Sophia
Sophia in 2018
ManufacturerHanson Robotics
InventorDavid Hanson
Year of creation2016
TypeHumanoid
PurposeTechnology demonstrator
Websitewww.hansonrobotics.com/hanson-robots/

Sophia is a social humanoid robot developed by the Hong Kong-based company Hanson Robotics.[1] Sophia was activated on February 14, 2016,[2] and made its first public appearance in mid-March 2016 at South by Southwest (SXSW) in Austin, Texas, United States.[3] Sophia is marketed as a "social robot" that can mimic social behavior and induce feelings of love in humans.[1][4]

Sophia has been covered by media around the globe, and has participated in many high-profile interviews. In October 2017, Sophia was granted Saudi Arabian citizenship, becoming the first robot to receive legal personhood in any country.[5] In November 2017, Sophia was named the United Nations Development Programme's first Innovation Champion, and is the first non-human to be given a United Nations title.[6]

According to founder David Hanson, Sophia's source code is about 70% open source.[7] A paper describing of one of Sophia's open-source subsystems, called "Open Arms", was submitted to 36th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2022).[8]

History

Sophia's internals

Sophia was first activated on Valentines Day,[9] February 14, 2016.[2] The robot, modeled after the ancient Egyptian Queen Nefertiti,[10] Audrey Hepburn, and its inventor's wife, Amanda Hanson,[1][11] is known for its human-like appearance and behavior compared to previous robotic variants. Sophia imitates human gestures and facial expressions and is able to answer certain questions and to make simple conversations on predefined topics (e.g. on the weather).[9]

Hanson has said that he designed Sophia to be a suitable companion for the elderly at nursing homes, to help crowds at large events or parks, or to serve in customer service, therapy, and educational applications,[9][12] and that he hopes that the robot can ultimately interact with other humans sufficiently to gain social skills.[13]

On October 11, 2017, Sophia was introduced to the United Nations with a brief conversation with the United Nations Deputy Secretary-General, Amina J. Mohammed.[14]

On October 25, when Sophia was scheduled to appear at the Future Investment Summit in Riyadh, the Saudi Ministry for Culture and Information issued a press release on the Saudi Center for International Communication website, announcing that Saudi Arabia was granting citizenship to Sophia.[15] At the Summit, the host interviewing Sophia announced that "We just learned, Sophia – I hope you are listening to me – you have been awarded what is going to be the first Saudi citizenship for a robot",[16] making Sophia the first robot to receive legal personhood in any country.[5] In an interview, Hanson stated that he had been taken by surprise by this turn of events.[10]

On November 21, 2017, Sophia was named the United Nations Development Programme's first Innovation Champion for Asia and the Pacific.[6] The announcement was made at the Responsible Business Forum in Singapore, an event hosted by the UNDP in Asia and the Pacific and Global Initiatives. On stage, it was assigned its first task by UNDP Asia Pacific Chief of Policy and Program, Jaco Cilliers.[17]

Social media users have used Sophia's citizenship to criticize Saudi Arabia's human rights record.[18] In December 2017, Sophia's creator David Hanson said in an interview that Sophia would use her citizenship to advocate for women's rights in her new country of citizenship.[10][19][20]

In 2019, Sophia displayed the ability to create drawings, including portraits. In 2021, a self-portrait created by Sophia sold for nearly $700,000 at auction.[21]

Sophia has at least nine robot humanoid "siblings" who were also created by Hanson Robotics.[22] Fellow Hanson robots are Alice, Albert Einstein Hubo, BINA48, Han, Jules, Professor Einstein, Philip K. Dick Android, Zeno,[22] and Joey Chaos.[23] Around 2019–20, Hanson released "Little Sophia" as a companion that could teach children how to code, including support for Python, Blockly, and Raspberry Pi.[24]

