Singapore Changi Airport

Lapangan Terbang Changi Singapura

新加坡樟宜机场
சிங்கப்பூர் சாங்கி விமான நிலையம்
Summary
Airport typePublic / Military
Owner/OperatorChangi Airport Group[1]
ServesSingapore
LocationChangi, East Region, Singapore
Opened
  • Operational: 1 July 1981 (1981-07-01)
  • Official: 29 December 1981 (1981-12-29)
Hub for
Focus city forQantas
Time zoneSST (UTC+08:00)
Elevation AMSL6.65 m / 22 ft
Coordinates1°21′33″N 103°59′22″E / 1.35917°N 103.98944°E / 1.35917; 103.98944
Websitewww.changiairport.com
Maps
SIN is located in Singapore
SIN
SIN
Location in Singapore
SIN is located in Southeast Asia
SIN
SIN
SIN (Southeast Asia)
SIN is located in Asia
SIN
SIN
SIN (Asia)
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
02L/20R[N 1] 4,000 13,123 Grooved asphalt concrete
02C/20C[N 2] 4,000 13,123 Asphalt concrete
02R/20L[N 3] 4,000 13,123 Grooved asphalt concrete
Statistics (2022)
Passenger movementsIncrease 32,200,000
Air freight movements (tonnes)Decrease 1,850,000
Aircraft movementsIncrease 219,000
Economic impact (2017)US$13.3 billion[5]
Social impact (2017)119,000[5]
Source: Changi Airport Group[6] WAD[7]

Singapore Changi Airport (/ˈtʃɑːŋi/ CHAHNG-ee), commonly known as Changi Airport (IATA: SIN, ICAO: WSSS), is a major international airport that serves Singapore, and is one of the largest transportation hubs in Asia. As one of the world's busiest airports by international passenger and cargo traffic, it has been rated as the "World's Best Airport" by Skytrax a dozen times, currently holds the title, and was the first airport in the world to hold the accolade for eight consecutive years.[8][9] It has also been rated as one of the world's cleanest airports and highly rated international transit airports.[10][11] More than 100 airlines operate from the airport, with nonstop or direct flights to destinations in Asia, Oceania, Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and North America.[12]

The airport is located within its namesake district of Changi, at the eastern end of Singapore, approximately 24 kilometres (15 miles) east from Singapore's Downtown Core at the Central Region on a 25-square-kilometre (9.7 sq mi) site.[13] It is the home base of BOC Aviation and Jetstar Asia Airways, as well as the country's flag carrier of Singapore Airlines, its cargo division Singapore Airlines Cargo and its low-cost subsidiary Scoot.[14] SATS is also headquartered at the airport.

With Singapore's strategic location being a favourable destination for high demand layovers, the airport also serves as a focus city for Qantas, as well as the flagship cargo hub for FedEx Express in Asia.[2][15] In 2019, Changi Airport served 68.3 million passengers, making it the 18th busiest airport in the world.[16] The airport is operated by Changi Airport Group, a wholly-owned subsidiary under the purview of the Ministry of Finance of the Government of Singapore. It is served by three runways; all 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long, and consists of four terminal buildings, including Jewel.

History

Singapore Airlines Airbus A300 at Changi in 1983

Conception

Prior to Changi, Singapore's main international airport was located at Paya Lebar. It had opened in 1955 with a single runway and a small passenger terminal, having itself replaced the previous Kallang Airport that began operations in 1937. The decision to move the airport from Paya Lebar to Changi was based on a number of factors. With the growth in global aviation transport, the airport was facing congestion problems. Its inability to cope with the rising traffic became critical by the 1970s; annual passenger numbers rose dramatically from 300,000 in 1955 to 1.7 million in 1970 and to 4 million in 1975. As a result, there was a need to accommodate the growing demand for air travel, the desire to establish Singapore as a global aviation hub, and the need to modernise the country's air transport infrastructure.[17]

The Singaporean government had two options – expand the existing airport at Paya Lebar or build a new airport at another location. After extensive studies, a decision was made in 1972 to keep the airport at Paya Lebar, as recommended by aviation consultants. Plans were made for the building of a second runway and an extensive redevelopment and expansion to the passenger terminal building. A year later, however, the plans were reviewed again as the pressure to expand the airport eased because of the 1973 oil crisis.[17]

