Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Portrait by Hans Knieper, c. 1572
Rosenborg Castle, Copenhagen
Queen consort of Denmark and Norway
Tenure20 July 1572 - 4 April 1588
Born4 September 1557
Wismar
Died14 October 1631(1631-10-14) (aged 74)
Nykøbing Castle, Falster
Burial
Roskilde Cathedral
SpouseFrederick II of Denmark
IssueElizabeth, Duchess of Brunswick
Anne, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland
Christian IV of Denmark
Ulrich II, Prince-Bishop of Schwerin
Augusta, Duchess Holstein-Gottorp
Hedwig, Electress of Saxony
John, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein
HouseMecklenburg-Schwerin
FatherUlrich III of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
MotherElizabeth of Denmark
ReligionLutheranism

Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (Sophia; 4 September 1557 – 14 October 1631) was Queen of Denmark and Norway by marriage to Frederick II of Denmark. She was the mother of King Christian IV of Denmark and Anne of Denmark. She was Regent of Schleswig-Holstein from 1590 to 1594.[1]

In 1572, she married her cousin, Frederick II of Denmark, and their marriage was remarkably happy.[2][3] She had little political influence during their marriage, although she maintained her own court and exercised a degree of autonomy over patronages.[4] Sophie developed an interest in astrology, chemistry, alchemy and iatrochemistry,[5] supporting and visiting Tycho Brahe on Ven in 1586 and later.[4] She has later been described as a woman "of great intellectual capacity, noted especially as a patroness of scientists".[6] She became widowed at the age of 31.

Through the skilful management of her vast widowed estate, she amassed an enormous fortune, becoming the richest woman in Northern Europe[7] and the second wealthiest individual in Europe after Maximillian I of Bavaria.[8] Through her "inexhaustible coffers", she financially supported her son, and thereby effectively the entire Danish-Norwegian state.[9][10][11] She maintained a large lending business, earning interest, and extending loans to, among others: her son Christian IV, the Danish Council of the Realm, her son-in-law King James VI & I, her grandson Duke Frederick Ulrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg and other German princes.[12] When she died in 1631, James Howell, a 17th-century Anglo-Welsh historian and writer, remarked that she was the "richest Queen in Christendom".[13]

Queen Sophie exerted significant political influence both domestically and internationally during her widowhood.[14] Through extensive correspondence with Protestant princes and her strategic financial dealings, she played a crucial role in shaping Danish and Northern European politics, notably during the Thirty Years' War, influencing danish peace negotiations and ultimately contributing to the Treaty of Lübeck in 1629.[15][16]

Early life

Born in Wismar, she was the daughter of Duke Ulrich III of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Princess Elizabeth of Denmark (a daughter of Frederick I and Sophie of Pomerania). Through her father, a grandson of Elizabeth of Denmark, she descended from King John of Denmark. Like Ulrich, she had a great love of knowledge. Later, she would be known as one of the most learned Queens of the time.

Queen

At the age of fourteen Sophie, on 20 July 1572, married Frederick II of Denmark in Copenhagen; he was thirty-eight. She was crowned the following day.[17] They were first half-cousins, through their grandfather, Frederick I, King of Denmark and Norway. They met at Nykøbing Castle, when it had been arranged for the king to meet with Margaret of Pomerania. She was brought to Denmark by Sophie's parents, who decided to also bring their own daughter.[18] Sophie found favour with the king, who betrothed himself to her, and married her six months later.[19] King Frederick had been in love with the noblewoman Anne Corfitzdatter Hardenberg for many years, but was unable to marry her due to her being a noblewoman, not a princess, the opposition of the Danish Privy Council as well as eventually Anne herself.[18]

Despite the age difference between Sophie and Frederick, the marriage was a happy one. Queen Sophie was a loving mother, nursing her children personally during their illnesses. When Frederick was sick with malaria in 1575, she personally nursed him and wrote many worried letters to her father about his progress.[20][18] King Frederick was well known for being fond of drinking and hunting,[18] but he was a loving spouse to Sophie, writing of her with great fondness in his personal diary (where he kept careful track of where she and their children were in the country[21]) and there is no evidence of extramarital affairs on the part of either spouse.[1] Their marriage is described as having been harmonious.[1][18] All of their children were sent to live with her parents in Mecklenburg for the first years of their lives, with the possible exception of the last son, Hans, as it was the belief at the time that the parents would indulge their children too much.[18][1] She showed a keen interest in science and visited the astronomer Tycho Brahe.[1] She was also interested in the old songs of folklore.[1]