Software

Sophia speaking to a crowd, 2017

Sophia's intelligence software is designed by Hanson Robotics.[25][26] According to founder David Hanson, Sophia's source code is about 70% open source.[7] A computer vision algorithm processes input from cameras within Sophia's eyes, giving Sophia visual information on its surroundings. It can follow faces, sustain eye contact, and recognize individuals. It can process speech and have conversations using a natural language subsystem.[2]

As of 2018, Sophia's architecture includes scripting software, a chat system, and OpenCog, an AI system designed for general reasoning.[27] OpenCog Prime, primarily the work of Hanson Robotics' former chief scientist Ben Goertzel, is an architecture for robot and virtual embodied cognition that defines a set of interacting components designed to give rise to human-equivalent artificial general intelligence (AGI) as an emergent phenomenon of the whole system.[28]

Goertzel has described the AI methods that Sophia uses, which include face tracking and emotion recognition, with robotic movements generated by deep neural networks.[29] CNBC has commented on Sophia's "lifelike" skin and its ability to emulate more than 60 facial expressions.[30] Sophia's dialogue is generated via a decision tree, and is uniquely integrated with these outputs.[29] Its speech synthesis ability is provided by CereProc's text-to-speech engine, which also allows it to sing.

Sophia is conceptually similar to the computer program ELIZA, which was one of the first attempts at simulating a human conversation.[31] The software has been programmed to give pre-written responses to specific questions or phrases, like a chatbot. These responses are used to create the illusion that the robot is able to understand conversation, including stock answers to questions like "Is the door open or shut?"[32] Sophia's AI program analyses conversations and extracts data that allows it to improve responses in the future.[33]

In 2017 Hanson Robotics announced plans to open Sophia to a cloud environment using a decentralized blockchain marketplace.[34][35] Around January 2018, Sophia was upgraded with functional legs and the ability to walk.[36] In 2019, Sophia displayed the ability to create drawings, including portraits.[37]

A paper describing of one of Sophia's open-source subsystems, called "Open Arms", was submitted to 36th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2022).[8]

Appearances and interviews

Sophia with Mukhisa Kituyi, Houlin Zhao and Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus in 2018

Sophia has appeared on CBS 60 Minutes with Charlie Rose,[38] Good Morning Britain with Piers Morgan,[39] and outlets like CNBC, Forbes, Mashable, the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the Guardian, and the Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Sophia was featured in AUDI's annual report[40] and was featured on the cover of the December 2016 issue of ELLE Brasil.[1] R. Eric Thomas later lampooned Sophia on Elle.com.[41]

Sophia has been interviewed in the same manner as a human, striking up conversations with hosts. Some replies have been nonsensical, while others have impressed interviewers such as 60 Minutes's Charlie Rose.[33]

In an October 2017 interview for CNBC, when the interviewer expressed concerns about robot behavior, Sophia joked that he had "been reading too much Elon Musk. And watching too many Hollywood movies".[42] Musk tweeted that Sophia should watch The Godfather and asked "what's the worst that could happen?"[43][44]

Business Insider's chief UK editor Jim Edwards interviewed Sophia, and while the answers were "not altogether terrible", he predicted that Sophia was a step towards "conversational artificial intelligence".[45] At the 2018 Consumer Electronics Show, a BBC News reporter described talking with Sophia as "a slightly awkward experience".[46]

In May 2018, photographer Giulio Di Sturco did a photo shoot of Sophia which appeared in National Geographic.[1] Wired reported on the shoot.[2]

Citizenship quandary

Saudi Arabia's move of granting citizenship to Sophia immediately raised questions, as commentators wondered if this implied that Sophia could vote or marry, or whether a deliberate system shutdown could be considered murder.[18]

While some sources characterized the move as a publicity stunt on the part of the Saudi government to promote the conference,[47][18] other sources have treated it seriously.[5] Tyler L. Jaynes writes that there was a "lack of universal acceptance of Sophia the Robot's citizenship and its portrayal and acceptance as a public relations stunt".[48] Jaynes goes on to note that "a refusal to seriously treat this event as being legitimate already displays the struggles that will be faced by patients undergoing surgical augmentation when integrating self-learning artificial intelligence systems (SLAIS) into their chemically organic forms."[48]

