Stellar
Original author(s)
Developer(s)Stellar Development Foundation
Initial releaseJuly 31, 2014 (2014-07-31)
Repository
Written inC++, Go, Java, JavaScript, Python, Ruby
Operating systemCross-platform
TypeBlockchain
LicenseApache License 2.0
Websitestellar.org
Lumen
Denominations
Plurallumens
Symbol*
CodeXLM
Precision10−7
Subunits
 1⁄10000000stroop
Development
White paperThe Stellar Consensus Protocol: A Federated Model for Internet-level Consensus[1]
Initial releaseJuly 31, 2014 (2014-07-31)
Development statusActive
Ledger
Supply limit50 billion
Website
Websitestellar.org

Stellar, or Stellar Lumens, is an open-source, decentralized protocol for digital currency to fiat money low-cost transfers which allows cross-border transactions between any pair of currencies.[2] The Stellar protocol is supported by a Delaware nonprofit corporation, the Stellar Development Foundation, though this organization does not enjoy 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status with the IRS.[3][4]

History

In 2014, Jed McCaleb, founder of Mt. Gox and co-founder of Ripple, launched the network system Stellar with former lawyer Joyce Kim. Before the official launch, McCaleb formed a website called "Secret Bitcoin Project" seeking alpha testers.[5] The nonprofit Stellar Development Foundation was created in collaboration with Stripe CEO Patrick Collison and the project officially launched that July. Stellar received $3 million in seed funding from Stripe.[6][7] Stellar was released as a decentralized payment network and protocol with a native currency, stellar. At its launch, the network had 100 billion stellars. 25 percent of those would be given to other non-profits working toward financial inclusion.[8][9] Stripe received 2 percent or 2 billion of the initial stellar in return for its seed investment.[10] The cryptocurrency, originally known as stellar, was later called Lumens or XLM.[11] In August 2014, Mercado Bitcoin, the first Brazilian bitcoin exchange, announced it would be using the Stellar network.[12] By January 2015, Stellar had approximately 3 million registered user accounts on its platform and its market cap was almost $15 million.[13]

The Stellar Development Foundation released an upgraded protocol with a new consensus algorithm in April 2015 which went live in November 2015.[14] The new algorithm used SCP, a cryptocurrency protocol created by Stanford professor David Mazières.[15]

Lightyear.io, a for-profit entity of Stellar, was launched in May 2017 as the commercial arm of the company.[16] In September 2017, Stellar announced a benefits program, part of its Stellar Partnership Grant Program, which would award partners up to $2 million worth of Lumens for project development. In September 2018, Lightyear Corporation acquired Chain, Inc and the combined company was named Interstellar.[17]

In 2021, Franklin Templeton launched the first “tokenised” US mutual fund using Stellar.[18]

Usage

In 2015, it was announced that Stellar was releasing an integration into Vumi, the open-sourced messaging platform of the Praekelt Foundation in South Africa.[19] Vumi uses cellphone talk time as currency using the Stellar protocol.[20] Stellar partnered with cloud-based banking software company Oradian in April 2015 to integrate Stellar into Oradian's banking platform to add microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Nigeria.[21][22]

Deloitte announced its integration with Stellar in 2016 to build a cross-border payments application, Deloitte Digital Bank.[23] In December 2016, it was announced that Stellar's payment network had expanded to include Coins.ph, a mobile payments startup in the Philippines, ICICI Bank in India, African mobile payments firm Flutterwave, and French remittances company Tempo Money Transfer.[24]

In October 2017, Stellar partnered with IBM and KlickEx to facilitate cross-border transactions in the South Pacific region. The cross-border payment system developed by IBM includes partnerships with banks in the area.[25][26] The Lumens digital currency was ranked 13th in market capitalization at the time of the IBM partnership.[27]

In December 2017, TechCrunch announced Stellar's partnership with SureRemit, a Nigerian-based non-cash remittances platform.[28]

On January 6, 2021, the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine announced cooperation and partnership with Stellar in development of Ukraine digital infrastructure, after which Stellar value increased by 40%.[29]

Ecosystem

Stellar has an active community ecosystem and supports projects that utilize the Stellar Network with the Stellar Community Fund.[30]

Overview

Stellar is an open-source protocol for exchanging money or tokens using the Stellar Consensus Protocol.[1] The platform's source code is hosted on GitHub.