In 1588, Daniel Rodgers, a Anglo-Flemish diplomat employed for Lord Burghley as a spy to report the characters of the Danish royal family, wrote of Queen Sophie; "She is a right virtous and godly princess, who with a motherly care and great wisdom, ruleth her children".[22][23]

Matchmaker

Around the time of Frederick's death, Sophie's most important function was as a matchmaker for her children. Her daughter, Anne of Denmark, married James VI of Scotland and became queen consort in 1589. She arranged the marriage against the will of the council. When James VI came to Denmark, she gave him a present of 10,000 dalers.[24] She was also deeply involved in the negotiations that led to the wedding of Princess Elizabeth to Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. She oversaw the levying of 150,000 dalers for the two weddings and other expenses, and spent herself 50,000 on jewellery.[25]

In 1596, she arranged the marriage of her daughter Princess Augusta to John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, which improved Denmark's connections to the north German Lutheran states. Finally, in 1602, she negotiated the marriage of Hedwig to Christian II, Elector of Saxony. She also played a key role in finding appropriate spouses for her younger sons.[25] She was the main negotiator in the marriage arrangements between her son Christian, heir to the throne, and Princess Anne Catherine of Brandenburg, whom Sophie called a "pure pearl".[26]

Widowhood and queen-dowager

Regency

Queen Sophie had no political power during the lifetime of her spouse.[1] When her underage son Christian IV became king in 1588, she was given no place in the regency council in Denmark itself.[1] From 1590, however, she acted as regent for the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein for her son.[1]

She organized a grand funeral for her spouse, arranged for the dowries for her daughters and for her own allowance, all independently and against the will of the council.[1] She engaged in a power struggle with the regents of Denmark and with the Council of State, which had Christian declared of age in 1593.[1] She wished the duchies to be divided between her younger sons, which caused a conflict.[1] Sophie only gave up her position the following year, 1594. In response, Sophie began securing the resources she would need to remain an influential figure within Denmark.

Landowner and successful entrepreneur

Lithography of Nykøbing Castle, which was the seat of Queen Sophie's estate.

As dowager-queen, Sophie was entitled to 'Dowager-pension' (Danish: Livgeding, lit. 'support of life') as well as the castles that comprised her morning gift. These vast estates included Denmark's fourth-largest island Lolland, and the neighbouring island Falster, on which the castle of Nykøbing was situated, which she also received.[14] She also received Aalholm Castle, Halsted Priory, Vennerslund, Ravnsborg, and the fiefs belonging thereto. She succeeded in obtaining 30,000 rigsdaler from her late husband's liquid assets, as well as an annual income of 8,000 rigsdaler from the Sound Dues.[27] Over a number of years, her crown property on Lolland and Falster was expanded, with large properties being transferred to the widow's estate, including Corselitze and Skørringe, whose holdings on Falster totalled over 100 farm estates.[28]

During her long widowhoow, Sophie mainly devoted herself to managing her estates, where she was effectively an independent ruler. She protected the residents of her dowerlands and engaged in large-scale trade and in money-lending.[1] She took a keen interest in new agricultural technology, converted her land to large-scale farming, sold grain and cattle to northern Germany through her large established network in the principalities, built mills and was especially interested in cattle breeding, which was an important source of income during this period.[29] The Dowager Queen Sophie managed her estates in Lolland-Falster so well, that her son could borrow money from her on several occasions for his wars.[1]

She helped to fund her son Christian IV's military campaign against Sweden in 1611, the Kalmar War, and his entry into the Thirty Years War in 1615. Likewise, she also assisted her son with a loan in 1605 of 140,000 Danish rigsdaler, whereupon Christian launched a series of expeditions to Greenland. In 1614, Christian IV took out another loan of 210,000 rigsdaler from his mother.[9] In 1621, the Danish Council of the Realm obtained two loans of 100,000 and 280,000 rigsdaler respectively from the Dowager Queen, to cover the state's deficit.[30][9] The majority of the Dowager Queen's loans to her son were never repaid.[9]