Simon Nease, writing in the Penn Political Review, suggests that it was a competitive move on the part of Saudi Arabia to attract AI and robotics companies to the country, noting that "Japan has also made preliminary provisions for AI obtaining citizenship".[49] The British Council has published an article, "Should robots be citizens?", which notes that Sophia was issued a passport and goes on to address the "legal quandary" of robot citizenship.[50]

Criticism

According to Quartz, experts who have reviewed the robot's partially open-source[7] code state that Sophia is best categorized as a chatbot with a face.[32]

According to The Verge, Hanson has exaggerated Sophia's capacity for consciousness, for example by having said that Sophia is "basically alive",[29] which Verge writer James Vincent described as "grossly misleading".[29] In a piece produced by CNBC which indicates that their own interview questions for Sophia were heavily rewritten by its creators, Goertzel responds to the Hanson quote by suggesting Hanson means Sophia is "alive" in the way that, to a sculptor, a piece of sculpture becomes "alive" in the sculptor's eyes as the work nears completion.[27]

In January 2018, Facebook's director of artificial intelligence, Yann LeCun, tweeted that Sophia was "complete bullshit" and slammed the media for giving coverage to "Potemkin AI".[51] In response, Ben Goertzel, the former chief scientist for the company that made Sophia, stated he had never suggested that Sophia was close to human-level intelligence.[51]

Goertzel has also acknowledged that it is "not ideal" that some think of Sophia as having human-equivalent intelligence, but argues Sophia's presentation conveys something unique to audiences, saying "If I show them a beautiful smiling robot face, then they get the feeling that AGI may indeed be nearby and viable"[29] and "None of this is what I would call AGI, but nor is it simple to get working. And it is absolutely cutting-edge in terms of dynamic integration of perception, action, and dialogue".[29]

Sophia has appeared in videos and music videos, including The White King, and as the lead female character in pop singer Leehom Wang's music video A.I.[52]

A Sophia lookalike was portrayed by drag queen Gigi Goode in the "Snatch Game" episode of the twelfth season of RuPaul's Drag Race (2020). Goode won the episode with her character "Maria the Robot", based heavily on Sophia and named after a robot featured in the Fritz Lang film Metropolis.[53][54]