Concerned that the existing airport was located in an area with potential for urban growth, which would physically hem it in on all sides, the government subsequently decided in 1975 to build a new airport at the eastern tip of the main island at Changi, at the existing site of Changi Air Base. However, as there was an increase in traffic, the airport still had to be expanded at that time. In addition, aircraft could fly over the sea, avoiding noise pollution issues within residential areas and avoid disastrous consequences on the ground in the event of an air mishap. Formerly known as the Singapore International Airport, the airport in Paya Lebar was subsequently converted for military use and renamed as Paya Lebar Air Base.[17]

Construction

The original master plan for Changi Airport involved constructing a dual-terminal and dual-runway configuration over two phases with provisions for another two passenger terminals in the future. Phase 1 included the construction for the first passenger terminal, the first runway reusing and upgrading the main runway of Changi Air Base, 45 aircraft parking bays, support facilities and structures, including a large maintenance hangar, a fire station, workshops and administrative offices, an airfreight complex, two cargo agents buildings, in-flight catering kitchens and an 80 m (260 ft) control tower. Construction for the second phase would commence immediately after the completion of Phase 1 and include the second runway, 23 new aircraft parking bays in addition to the existing 45 bays, a second fire station and a third cargo agent building.[17][18]

The very first commercial aviation at Changi Airport was at the stroke of midnight on 12 May 1981 when Singapore Airlines SQ140 touched down at 00:00:00 Singapore Time / 17:00:00 London Time with 140 passengers from London.

Changi Airport would begin commencing commercial operations on 1 July 1981.[19] It officially opened five months later on 29 December 1981. The airport ended its first year operations with 12.1 million passengers, close to 200,000 tonnes of air freight handled and 63,100 aircraft movements. Subsequent phases opened progressively within the next few decades, with Terminal 2 opening for passenger traffic in 1990, Terminal 3 in 2008, and Terminal 4 in 2017. Terminal 5, which would be larger than all the previous terminals combined, is expected to open in 2030.[19]

Overview

Map of Changi Airport

Changi Airport serves more than 100+ airlines flying to 400+ cities in around 100+ countries and territories worldwide. About 7,400 flights arrive or depart at Changi each week, or one every 80 seconds.

For the 2019 full-year figures published by the airport, the airport handled 68,300,000 passengers (a 4.0% increase over the previous year), the most in its 38-year history.[20] This made it the seventh busiest airport by international passenger traffic in the world and the third busiest in Asia. In December 2019, Changi Airport registered a total of 6.41 million passenger movements, the highest the airport has ever achieved in a month since it opened in 1981. Its daily traffic movement record was also broken on 20 December 2019, with 226,692 passengers passing through during that day. In addition to being an important passenger hub, the airport is also one of the busiest cargo airports in the world, handling 2.01 million tonnes of cargo in 2019. The total number of commercial aircraft movements decreased by 1.0% from the previous year to 382,000 in 2019.[20]

The airport has won over 620 awards since its opening, including 28 "Best Airport" awards in 2019 alone.[21] Changi Airport's efforts to mitigate the effects of ageing infrastructure include continual physical upgrades to its existing terminals and building new facilities to maintain its high standards in airport service quality.[22]

Passenger terminals

Changi Airport has four main passenger terminals arranged in an elongated inverted "U" shape with Jewel in the centre of the "U" shape. Currently, the airport has a designed total annual handling capacity of 85 million passengers.[23]

Terminals Date of opening Location
Terminal 1 1 July 1981[24] Northern end
Terminal 2 22 November 1990[25] Eastern end
Terminal 3 9 January 2008[26][27] Western end
Terminal 4 31 October 2017[28] Southern end

There is also a privately run luxury terminal called the JetQuay CIP Terminal. It is similar to the Lufthansa First Class Terminal at Frankfurt Airport, but is open to all passengers travelling in all classes on all airlines with an access fee.[29]

The short-lived Budget Terminal was opened on 26 March 2006 and closed on 25 September 2012 to make way for Terminal 4.

