Sloboda Ukraine
Слобідська Україна (Ukrainian)
Слободская Украина (Russian)
Historical region
Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv
Ascension Cathedral, Izium
Holy Trinity cathedral, Sumy
Old fire station, Ostrogozhsk
Location of Sloboda Ukraine (yellow) in Ukraine
Location of Sloboda Ukraine (yellow) in Ukraine
CountryUkraine, Russia
RegionsEast Ukraine, Central Black Earth Region
CitiesSumy, Okhtyrka, Izyum, Ostrogozhsk
CapitalKharkiv
PartsKharkiv Oblast, Luhansk Oblast, Sumy Oblast, Belgorod Oblast, Voronezh Oblast, Kursk Oblast, Donetsk Oblast

Sloboda Ukraine (Ukrainian: Слобідська Україна, romanized: Slobidska Ukraina; Russian: Слободская Украина, romanized: Slobodskaya Ukraina), usually referred to locally as Slobozhanshchyna (Ukrainian: Слобожанщина, IPA: [sloboˈʒɑnʃtʃɪnɐ]; Russian: Слобожанщина, romanized: Slobozhanshchina, IPA: [sləbɐˈʐanʲɕːɪnə]), is a historical region located in northeastern Ukraine and southwestern Russia. It developed and flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries on the southwestern frontier of the Tsardom of Russia. In 1765, it was converted into the Sloboda Ukraine Governorate.

Etymology

Its name derives from the term sloboda for a colonial settlement free of tax obligations, and the word ukraine in its original sense of 'borderland'. The etymology of the word Ukraine is seen this way among Russian,[1] Ukrainian, and Western historians such as Orest Subtelny,[2] Paul Magocsi,[3] Omeljan Pritsak,[4] Mykhailo Hrushevskyi,[5] Ivan Ohiyenko,[6] Petro Tolochko,[7] and others. It is supported by the Encyclopedia of Ukraine[8] and the Ukrainian Etymological Dictionary.[9]

Geographical extent

The territory of historic Sloboda Ukraine corresponds to the part of the present-day Ukrainian oblast (province) of Kharkiv (in its entirety), and parts of the Sumy, Donetsk, and Luhansk Oblasts, as well as parts of the Belgorod, Kursk, and Voronezh Oblasts of Russia.[10]

History

Map of Sloboda Ukraine

Russia gained control over the territory as the result of conquests against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars in the 16th century.

According to Russian and Ukrainian sources of the 16th-17th centuries, the region was initially part of the Russian state,[11] which encouraged the settlement of this territory for defensive purposes.[12] It was first colonized by the Russians in the first half of the 16th century and became part of a defense line used against Tatar raiding.[13] A second wave of colonization came in the 1620–the 1630s, largely in the form of Ukrainian Cossack regiments, who were allowed to settle there to help protect the territory against the Tatars.[14]

The Cossacks who arrived in Sloboda, Ukraine, were under the sovereignty of Russian tsars and their military chancellery and were registered in Russian military service.[13] Many Ukrainian refugees arrived from Poland-Lithuania after the Ostryanyn uprising of 1637-1638 and received generous resettlement subsidies from the Russian government.[14] For decades, Ukrainian cossacks were crossing the border into southern Russia to gather livestock. Still, many of them were also entering for banditry so Russia had to build a new garrison town on the Boguchar River in an attempt to defend the land from Ukrainian bands[15] and resettled many of the Ukrainian refugees at Valuyki, Korocha, Voronezh, and as far as Kozlov.[16]

Folk architecture of Sloboda Ukraine

Crimean Tatars and Nogai Tatars traditionally used the sparsely inhabited area of the Wild Fields on the south border of Russia immediately south of Severia to launch annual raids into the Russian territories along the Muravsky Trail and Izyum Trail.[17] In 1591, a Tatar raid reached the Moscow region, forcing the Russian government to build new forts of Belgorod and Oskol in 1593, Yelets in 1592, Kromy in 1595, Kursk in 1597, Tsarev-Borisov and Valuyki in 1600.[18] Tsarev-Borisov, named after Tsar Boris I, was the oldest settlement in Sloboda, Ukraine.[19]

During those raids, regions near Ryazan and along Oka River suffered the most. The conflict intensified with the Russian territorial expansion south and east into the lands of modern Sloboda Ukraine and mid-Volga River,. Sometime between the 1580s and 1640s, the Belgorod Defense Line with several fortifications, moats, and forts, was constructed in Sloboda, Ukraine, providing security to the region. After several Russo-Crimean Wars, the Russian monarchs started to encourage the settlement of the area by Cossacks, who acted as a sort of frontier guard force against the raids of the Tatars.

Apart from the Cossacks, the settlers included peasants and townspeople from Right and Left-bank Ukraine, divided by the Treaty of Andrusovo in 1667. The name Sloboda Ukraine derives from the word sloboda, a Slavic term meaning "freedom" (or "liberty)", and also the name of a type of settlement. The Tsar would free the settlers of a sloboda from the obligation of paying taxes and fees for a certain period, which proved very enticing for immigrants. By the end of the 18th century, settlers occupied 523 Slobodan (somebody) in Sloboda, Ukraine.

