Anti-Jewish laws were enacted by the Vichy France government in 1940 and 1941 affecting metropolitan France and its overseas territories during World War II. These laws were, in fact, decrees of head of state Marshal Philippe Pétain, since Parliament was no longer in office as of 11 July 1940. The motivation for the legislation was spontaneous and was not mandated by Germany. These laws were declared null and void on 9 August 1944 after liberation and on the restoration of republican legality.
The statutes were aimed at depriving Jews of the right to hold public office, designating them as a lower class, and depriving them of citizenship. Many Jews were subsequently rounded up at Drancy internment camp before being deported for extermination in Nazi concentration camps.
History
The denaturalization law was enacted on 16 July 1940, barely a month after the announcement of the Vichy regime of Petain. On 22 July 1940, the Deputy Secretary of State Raphaël Alibert created a committee to review 500,000 naturalisations given since 1927. This resulted in 15,000 people having their French nationality revoked, of whom 40% were Jews. Alibert was the signatory of the Statutes on Jews.
The first Jewish status law (Le Statut des Juifs) dated 3 October 1940 excluded Jews from the army, press, commercial and industrial activities, and the civil service. Article 9 of the Status stated that it applied to the French territories of Vichy France Algeria, the colonies, the Protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco, and mandates territories. The second status law was passed in July 1941 and required the registration of Jewish businesses and excluded Jews from any profession, commercial or industrial.
A Vichy law of 7 October 1940 (published 8 October in the Journal Officiel) abrogated the Cremieux decree and denaturalized the Jewish population of Algeria.[1]
A further law regarding foreign Jewish nationals of 4 October 1940, promulgated simultaneously with the Jewish status laws, allowed for the immediate internment of foreign Jews.[2] Under the law 40,000 Jews were interned in various camps in the Zone libre, the Southern Zone: Nexon, Agde, Gurs, Noé, Récébédou, Rivesaltes, and Le Vernet.[3] On 1 July 1940, the Germans had expelled thousands of French Jews of Alsace and Lorraine to the Zone libre. Some settled in cities such as Limoges, others finished up in the camps such as Gurs.
These laws were copied from Nazi laws or ordinances, so that they were equally harsh for their victims. These laws were more rigorous than the Italian Racial Laws in occupied Nice. These laws of limitation were put into place from the start of the new regime by Pétain: the first law was put into place barely one month after the Vichy government was established.
In the twelve months starting October 1940, 26 laws, 24 decrees, and six ordinances concerning Jews were promulgated. Vichy anticipated the Germans, who then promulgated their own laws, which Vichy picked up and adopted in turn. Vichy freely adopted aryanization so that by mid-1941, half of the Jewish population had no income, were forbidden from having radios, changing residence, and were restricted in the hours they could go out in public.[1]: 170
The collaborationist regime also put into practice the Nazi policy on hunting Jews, that was enforced by the French police, sending the captive Jews to railway stations where they would be sent to French concentration camps as part of the Final Solution.
Similar legislation was subsequently applied by Algeria (7 October 1940), Morocco (31 October), and Tunisia (30 November), which at the time were Vichy possessions or protectorates.[4]
Responsibility
The Vichy government voluntarily adopted, without coercion from the German forces, laws that excluded Jews and their children from certain roles in society. According to Marshal Philippe Pétain's chief of staff, "Germany was not at the origin of the anti-Jewish legislation of Vichy. That legislation was spontaneous and autonomous."[5] These laws were declared null and void by the Ordinance of 9 August 1944 after liberation and on the restoration of republican legality.[6]
Other groups
Other categories of the population, such as Freemasons and communists, were also oppressed by this Vichy regime. Until the invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 the hunt for communists was not a high priority on the Nazi agenda, because of the signing of the Nazi-Soviet Pact on 23 August 1939.
List of laws
| Date | Law or act | ref | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1940-10-03 | Law on the status of Jews | [7] | who is a Jew; prohibited professions |
| 1940-10-04 | Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race | [8]: 91 | internment of foreign Jews |
| 1940-10-07 | Abrogation of Cremieux Decree | [1] | |
| 1941-06-02 | Second law on the status of Jews | [9][8]: 87 | replaced the first Statut des Juifs to make it stricter |
See also
References
- 1 2 3 Benbassa, Esther (2 July 2001). The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present. Translated by DeBevoise, M.B. Princeton University Press. p. 168. ISBN 1-4008-2314-5. OCLC 700688446.
- ↑ Numbered 29. Published in the Official Journal of the French State, October 18, 1940, page 5324.
- ↑ Michèle Cointet, L'Eglise sous Vichy, 1940-1945: la repentance en question (The Church under Vichy, 1940-1945; repentance in question) Perrin 1998. ISBN 9782262012311. p.181.
- ↑ Robert Satloff (2006): Among the Righteous: Lost Stories from the Holocaust's Long Reach into Arab Lands. PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-58648-399-4. p.26
- ↑ Henri du Moulin de la Barthète. October 26, 1946 cited in Cirtis, Verdict on Vichy. p.111. Quoting from: Robert Satloff (2006): Among the Righteous. p.31
- ↑ "Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental – Version consolidée au 10 août 1944" [Law of August 9, 1944 Concerning the Reestablishment of the Legally Constituted Republic on the Mainland - Consolidated Version of August 10, 1944]. gouv.fr. Legifrance. August 9, 1944. Archived from the original on 2009-07-16. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
Article 1: The form of the Government of France is and remains the Republic. By law it has not ceased to exist.
Article 2: The following are therefore null and void: all legislative or regulatory acts as well as all actions of any description whatsoever taken to execute them, promulgated in Metropolitan France after 16 June 1940 and until the restoration of the Provisional Government of the French Republic. This nullification is hereby expressly declared and must be noted. - ↑ Klarsfeld, Serge (1983). Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944: Documentation of the Deportation of the Victims of the Final Solution in France. B. Klarsfeld Foundation. OCLC 970847660.
3) A law of October 3, 1940, on the status of Jews excluded them from most public and private professions and defined Jews on the basis of racial criteria.
- 1 2 Rémy, Dominique (1992). Les lois de Vichy: actes dits 'lois' de l'autorité de fait se prétendant 'gouvernement de l'Etat français' [The Vichy laws: acts called 'laws' of the de facto authority claiming to be the 'government of the French state'] (in French). Editions Romillat. p. 242. ISBN 978-2-87894-026-8. OCLC 1038535440.
- ↑ Joly, Laurent (2008). "L'administration française et le statut du 2 juin 1941" [French administration and the law of 2 June 1941]. Archives Juives. Revue d'histoire des juifs de France. Paris: fr:Les Belles Lettres. 41 (1): 25–40. doi:10.3917/aj.411.0025. ISSN 1965-0531. OCLC 793455446. Archived from the original on 2015-03-21.
Further reading
Les Lois de Vichy, text collected by Dominique Rémy (Romillet, 1992), p. 91.
- Zalc, Claire (2021). Denaturalized: How Thousands Lost Their Citizenship and Lives in Vichy France. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-98771-5.