In 1620–21, Dowager Queen Sophie was the main contributor of a loan of 300,000 rigsdaler from the Danish state under Christian IV, to England under her son-in-law James VI and I.[9] The interest rate was the "extremely favourable" 6%.[31] In addition to her liquid assets amounting to millions of guilders, she also had extensive properties in the north of the Holy Roman Empire, pledged by princely creditors. The queen inspected these estates during her numerous journeys.[32]

Political influence as widow

Sophie as widow, by Dutch painter Jacob van Doordt.[33]

Because of her great wealth, Dowager Queen Sophie was able to exercise considerable influence on both Danish domestic affairs and the international politics of Northern Europe during the reign of her son, Christian IV (reigned 1596–1648). During a period from the death of her husband in 1588 until her death forty-three years later, she was active in the political life of Denmark.[14] The queen dowager maintained a constant awareness of the current political developments in Europe and in the empire, through intensive correspondence with Protestant princes and her Mecklenburg relatives.[32]

Domestically, Sophie influenced and supported the realm through continuous financial loans. Correspondence also shows that Sophie engaged in financial discussions with her son about the levying of taxes.[34]

The Dowager Queen also had political influence internationally, as a consequence of her loans to North German principalities. During the Thirty Years’ War, she lent money to several German Protestant princes, and among her creditors was her grandson Duke Frederick Ulrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg, who owed her 300,000 Danish rigsdaler,[34] as well as her son-in-law John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, to whom she also lent 300,000 rigsdaler.[35] She also conducted financial dealings with the leader of the Catholic forces, Count Tilly, with whom she wanted to form a joint creditors' front.[36]

During the latter stages of the Danish participation in the Thirty Years' War, Dowager Queen Sophie played a diplomatic role by engaging in extensive correspondence with various parties involved. She corresponded with, among others, John George I, Elector of Saxony, Maximilian 1, Elector of Bavaria, Ferdinand of Bavaria, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, Philipp Christoph von Sötem, Archbishop-Elector of Trier and Georg Friedrich von Greiffenklau, Archbishop-Elector of Mainz, through which she established numerous declarations from German princes for their assistance in the promotion and intervention on behalf of peace, and to send delegates to participate in peace negotiations in Lübeck, which in May 1629 led to the Treaty of Lübeck, ending the Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War.[37]

She also corresponded with Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, notably concerning her displeasure at the inadequate protection of her financial interests during the Thirty Years' War, where imperial supreme commander, Albrecht von Wallenstein, had seized the Mecklenburg territories of her debtors, and refused to pay interest or instalments on the debt.[38]

Later life and fortune

She often visited Mecklenburg, and attended her daughter's wedding in Dresden in 1602. In 1603 she became involved in an inheritance dispute with her uncle, which remained unsolved at his death in 1610.[1] In 1608, she managed to soften the punishment of Rigborg Brockenhuus, and in 1628, she was one of the influential people who prevented her son from having her grandson's lover, Anne Lykke, accused of witchcraft.[1]

When Sophie died in 1631 at Nykøbing Falster, at the age of seventy-four, she was the richest woman in Europe.[36] She left a huge inheritance of over 5.5 million Danish rigsdaler,[39][36] which was equivalent to approximately 10 times the annual government revenue of the Danish state, compared to the period 1620–1622.[40]

Burial and inheritance dispute

At her death, she left three children (Christian, Hedwig and Augusta), four had died before her. All three attended the funeral, "which was conducted with great splendour". Her body was brought from Nykøbing via Vordingborg to Copenhagen, and a solemn funeral service took place in the Church of Our Lady on 13 November 1631. The next day the body was taken to Roskilde Cathedral, and laid to rest in the chapel beside her long-deceased husband.[41]

The Dowager Queen had left no actual testament, but in a letter to her son King Christian, had declared that her three living children should receive a non-distributable portion (Danish: Forlods), the rest to be divided according to law, with the exception of a few bequests.[41]

Upon Sophie's death, a dispute quickly arose over her inheritance.[42] Her grandson, Charles I, ordered the English court to enter into mourning,[43] and immediately deployed an ambassador extraordinaire, Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester, to the Danish court to offer condolences, and claim part of the inheritance.[44] Sophie's granddaughter, Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, also wanted a part of the inheritance. Unlike her brother Charles, she had not inherited from her mother, Anne of Denmark, and therefore argued that she should receive part of her brother's inheritance from their late grandmother. Initially Charles was accepting of this, but after he found out the vast size of the inheritance, he changed his mind.[45] However, Christian IV quickly appropriated most of the inheritance, claiming that what he had seized only served to pay part of the English debt.[46]

