Calocybe gambosa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Lyophyllaceae
Genus: Calocybe
Species:
C. gambosa
Binomial name
Calocybe gambosa
(Fr.) Donk (1962)
Synonyms

Tricholoma gambosum

Calocybe gambosa
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is convex
Hymenium is sinuate
Stipe is bare
Spore print is white
Ecology is mycorrhizal
Edibility is choice

Calocybe gambosa, commonly known as St. George's mushroom, is an edible mushroom that grows mainly in fields, grass verges and roadsides. Deriving its common name from when it first appears in the UK, namely on St George's Day (23 April). It appears in March in Italy, a warmer country where it is also a popular mushroom to eat,[1] and is known there as prugnolo. It is also popular in Northern Spain and Southern France, in the Basque Country region and its surroundings where it appears in April. In these regions it is usually eaten sautéed with egg or with bacon.

It is considered a delicacy, especially when fried in butter. It was previously considered a part of the large genus Tricholoma and is still seen as T. gambosum in older texts.

Taxonomy

Initially described as Agaricus gambosus by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1821 work Systema Mycologicum,[2] with its specific epithet derived from a Latin term for "club footed" in relation to its bulky stipe.[1] It was later named Tricholoma gambosum by Paul Kummer in 1871,[3] before being reclassified as Calocybe gambosa by Marinus Anton Donk in 1962.[4] In Germany it is known as Maipilz, where it fruits in May.[5] The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek terms kalos "pretty", and cubos "head".[6] In Denmark it is called Vårmousseron, appearing in spring—early May [7]

Description

The cap measures from 5–15 cm (2 to 6 inches) in diameter and has a smooth texture and has ridges on it. The colour of the cap, stipe and flesh can range from white-creamy coloured to bright yellow. The sinuate gills are white and crowded. The flesh is thick and soft and has a mealy or cucumber smell. The spore print is white to pinkish white. The stubby stipe is bulky at the base.[1]

Care must be taken not to confuse it with the highly poisonous Inosperma erubescens, which grows in the same habitats. The latter has a more pungent fruity smell and bruises red. Entoloma sinuatum, also poisonous, has a rancid smell.[5]

Distribution and habitat

Calocybe gambosa is common in grasslands in Europe, often in areas rich in limestone. It is common on the Swedish islands Öland and Gotland, both situated in the Baltic sea. On the South Downs in southern England, it has formed huge fairy rings that appear to be several hundred years old.[8] It is found from April in the United Kingdom, and earlier in warmer countries.[1]

Edibility

The mushroom is best picked in dry weather. It can be eaten dry, pickled or even raw. It is imported in commercial quantities into Western Europe from Romania.[1] It was held in high esteem in medieval Italy, reported by Costanzo Felici in 1569 as the most expensive and highly regarded mushroom in Umbria and Marches in central Italy, and held in high esteem in the Apennine mountain region—Liguria, Tuscany, and Emilia-Romagna)—by Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti in 1777. It is still locally eaten in Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany.[9]

St George's mushroom is highly prized in the Basque Country of Spain, where it fetches very high prices.[10] In Alava, it is traditionally eaten on the feast of Saint Prudence (28 April), alongside snails.[11] The mushroom is also a cornerstone of the gastronomy of Bilbao, where it is typically eaten in an omelette.[12] The demand in the Basque Country is so high the mushroom has to be imported from Eastern Europe.

Calocybe gambosa grows at the same time of year and locations to, and can be confused with, young Inocybe erubescens (poisonous), Melanoleuca strictipes (inedible), and Entoloma sinuatum (poisonous).[13]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Carluccio A (2003). The Complete Mushroom Book. Quadrille. p. 75. ISBN 1-84400-040-0.
  2. ↑ Fries EM (1821). Systema Mycologicum. Vol. 1. Lundae: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 50.
  3. ↑ Kummer, Paul (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde (in German) (1 ed.). Zerbst, Germany: Luppe. p. 131.
  4. ↑ Donk M.A. (1962). The generic names proposed for the Agaricaceae. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia. Vol. 5. Weinheim, Germany. p. 46.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. 1 2 Zeitlmayr, Linus (1976). Wild Mushrooms:An Illustrated Handbook. Garden City Press, Hertfordshire. p. 70. ISBN 0-584-10324-7.
  6. ↑ Nilson S, Persson O (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. Penguin. p. 24. ISBN 0-14-063006-6.
  7. ↑ "MycoKey fungus identifier".
  8. ↑ Ramsbottom, John (1953). Mushrooms & Toadstools. Collins. p. 125. ISBN 1-870630-09-2.
  9. ↑ Sitta, Nicola; Floriani, Marco (2008). "Nationalization and Globalization Trends in the Wild Mushroom Commerce of Italy with Emphasis on Porcini ( Boletus edulis and Allied Species)". Economic Botany. 62 (3): 307–22. doi:10.1007/s12231-008-9037-4. S2CID 44274570.
  10. ↑ "El precio del perretxiko supera los 40 euros el kilo". EITB. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  11. ↑ "De 'La comida del Gargantúa' a la primera Tamborrada". elcorreo.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  12. ↑ JULIÁN MÉNDEZ (May 2017). "Perretxikos, el tesoro de la primavera". El Correro.
  13. ↑ "Normlisten".

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