Servers run a software implementation of the protocol, and use the Internet to connect to and communicate with other Stellar servers. Each server stores a ledger of all the accounts in the network. 3 nodes are operated by the Stellar Development Foundation, in conjunction with 21 other organizations, providing for a total of 66 validator nodes.[31] Transactions among accounts occur not through mining but rather through a consensus process among accounts in a quorum slice.[32] The current network fee is 100 stroops, equivalent to 0.00001 XLM.[33]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Mazieres, David (25 February 2016). "The Stellar Consensus Protocol: A Federated Model for Internet-level Consensus" (PDF). Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  2. ↑ Ben Dickson (January 30, 2018). "Can blockchain democratize education? This startup seems to think so". The Next Web. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
  3. ↑ "Stellar FAQ". Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  4. ↑ Jillian D’onfro (31 July 2014). "PayPal's Cofounder Is Supporting A New Non-Profit That Will Tackle The Vision PayPal 'Never Accomplished'". Business Insider. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  5. ↑ "Mt. Gox, Ripple Founder Unveils Stellar, a New Digital Currency Project". Wall Street Journal. 31 July 2014.
  6. ↑ "New Bitcoin challenger launches". Fortune.
  7. ↑ Michael del Castillo (5 August 2014). "Stripe takes on bitcoin with rival digital currency Stellar". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  8. ↑ "Payment processor Stripe helps launch a new currency, the Stellar". 31 July 2014.
  9. ↑ "PayPal's Cofounder Is Supporting A New Non-Profit That Will Tackle The Vision PayPal 'Never Accomplished'". Business Insider.
  10. ↑ "Stripe Backs Non-Profit Decentralized Payment Network Stellar, From Mt. Gox's Original Creator". 31 July 2014.
  11. ↑ "2 Game-Changing New Cryptocurrencies With Serious Backing".
  12. ↑ Metz, Cade. "New Digital Currency Aims to Unite Every Money System on Earth". Wired.
  13. ↑ "Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem". www.techinasia.com.
  14. ↑ Cade Metz (8 April 2015). "An Algorithm to Make Online Currency as Trustworthy as Cash". WIRED. Condé Nast. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  15. ↑ Tom Simonite (April 15, 2015). "A New Competitor for Bitcoin Aims to Be Faster and Safer".
  16. ↑ Jeff John Roberts (May 11, 2017). "Stripe-Backed Stellar Places a New Bet on Blockchain in the Developing World". Fortune. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
  17. ↑ "Blockchain Startup Chain Merges With Stellar to Accelerate Use". Bloomberg.com. 10 September 2018.
  18. ↑ Noonan, Laura (2021-12-10). "Blockchain-powered breakthrough on mutual fund". Financial Times. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  19. ↑ Biz Carson (5 February 2015). "Stellar, South African nonprofit to bring digital savings to young girls". GigaOm. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  20. ↑ Tom Simonite (20 February 2015). "Bitcoin-Inspired Digital Currency to Power Mobile Savings App". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  21. ↑ Karen Webster (2 March 2015). "Stellar and Solving the Unexpected Tragedy of the Financial System". PYMENTS.com. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  22. ↑ Paul Vigna (28 February 2015). "Stellar Takes a Step Into the Microfinance World". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  23. ↑ Diana Asatryan (May 3, 2016). "Deloitte Taps Blockchain Startups to Build New Core Banking System". Bank Innovation. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
  24. ↑ FORTUNE. "Stripe-Backed Stellar Kicks Off Worldwide Money Transfers". Fortune. Retrieved 2017-01-03.
  25. ↑ "Stellar jumps 20% after Stripe says it may add support for the digital coin". CNBC. 24 January 2018.
  26. ↑ "IBM and Stellar Launch Blockchain Banking Across Multiple Countries". Fortune.
  27. ↑ IBM has a new blockchain for banks to speed up cross-border payments Ryan Browne, CNBC, 18 October 2017
  28. ↑ Jake, Bright. "Africa's SureRemit joins the tokenized race to win the global remittance market". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  29. ↑ "Мінцифра співпрацюватиме зі Stellar Development Foundation над розвитком ринку віртуальних активів". Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  30. ↑ "Stellar Community Fund". communityfund.stellar.org.
  31. ↑ "Stellarbeat.io - Stellar network visibility". stellarbeat.io. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
  32. ↑ Tom Simonite (15 April 2015). "A New Competitor for Bitcoin Aims to Be Faster and Safer". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
  33. ↑ contributors, Stellar org and. "Transaction Fees, Minimum Balances, and Surge Pricing | Stellar Developers". www.stellar.org. Retrieved 2020-05-23. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
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