From 1650 to 1765, the territory referred to as Sloboda Ukraine became increasingly organized according to Cossack military custom, similar to that of the Zaporozhian Host (to the south) and Don Host (to the east). The relocated cossacks became known as Sloboda Cossacks. There were five regimental districts (polky) of Sloboda Cossacks, named after the towns of their sustained deployment and subdivided into company districts (sotni). Regional centers included Ostrogozhsk, Kharkiv, Okhtyrka, Sumy, and Izyum, while the Sloboda Ukraine Cossack capital was located in Sumy until 1743. From 1753 to 1764, the imperial territory of Slavo-Serbia existed to the south.

Kharkov Viceroyalty in 1792

The administration of Catherine the Great disbanded the regiments of Slobozhanshchina and abolished Cossack privileges by the decree of July 28, 1765.[10] The semiautonomous region became a province called Sloboda Ukraine Governorate (Slobodsko-Ukrainskaya guberniya).[10][20] Saint Petersburg replaced the regimental administrations with Russian hussar regiments,[10] and granted Cossack higher ranks (starshinas) officership and nobility (dvoryanstvo). In 1780, the governorate was transformed into the Kharkov Viceroyalty (namestnichestvo), which existed until the end of 1796, when it was again renamed into Sloboda Ukrainian Governorate.[20] Each administrative reform involved territorial changes.

In 1835, the province of Sloboda Ukraine was abolished, ceding most of its territory to the new Kharkov Governorate and some to Voronezh and Kursk, which came under the Little Russian General Governorship of Left-bank Ukraine.[10]

After the establishment of the Soviet Union Sloboda Ukraine was divided between the Ukrainian SSR and the Russian SFSR.[21] The early 1930s saw the end to Ukrainization in the parts of Sloboda Ukraine located in the Russian SFSR, which led to a massive decline of reported Ukrainians in these regions in the 1937 Soviet Census compared to 1926 First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union.[21] The Ukrainian SSR reorganized their part of the region several times before establishing the borders of present-day Kharkiv Oblast in 1932.

During World War II, the region was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1943.

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, several battles were fought in the region, including at Kharkiv, Trostianets, Sumy, Okhtyrka, Lebedyn, Izium and Bakhmut.

Largest cities and towns

References

  1. ↑ Vasmer Etymological Dictionary
  2. ↑ Orest Subtelny. Ukraine: A History. University of Toronto Press, 1988
  3. ↑ A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press, 1996 ISBN 0-8020-0830-5
  4. ↑ From Kievan Rus' to modern Ukraine: Formation of the Ukrainian Nation (with Mykhailo Hrushevski and John Stephen Reshetar). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ukrainian Studies Fund, Harvard University, 1984.
  5. ↑ Грушевський М. Історія України-Руси. Том II. Розділ V. Стор. 4
  6. ↑ Історія української літературної мови. Київ — 2001 (Перше видання Вінніпег — 1949)
  7. ↑ Толочко П. П. «От Руси к Украине» («Від Русі до України»). 1997
  8. ↑ Енциклопедія українознавства. У 10-х томах. / Головний редактор Володимир Кубійович. — Париж; Нью-Йорк: Молоде життя, 1954—1989.
  9. ↑ Етимологічний словник української мови: У 7 т. / Редкол. О. С. Мельничук (голов. ред.) та ін. — К.: Наук. думка, 1983 — Т. 6: У — Я / Уклад.: Г. П. Півторак та ін. — 2012. — 568 с. ISBN 978-966-00-0197-8.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 What Makes Kharkiv Ukrainian, The Ukrainian Week (23 November 2014)
  11. ↑ Слюсарский А. Г. Социально-экономическое развитие Слобожанщины XVII— XVIII вв. Харьков. 1964. С. 11
  12. ↑ Слюсарский А. Г. Социально-экономическое развитие Слобожанщины XVII— XVIII вв. Харьков. 1964. С. 29
  13. 1 2 Brian Davies. Empire and Military Revolution in Eastern Europe: Russia's Turkish Wars in the Eighteenth Century. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2011. P. 44
  14. 1 2 Brian Davies. Empire and Military Revolution in Eastern Europe: Russia's Turkish Wars in the Eighteenth Century. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2011. P. 45
  15. ↑ Brian Davies. Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700. Routledge. 2007. P. 100
  16. ↑ Brian Davies. Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700. Routledge. 2007. P. 101
  17. ↑ Слюсарский А. Г. Социально-экономическое развитие Слобожанщины XVII— XVIII вв. Харьков. 1964. С. 30
  18. ↑ Слюсарский А. Г. Социально-экономическое развитие Слобожанщины XVII— XVIII вв. Харьков. 1964. С. 32
  19. ↑ Ісаєв Т. О. Цареборисів: від заснування до утворення Ізюмського слобідського полку // Вісник Харківського національного університету імені В. Н. Каразіна, 2010, No 906, С. 91
  20. 1 2 Grigory Danilevsky (May 29, 2014). Works (in Russian). Vol. 21. p. 27. ISBN 9785446088706. St. Petersburg, 1901, First publication: 1865
  21. 1 2 Unknown Eastern Ukraine, The Ukrainian Week (14 March 2012)

Further reading

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