Issue

Sophie and Frederick had seven children:

Name Portrait Birth Death Notes
Elizabeth of Denmark 25 August 1573 19 June 1625 She married on 19 April 1590 Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. They had 10 children.
Anne of Denmark 12 December 1574 2 March 1619 She married on 23 November 1589 King James VI of Scotland (later also King James I of England). They had 7 children.
Christian IV, King of Denmark and Norway 12 April 1577 28 February 1648 He married firstly on 27 November 1597 Anne Catherine of Brandenburg. They had 7 children.

He married secondly, morganatically, Kirsten Munk. They had 12 children.

Christian had at least 5 other illegitimate children.

Ulrik of Denmark 30 December 1578 27 March 1624 He became last Bishop of the old Schleswig see (1602–1624),

He became Ulrich II as Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin (1603–1624).

He married Lady Catherine Hahn-Hinrichshagen.

Augusta of Denmark 8 April 1580 5 February 1639 She married on 30 August 1596 John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. They had 8 children.
Hedwig of Denmark 5 August 1581 26 November 1641 She married on 12 September 1602 Christian II, Elector of Saxony. The marriage was childless
John of Denmark, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein 9 July 1583 28 October 1602 He was betrothed to Tsarevna Ksenia (Xenia) daughter of Boris Godunov, Tsar of Russia, but died before the marriage could take place.

