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Montana,[4] but their reserves are now in Alberta and in Saskatchewan, where they are scarcely differentiated from the Assiniboine.

They refer to themselves in their language as Nakoda, meaning 'friend, ally'. The name Stoney was given to them by anglophone explorers, because of their technique of using fire-heated rocks to boil broth in rawhide bowls. They are very closely related to the Assiniboine, who are also known as Stone Sioux (from Ojibwe: asinii-bwaan).

The Nakoda First Nation in Alberta comprises three bands: Bearspaw, Chiniki, and Goodstoney.[5]

The Stoney were "excluded" from Banff National Park between 1890 and 1920.[6] In 2010 they were officially "welcomed back".[7]

Nakota groups

Moccasins from the Stoney Nakoda First Nation, circa 1905

The Nakota (Stoney) are descendants of individual bands of the Assiniboine, from which they spun out as an independent group in about 1744. The Stoney was divided geographically and culturally into two tribal groups or divisions with different dialects, which in turn were further divided into several bands:[8][9]

Wood Stoney (Chan Tonga Nakoda – ‘Big Woods People’, often called Swampy Ground Assiniboine, northern tribal group)

Mountain Stoney (Ye Xa Yabine Nakoda or Hebina – ‘Rock Mountain People’, often called Strong Wood Assiniboine, Thickwood Assiniboine, southern tribal group)

Treaties

Members of the Nakoda nations of Paul and Alexis signed an adhesion to Treaty 6 in 1877.

In 1877, representatives of the Nakoda Nations of Bearspaw, Chiniki, and Goodstoney met with representatives of the British Crown to discuss the terms of Treaty 7.[10] In exchange for the use of traditional lands, the Crown agreed to honour their right to self-government and an ancestral way of life. They were also promised reserve lands, 279 km2 situated along the Bow River between the Kananaskis River and the Ghost River, which became the Big Horn, Stoney, and Eden Valley reserves, shared between the Bearspaw, Chiniki, and Goodstoney tribes.

See also

Further reading

  • John Snow, Chief:[11] These Mountains Are Our Sacred Places. The Story of the Stoney People. Univ of Toronto Press, 1977; Dundurn 1994; Fitzhenry & Whiteside 2006

Notes

  1. ↑ "Mountain". Stoney Nakoda Dictionary Online. Stoney Education Authority. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  2. ↑ "Stoney Nakoda". Stoney Nakoda Dictionary Online. Stoney Education Authority. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  3. ↑ "wowîhâ". Stoney Nakoda Dictionary Online. Stoney Education Authority. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  4. ↑ "Stoney Nation: Our History". Stoney Nation Website. Stoney Nation. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  5. ↑ "Bearspaw, Chiniki, Wesley Nakoda Nations (Stoney)". Treaty 7 Management Corporation. Archived from the original on 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  6. ↑ Binnema, Theodore (Ted); Niemi, Melanie (October 2006). "'Let the Line Be Drawn Now': Wilderness, Conservation, and the Exclusion of Aboriginal People from Banff National Park in Canada". Environmental History. 11 (4): 724–750 – via JSTOR.
  7. ↑ The Stoney Nakoda Nation is welcomed back to Banff National Park | First Nations in British Columbia Portal
  8. ↑ Raymond DeMallie, William Sturtevant: Handbook of North American Indians: Plains, ISBN 978-0-16-050400-6, pp. 596–603
  9. ↑ "Northwest Plains History". Heritage Database Counseling. Archived from the original on November 26, 2010. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  10. ↑ "Articles of Treaty No. 7". Treaty 7 Management Corporation. Archived from the original on 2009-03-01. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  11. ↑ January 29, 1933 – June 15, 2006; Book-Excerpt
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