Solidarity action (also known as secondary action, a secondary boycott, a solidarity strike, or a sympathy strike) is industrial action by a trade union in support of a strike initiated by workers in a separate corporation, but often the same enterprise, group of companies, or connected firm.[1]

In Australia,[2] Latvia, Luxembourg, the United States, and the United Kingdom, solidarity action is theoretically illegal, and strikes can only be against the contractual employer. Germany, Italy and Spain have restrictions in place that restrict the circumstances in which solidarity action can take place (see European labour law).[3]

The term "secondary action" is often used with the intention of distinguishing different types of trade dispute with a worker's direct contractual employer. Thus, a secondary action is a dispute with the employer's parent company, its suppliers, financiers, contracting parties, or any other employer in another industry.

Australia

In Australia, secondary boycotts are prohibited by the Competition and Consumer Act 2010.[2] In the 1910s, sympathy strikes were sometimes called to extend a strike beyond the bounds of an Australian state to make it eligible for handling by the federal arbitration court.

Germany

Secondary action is generally prohibited, unless it satisfies the multiple criteria:[4]

  • no promotion of strikers’ own interests;
  • direct effect on a party in the primary dispute;
  • proportionality and fairness to the objective.

The secondary action is also legal if there is a close relationship between the target in the secondary dispute and the primary dispute, on the premise that in such case the secondary target can influence the primary one.[4]

Italy

Solidarity action is generally a crime per article 505 of the Penal Code. However, the Constitutional Court (Decision No. 123 of 1962[5]), while acknowledging the legitimacy of the section, recognized the lawfulness of secondary strikes if genuine commonality of interest is present. In particular, a solidarity action may be legitimate to protest the dismissal of workers by a company in a particular industry.[6]

Latvia

Secondary action is illegal, unless its objective is to facilitate a general agreement.[7]

The Netherlands

In 2014 the high council of the Netherlands ruled that solidarity strikes are in principle legal, when the involved secondary parties are not disproportionately affected. [8]

Poland

In Polish law the solidarity strike is permitted only for a maximum length of half a day, and only in solidarity with the sectors that themselves do not have the right to strike (e.g. police, military).[9][10][11]

Spain

Secondary action is generally unlawful, however, the Constitutional Court had recognized their legality if there is at least a minimum convergence of interest, as established by courts on a case-by-case basis, between the participants in the primary and secondary strikes.[12]

Sweden

Solidarity action rights in Sweden are very broad. In particular, there are no requirements for either reasonable proportion between the primary and secondary actions, or a connection between the targeted parties. Moreover, the peace obligation does not apply to the secondary action, the general prohibition of industrial action against a neutral third party is lifted, and permissible actions are not limited to walk-outs (can include boycotts, blockades, etc.).[13]

In 2023, multiple unions joined in an action against Tesla, Inc., the American company under Elon Musk, preventing many aspects of the automobile's supply chain from being completed.[14][15]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, sympathy strikes were outlawed by the Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1927 in the aftermath of the general strike. That was repealed by the Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1946, passed by the postwar Labour Government.

Solidarity action remained legal until 1980, when the government of Margaret Thatcher passed the Employment Act 1980 to restrict it. That was followed by the Employment Act 1990, which outlawed solidarity action entirely. The laws outlawing solidarity strikes remain to this day, as codified by the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 (Section 224[16]).

In 2005, union leaders called for the legalization of solidarity strikes in the aftermath of the strike action against the catering company Gate Gourmet, but Labour ministers stated that they had no intention of repealing the law. British Airways staff walked out in solidarity, however.

United States

Secondary boycotting is frequently confused with secondary striking, also a prohibited tactic for labour unions covered by the Taft–Hartley Act.[17] Some legal definitions for secondary boycotting divide it into two different kinds: secondary consumer boycotts according to the above definition of secondary boycotts, and secondary employee boycotts, also defined as a secondary strike.[18]

Because farm laborers in the United States are not covered by the Wagner Act, the United Farm Workers union has legally used solidarity boycotting of grocery store chains to aid to its strikes against California agribusiness and its primary boycotts of California grapes, lettuce and wine. Its secondary boycotts involved asking consumers to stop shopping at a grocery store chain until the chain stopped carrying the boycotted grapes, lettuce, or wine.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ See H Collins, KD Ewing and A McColgan, Labour Law (2012) 693
  2. 1 2 Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth), sections 45D to 45DD.
  3. ↑ Warneck 2007, p. 8.
  4. 1 2 Warneck 2007, p. 32.
  5. ↑ Sentenza n. 123 del 1962 (in Italian)
  6. ↑ Warneck 2007, p. 43.
  7. ↑ Warneck 2007, p. 44.
  8. ↑ Herderscheê, Gijs (2014-11-03). "Stakingsrecht opgerekt: ook acties bij leveranciers". Volkskrant (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2021-10-27. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  9. ↑ Warneck 2007, p. 56.
  10. ↑ "Art. 22. - [Strajk solidarnościowy] - Rozwiązywanie sporów zbiorowych". Wolters Kluwer. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  11. ↑ "Art. 19. - [Niedopuszczalność strajku] - Rozwiązywanie sporów zbiorowych". Wolters Kluwer. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  12. ↑ Warneck 2007, p. 62.
  13. ↑ Warneck 2007, pp. 68–69.
  14. ↑ Cooper, Ryan (21 November 2023). "Tesla Faces Off Against Nordic Labor Solidarity". The American Prospect. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  15. ↑ Meyerson, Harold (14 November 2023). "At Tesla, Swedish Workers Can Do What American Workers Can't". The American Prospect. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  16. ↑ Section 224 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992
  17. ↑ Schwartz, Robert (23 October 2008). "Sympathy Strikes & the Law: Is Solidarity Legal?". Labor Notes.
  18. ↑ "Labor Relations, Overview - Sympathy Strikes". www.bloomberglaw.com. Bloomburg Industry Group. Retrieved 24 November 2023.

References

  • M Kite and T Freinberg, 'Unions to Challenge Blair Over Ban on Secondary Strikes' (Daily Telegraph, 27 August 2005).
  • Warneck, W. (2007). Strike Rules in the EU27 and Beyond: A Comparative Overview (PDF). European Trade Union Institute for Research, Education and Health and Safety (ETUI-REHS). ISBN 978-2-87452-087-7. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
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