In 2022, Sophia collaborated with Italian artist Andrea Bonaceto. For this project, he created digital portraits of Sophia and her creators, which were then processed by Sophia's neural network to produce a unique output that evolved from Bonaceto’s original artworks. Bonaceto then created a series of NFTs as video loops displaying the evolution of the work, starting with Andrea drawings, morphing into the robot interpretation, and then transitioning back to Andrea’s work. The cornerstone piece of the release “Sophia Instantiation” was auctioned on NFT platform Nifty Gateway for $688,888.[55]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Greshko (2018).
  2. 1 2 3 4 Mallonee (2018).
  3. ↑ Raymundo (2016)
  4. ↑ Hanson (2019).
  5. 1 2 3 Reynolds (2018).
  6. 1 2 UNDP (2017).
  7. 1 2 3 Jewell (2018).
  8. 1 2 Hanson et al. (2022).
  9. 1 2 3 Ball (2022), p. 164
  10. 1 2 3 Hanson (2019b).
  11. ↑ Stone (2017).
  12. ↑ Burgess (2017)
  13. ↑ Jotham (2017).
  14. ↑ UN Web TV (2017)
  15. ↑ Staff (2017).
  16. ↑ Elouazi (2017).
  17. ↑ UNDP RCB (November 21, 2017), Sophia the Robot is UNDP's Innovation Champion for Asia-Pacific, archived from the original on December 2, 2020, retrieved January 4, 2018
  18. 1 2 3 Maza (2017).
  19. ↑ Browne, Ryan. "World's first robot 'citizen' Sophia is calling for women's rights in Saudi Arabia". CNBC. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
  20. ↑ Williams (2017).
  21. ↑ Holland (2021).
  22. 1 2 Weller (2017b)
  23. ↑ White, Charlie. "Joey the Rocker Robot, More Conscious Than Some Humans". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
  24. ↑ Wiggers, Kyle (January 30, 2019). "Hanson Robotics debuts Little Sophia, a robot companion that teaches kids to code". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  25. ↑ "Beh Goertzel: How Sophia the robot works". aNewDomain. June 1, 2018. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  26. ↑ Peterson (2017)
  27. 1 2 Urbi & Sigalos (2018)
  28. ↑ "OpenCog: Open-Source Artificial General Intelligence for Virtual Worlds | CyberTech News". March 6, 2009. Archived from the original on March 6, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vincent (2017b)
  30. ↑ Taylor, Harriet (March 16, 2016). "Could you fall in love with this robot?". CNBC. Archived from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  31. ↑ Fitzsimmons, Caitlin (October 31, 2017). "Why Sophia the robot is not what it seems". Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  32. 1 2 Gershgorn, Dave (November 12, 2017). "Inside the mechanical brain of the world's first robot citizen". QZ. Archived from the original on November 13, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
  33. 1 2 "Charlie Rose interviews ... a robot?". CBS 60 Minutes. June 25, 2017. Archived from the original on October 29, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
  34. ↑ "This company wants to grow A.I. by using blockchain". CNBC. September 17, 2017. Archived from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
  35. ↑ Popper, Nathaniel (October 20, 2018). "How the Blockchain Could Break Big Tech's Hold on A.I." The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 14, 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  36. ↑ Video, Telegraph (2018). "Sophia the robot takes her first steps". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
  37. ↑ Holland (2021)
  38. ↑ Charlie Rose interviews... a robot?, archived from the original on December 22, 2017, retrieved January 4, 2018
  39. ↑ Good Morning Britain (June 21, 2017), Humanoid Robot Tells Jokes on GMB! | Good Morning Britain, archived from the original on December 27, 2017, retrieved January 4, 2018
  40. ↑ "AI's Age". www.audi.com. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
  41. ↑ Thomas (2018).
  42. ↑ "A robot threw shade at Elon Musk so the billionaire hit back". CNBC. October 26, 2017. Archived from the original on July 5, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  43. ↑ Elon Musk [@elonmusk] (October 26, 2017). "Just feed it The Godfather movies as input. What's the worst that could happen?" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  44. ↑ Hatmaker (2017)
  45. ↑ Maiman, Justin (November 13, 2017). "Watch this viral video of Sophia — the talking AI robot that is so lifelike humans are freaking out". Business Insider. Archived from the original on November 14, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
  46. ↑ "CES 2018: A clunky chat with Sophia the robot". BBC News. January 9, 2018. Archived from the original on January 12, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
  47. ↑ Vincent (2017).
  48. 1 2 Jaynes (2021).
  49. ↑ Nease (2020).
  50. ↑ British Council (2020).
  51. 1 2 "Facebook's AI boss described Sophia the robot as 'complete b------t' and 'Wizard-of-Oz AI'". Business Insider. January 4, 2018. Archived from the original on January 7, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
  52. ↑ 王力宏 Wang Leehom (September 19, 2017), 王力宏 Leehom Wang《A.I. 愛》官方 Official MV, archived from the original on March 18, 2020, retrieved January 4, 2018
  53. ↑ Jones, Dylan B. (April 5, 2020). "RuPaul's Drag Race recap: season 12, episode 6 – Snatch Game". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  54. ↑ "The strong queens of RuPaul's Drag Race season 12 meet their match in "Snatch Game"". TV Club (AV Club). 2020. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  55. ↑ "NFT 'self-portrait' by Sophia the Robot sells for nearly $700,000". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved September 15, 2023.

Works cited

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