The 1936 Summer Olympic Games in Berlin, Nazi Germany, is widely viewed as an early case of sportswashing.
F1 in Bahrain is an example of sportswashing.

Sportswashing is a term used to describe the practice of nations, individuals, groups, corporations, or governments using sports to improve reputations tarnished by wrongdoing. A form of propaganda, sportswashing can be accomplished through hosting sporting events, purchasing, or sponsoring sporting teams, or participating in a sport.[1]

At the international level, it is believed that sportswashing has been used to direct attention away from poor human rights records and corruption scandals.[2] At the individual and corporate levels, it is believed that sportswashing has been used to cover up vices, crimes, and scandals. Sportswashing is an example of reputation laundering.

Overview

President Vladimir Putin holding the FIFA World Cup Trophy at a pre-tournament ceremony in Moscow on 9 September 2017

Internationally, sportswashing has been described as part of a country's soft power.[3][4][5][6] The first usage of the term "sportswashing" may have been applied to Azerbaijan and its hosting of the 2015 European Games in Baku.[7]

People from countries accused of sportswashing often argue that they simply want to enjoy sporting events in their home countries, or to either compete in better environments, and that sporting boycotts and event relocation are both unfair to sporting fans and are ineffective in changing government policy.[8] The 2018 FIFA World Cup held in Russia has been cited as an example to tackle the country's global reputation, which was low due to its foreign policy and the sporting event changed the focus of discussions to the success of the World Cup.[9]

Companies have also been accused of sportswashing include Ineos' sponsorship of professional cycling's Team Sky (now the Ineos Grenadiers) in 2019,[10] and Arabtec's sponsorship of Manchester City F.C.[11]

Sportswashing is often very costly. For example, in March 2021, human rights organization Grant Liberty said that Saudi Arabia alone has spent at least $1.5 billion on alleged sportswashing activities.[12][13]

Hosting

Basketball

Philippine President Bongbong Marcos in a courtesy call with members of the FIBA Central Board on 28 April 2023 the day before the Drawing Ceremony.

Boxing

Cycling

Cricket

Association football tournaments

Russia handing over the symbolic relay baton for the hosting rights of the 2022 FIFA World Cup to Qatar in June 2018
Chelsea playing against Arsenal at Baku Olympic Stadium during the UEFA Europa League Final on 29 May 2019

Esports

Golf

Motorsport

Formula One

Russian President Vladimir Putin congratulates Lewis Hamilton, the winner of 2014 Russian Grand Prix
Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev awarding the 2019 Azerbaijan Grand Prix trophy to race winner Valtteri Bottas

Formula E

Grand Prix motorcycle racing

Rally

Sportscar racing

Touring car racing

Olympic Games

Siegfried Eifrig carrying the 1936 Summer Olympics Flame at the end of the relay

Rugby Union

Police officers guarding a barbed wire perimeter around Eden Park near Kingsland railway station in New Zealand during 1981 South African rugby tour.

Rugby Union tours involving South Africa during the Apartheid era:[71]

During communist rule, Romania undertook several Rugby Union tours:

  • The 1973 Romania tour to Argentina
  • The 1975 Romania tour to New Zealand
  • The 1979 Romania tour to Wales
  • The 1980 Romania tour to Ireland
  • The 1981 Romania tour to Scotland
  • The 1984–1985 Romania tour to England

During military rule in Fiji, the country's Rugby Union team went on numerous overseas tours:

  • The 1989 Fiji tour to Europe
  • The 1989 Fiji tour to Oceania
  • The 1990 Fiji tour to Hong Kong and France
  • The 1995 Fiji tour to Wales and Ireland
  • The 1996 Fiji tour to Hong Kong
  • The 1996 Fiji tour to New Zealand and South Africa
  • The 1997 Fiji tour to New Zealand

During the 1976–1983 military dictatorship in Argentina, seven countries played against Argentina's Rugby Union team: New Zealand, Australia, Fiji, Wales, England, Italy and France.

  • The 1976 Argentina tour to Wales with one provincial match in England v North & Midlands
  • The 1976 New Zealand tour to Argentina with a match against Uruguay
  • The 1977 France tour to Argentina
  • The 1978 Argentina tour to England with a match in Wales an unofficial test against Wales B a provincial match in Ireland v Leinster and a test match in Italy
  • The 1979 Argentina tour to New Zealand
  • The 1979 Australia tour to Argentina
  • The 1980 Fiji tour to Argentina
  • The 1981 England tour to Argentina
  • The 1982 Argentina tour to France and Spain
  • The 1983 Argentina tour to Australia

Snooker

These are Snooker tournaments held in China under the rule of the Chinese Communist Party

Tennis

Professional wrestling

Other events

Paramount leader of China Xi Jinping attends the opening ceremony of 2019 Military World Games in Wuhan, China

Corporate sponsorship

Association football

Luis Suárez wearing FC Barcelona jersey bearing Qatar Airways logo as sponsor

Australian rules football

Cycling

Golf

  • The Saudi Arabia's sovereign wealth fund, Public Investment Fund sponsored the LIV Golf in 2021. Human rights organizations criticized Saudi Arabia for sportwashing its image through the tournament. Human Rights Watch also wrote a letter to LIV Golf urging the league to adopt a strategy that would minimize the risk of reputation laundering by the Saudi Arabian government.[127]

Motorsport

Ownership

Association football

Domestic teams:

Foreign ownership:

Newcastle United fans celebrating the completed takeover of the team outside St James' Park on 7 October 2021

Basketball

  • Russian businessman Mikhail Prokhorov ownership of NBA team Brooklyn Nets. Prokhorov was known to be a close ally to Russian President Vladimir Putin. In 2017, Prokhorov sold the team which was alleged to have been a request from Putin.[155] The team was later bought by Hong Kong businessman Joe Tsai. Tsai was previously criticized for his praise of China's restrictions on personal freedoms and expressing his support of Hong Kong national security law.[156]

Cricket

Cycling

Motorsport

Other

By individuals

By nations


  • Kazakhstan has joined UEFA since 2002 and has also sponsored numerous sporting events in recent years.[168][169] Kazakhstan has been accused of being an authoritarian dictatorship due to its repression on dissidents and censorship of media, and that their UEFA membership association has also been under criticism as Kazakhstan has shared more commons with the authoritarian AFC than with more democratic UEFA due to the majority of Asian nations being authoritarian as contrast to European ones, which has gained headline after Kazakhstan become the first UEFA member after Belarus to send a national team (U-21) to play Russia since the invasion of Ukraine.[170][171][172] Additionally, FC Astana, a football project launched by the autocratic government of Nursultan Nazarbayev to gain foothold in Europe and justify its membership switch, was also seen as sportswashing.[173]
  • Myanmar has been recently allowed to host the 2022 AFF Championship and their clubs allowed to play home games in the 2023–24 AFC Cup despite grave human rights concerns in the aftermath of the Myanmar protests and massacres by the Tatmadaw on unarmed protesters.[174][175] Additionally, the AFC is also accused of sportswashing in support for the Tatmadaw, by denying the request of the Australian club Macarthur FC to play their away match against Burmese opponent Shan United F.C. in a neutral ground.[175]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ Wilson, Jonathan. "Sportswashing and Global Football's Immense Power". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  3. ↑ "Sportswashing, a new word for an old idea – Sportstar". 24 April 2020. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  4. ↑ "Saudi uses sports 'soft power' as lever of influence". France 24. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  5. ↑ "Qatar's soft power sports diplomacy". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
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