Ancestry

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon
  2. ↑ "Frederik 2. - Kronborg Slot". kongeligeslotte.dk. Retrieved 2021-07-23.
  3. ↑ Bach-Nielsen, Carsten (2015-06-29). "Frederik II of Denmark and Sophie of Mecklenburg – a Renaissance Star Couple. A German Royal Representational Form in Denmark?". ICO Iconographisk Post. Nordisk tidskrift för bildtolkning – Nordic Review of Iconography (2): 39–65. ISSN 2323-5586.
  4. 1 2 Jack 2019, p. 100.
  5. ↑ Danneskiold-Samsøe, Jakob (2004). Muses and Patrons : Cultures of Natural Philosophy in Seventeenth Century Scandinavia (thesis/docmono thesis). Lund University. Page 141
  6. ↑ Gun, W. T. J. (1930). "The heredity of the stewarts: A remarkably varied family". The Eugenics Review. 22 (3): 196. PMC 2984956. PMID 21259951.
  7. ↑ Lockhart 2007, p. 133.
  8. ↑ Dickinson, Fraser John (2021). Anglo-French Relations and the 'Protestant Party': The Earl of Leicester and His Circle, 1636-41 (Doctoral thesis). University of Buckingham. Page 26
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Petersen, E. Ladewig (1982-01-01). "Defence, war and finance: Christian iv and the council of the realm 1596–1629". Scandinavian Journal of History. 7 (1–4): 277–313. doi:10.1080/03468758208579010. ISSN 0346-8755.
  10. ↑ Petersen, E. Ladewig (1974). Christian IV.s pengeudlån til danske adelige. Kongelig foretagervirksomhed og adelig gældstiftelse 1596-1625 [Christian IV's money lending to Danish nobles. Royal enterprise and noble indebtedness 1596-1625.] (in Danish). Akademisk Forlag. Institute of Economic History, University of Copenhagen. p. 54. Denne evigt uudtømmelige rigdomskilde fik da i praksis karakter af direkte eller indirekte subsidier til den kongelige kabinetspolitik.
  11. ↑ Adams 1997, p. 65.
  12. ↑ Jack 2019, p. 105-106.
  13. ↑ Taylor 1874, p. 36.
  14. 1 2 3 Jack 2019, p. 105.
  15. ↑ Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters (1847). Regesta diplomatica historiae danicae. Index chronologicus diplomatum et literarum, historiam danicam ab antiquissimis temporibus usque ad annum 1660. University of California. Havniae, J.D. Qvist. pp. 774–775.
  16. ↑ Federicia, Julius Albert (1876). Danmarks ydre politiske historie i tiden fra freden i Lybek til freden i Kjøbenhavn (1629-1660). Harvard University. Kjøbenhaven, Hoffensberg, Jespersen & F. Traps etab. pp. 193–194.
  17. ↑ Jack 2019, p. 99.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Grinder-Hansen, Poul (2013). Frederik II - Danmarks Renæssancekonge. Gyldendal. pp. See Chapter 12, Kærlighed, chapter 24, Private notater. ISBN 978-87-02-13569-5.
  19. ↑ Skaarup, Bi (1994). "Soffye". Skalk - NYT Fra Fortiden. 5 – via Skalk.dk.
  20. ↑ Frederica, J.A. (1892). "Nogle Breve fra Frederik IIs Dronning Sofie til hendes Fader, hertug Ulrich af Meklenborg". Personalhistorisk Tidsskrift. Tredie Række: 1–8.
  21. ↑ Otto, Carøe (1873-01-01). "Kong Frederik II's Kalenderoptegnelser for Aarene 1583, 1584 og 1587". Historisk Tidsskrift. 4 række, 3 bind.
  22. ↑ Strickland, Agnes (1851). Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman conquest [microform] : now first published from official records & other authentic documents, private as well as public. Canadiana.org. London : Colburn. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-665-49790-2.
  23. ↑ Ellis, Henry (1827). Original Letters, Illustrative of English History. Harding and Lepard. p. 149.
  24. ↑ Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588-1596', Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI (Woodbridge, 2020), p. 35.
  25. 1 2 Jack 2019, p. 104.
  26. ↑ Lolland-Falsters Aarbog 1933. Vol. XXI. Lolland-Falsters Historiske Samfund. 1933. p. 119.
  27. ↑ "Formynderstyre | lex.dk". Danmarkshistorien (in Danish). Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  28. ↑ Mackeprang 1902, p. 528.
  29. ↑ Larsen, Birgitte Stoklund; Foredragsholder, Stiftskonsulent Og (2022-01-27). "Hamlet og Holger Danske må vige pladsen: Renæssancen havde sin helt egen wonderwoman på Kronborg". Kristeligt Dagblad (in Danish). Retrieved 2022-05-28.
  30. ↑ Erslev 1883, p. 309.
  31. ↑ Ashton 1960, p. 164.
  32. 1 2 Joost, Sebastian (2010). "Sophie - Deutsche Biographie". www.deutsche-biographie.de. 24 (in German). Retrieved 2022-06-02.
  33. ↑ Olsen, B. (1899). "Dronning Sophies Portrætter paa Frederiksborg og Mauritshuis" [Portraits of Queen Sophie at Frederiksborg and Mauritshuis] (PDF). Illustreret Tidende. 40 (14): 226.
  34. 1 2 Hanks & Chojnacka 2002, p. Two letters from the dowager queen, Denmark seventeenth century.
  35. ↑ Petersen, E. Ladewig (1974). Christian IV.s pengeudlån til danske adelige. Kongelig foretagervirksomhed og adelig gældstiftelse 1596-1625 [Christian IV's money lending to Danish nobles. Royal enterprise and noble indebtedness 1596-1625.] (in Danish). Akademisk Forlag. Institute of Economic History, University of Copenhagen. p. 42.
  36. 1 2 3 Lauring 2016.
  37. ↑ Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters (1847). Regesta diplomatica historiae danicae. Index chronologicus diplomatum et literarum, historiam danicam ab antiquissimis temporibus usque ad annum 1660. University of California. Havniae, J.D. Qvist. pp. 774–775.
  38. ↑ Federicia, Julius Albert (1876). Danmarks ydre politiske historie i tiden fra freden i Lybek til freden i Kjøbenhavn (1629-1660). Harvard University. Kjøbenhaven, Hoffensberg, Jespersen & F. Traps etab. pp. 193–194.
  39. ↑ Carøe 1912
  40. ↑ Petersen 2008, p. 296
  41. 1 2 Friis 1901, p. 138.
  42. ↑ Olsen, Rikke Agnete (2005). Kongerækken [List of Kings]. Lindhardt og Ringhof. ISBN 87-595-2525-8. OCLC 255289738.
  43. ↑ Office, Great Britain Public Record (1864). Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts, Relating to English Affairs, Existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice, and in Other Libraries of Northern Italy: 1629-1632. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green. p. 569.
  44. ↑ Howell 1892, p. 38.
  45. ↑ Akkerman 2011, p. 37.
  46. ↑ Hull 1993, p. 47.

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