In the future, Terminal 5 will be constructed, along with a third runway. The new terminal is expected to be completed by 2030.[30]

Mixed-use development

The Rain Vortex at Jewel Changi Airport

Jewel Changi Airport, which opened on 17 April 2019, is a nature-themed entertainment and retail complex interconnecting Terminals 1, 2 and 3.[31] Announced in 2013, it is a new terminal-like structure that is intended to simultaneously be a mixed-use complex.[32] It is situated on a 3.5-hectare site where the Terminal 1 car park used to reside, which has since been moved underground. Jewel was developed by Jewel Changi Airport Trustee Pte Ltd, a joint venture between Changi Airport Group and CapitaLand, through its wholly owned shopping mall business, CapitaLand Mall Asia.[33] The project cost S$1.7 billion.[34]

Part of this project was planned to help expand Terminal 1 to handle 24 million passengers per year by 2018 with stand-alone check-in facilities and lounges, making it an unofficial terminal on its own.[35] The Indoor Waterfall (named "Rain Vortex") in the structure holds the World Record for the tallest indoor waterfall in the world.

Future terminals and projects

Terminal 5 is anticipated to be operational by the mid-2030s, to meet an anticipated doubling of volume by the 2040s. It is expected to handle 50 million passenger movements per annum.[36] The airport terminal structure is projected to be larger than all the previous terminals combined. It will be built on reclaimed land to the east of the present terminals. It will be partially funded through an increased levy.[37] KPF Singapore with Heatherwick Studio, Architects 61, and DP Architects will provide architectural services. Arup Singapore, Mott MacDonald Singapore and Surbana Jurong Consultants will provide engineering services. The former Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan said that the Changi Terminal 5 project was delayed by at least 2 years as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.[38]

Operations

Terminal 2
Terminal 3
Aerial view of Singapore Changi Airport. The forested area to the right of the airfield has since been cleared for Terminal 5.

Passenger operations

As the airport only handles international passenger traffic (because Singapore is a city-state), all terminals in operation are equipped with immigration-processing facilities for international travel.

After recovering from a drop in passenger traffic as a result of the September 11 attacks in 2001 and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003, the airport saw rapid growth in traffic, which hit the 30-million mark for the first time in 2004. In March 2008, prior to the full effect of the financial crisis of 2007–2010 on the global economy, the airport was predicted to handle 50 million passengers by 2012[39] due to the opening of casinos in Singapore and the phased liberalisation of the ASEAN aviation sector. As predicted, the airport surpassed the 50-million mark in 2012.[22]

On 18 December 2017, the airport surpassed the 60-million mark for the first time.[40][41] The airport saw a record 65.6 million passenger movements in 2018 – beating 2017's record of 60 million passengers with a 5.5 per cent increase.[42]

In 2019, Firefly, the sole turboprop operator in Changi Airport, moved to Seletar Airport to make way for their jet operations.[43][44][45]

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, passenger traffic fell in 2020 and 2021, resulting in Terminals 2 and 4 closing temporarily in May 2020.[46] Terminals 1 and 3 remained open for passengers throughout, but were closed to the general public on 12 May 2021 along with Jewel, reopening on 1 September 2021.[47]

Cargo Division

The Air Cargo Division of the Changi Airport Group (CAG) manages the Changi Airfreight Centre[48] located in the north of the airport premises.[49] The airport handled 1.81 million tonnes of air cargo in 2012, making it the 7th busiest airfreight hub in the world and the fifth busiest in Asia.[50] Due to Singapore's large electronics sector, electrical components constitute a significant part of the total cargo traffic handled at the airport. Changi airport has initiated attempts to expand into the perishable air cargo market. In 2015, Changi Airport handled 1,853,087 tonnes of air freight. Air Cargo World awarded the 2013 Air Cargo Excellence Award to Changi Airport for handling more than 1,000,000 tonnes of cargo in Asia.[51]

The airport handled 2,006,300 tonnes of cargo in 2016, making it the 13th top cargo airport in the world and the sixth in the Asia Pacific region.[52]

In 2017, the airport handled 2,125,226 tonnes of cargo. The top five cargo markets for the airport were China, Australia, Hong Kong, United States and India.[53]

Key markets and destinations

In 2018, Indonesia was the largest market for the airport, followed by Malaysia, China, Thailand, Australia, India, Hong Kong, Japan, Philippines and Vietnam. Kuala Lumpur was the top destination for travellers in the airport, followed by Bangkok, Jakarta, Hong Kong, Manila, Denpasar, Tokyo, Ho Chi Minh City, Taipei and Sydney.[54]

Safety and security

Singapore Airport Emergency Services Griffon 8000TD

The Changi Airport Group (CAG) manages the overall safety and security of the airport. The Airport Management Division of the CAG manages the customer aspects of the airport's security, while the Aviation Security Unit oversees the airport's compliance with aviation security (AVSEC) policies, and manages AVSEC-related projects.[49] The airport's emergency and fire-fighting services are handled by the Airport Emergency Service Division.[55] The Airport Emergency Services handles all instances of rescue and fire-fighting within the airport premises as well as in surrounding waters. It operates from two main fire stations (Station 1 by Runway 1 along West Perimeter Road and Station 2 by Runway 2), one sub-station (Domestic Fire Station), and one sea rescue base near the airport.[56]

The airport's security comes under the regulatory purview of the Airport Police Division of the Singapore Police Force (SPF). The day to day discharge of security functions at the airport is performed by auxiliary police forces including Aetos Security Management, Certis CISCO and SATS Security Services. Aetos and SATS Security Services are affiliated to the ground handling companies of Dnata and Singapore Changi Airport Terminal Services respectively.[57] On 29 April 2008, CAAS signed its then-biggest single security contract for all airport-related security services by engaging Certis CISCO to provide security services at Singapore Changi Airport, as well as Seletar Airport, Changi Airfreight Centre, and the Singapore Air Traffic Control Centre.[58] It involves the deployment of about 2,600 Certis Cisco personnel, including armed Auxiliary Police Officers and unarmed aviation security officers to perform tasks such as screening checked baggage, controlling access to restricted areas, and screening passengers before they board their aircraft.[59]

Since the September 11 attacks and the naming of the airport as a terrorist target by the Jemaah Islamiyah, the airport's security was tightened. military and police officers, armed with assault rifles or sub-machine guns, have been deployed to patrol the terminals at random intervals.[60] Officers from the Gurkha Contingent are also dispatched to patrol the transit areas of the terminal buildings. These measures come at a cost partly borne by travellers in the form of a "passenger security service charge", imposed since 2002.[61]

In 2005, an upgrade in screening technology and rising security concerns led to luggage-screening processes being conducted behind closed doors, as opposed to them being done before check-in within public view. The screening of carry-on luggage and travellers are mostly conducted at individual departure gates, while check-in luggage is screened in the backrooms and secured before loading. A perimeter intrusion detection system for Changi Airport's perimeter fence has also been put in place to further strengthen the security of the airfield, while a biometric access control system for staff movement has been put in place since 2006.[61]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

The following list consists of the regular scheduled and charter flights to and from Changi Airport.

AirlinesDestinations
AirAsia Ipoh,[62] Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur–International, Kuching, Langkawi, Miri (ends 19 February 2024),[63] Penang, Sibu (ends 19 February 2024)[63]
Aircalin Nouméa[64]
Air Canada Vancouver (begins 4 April 2024)[65]
Air China Beijing–Capital, Chengdu–Tianfu,[66] Chongqing,[67][68] Shanghai–Pudong[69]
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Air India Bangalore,[70] Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai
Air India Express Chennai, Madurai,[71] Tiruchirappalli
Air Macau Macau[72]
Air New Zealand Auckland
Air Niugini Port Moresby
Air Timor Charter: Dili[73][74]
Alii Palau Airlines
operated by Druk Air 		Koror (resumes 4 February 2024)[75][76]
All Nippon Airways[77] Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita
Asiana Airlines Seoul–Incheon
Bangkok Airways Koh Samui[78]
Batik Air Denpasar,[79] Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Makassar,[80] Medan, Surabaya,[81] Yogyakarta–International[82]
Batik Air Malaysia Kuala Lumpur–International
Biman Bangladesh Airlines Dhaka
British Airways London–Heathrow, Sydney
Cambodia Airways Phnom Penh,[83] Sanya[84]
Cathay Pacific Hong Kong
Cebu Pacific Cebu, Clark,[85] Manila
China Airlines Kaohsiung,[86] Taipei–Taoyuan
China Eastern Airlines Beijing–Daxing,[87] Changsha,[88] Hangzhou,[89] Hefei, Jinan,[89] Kunming,[90] Nanjing,[91] Shanghai–Pudong
China Southern Airlines Guangzhou, Shenzhen[92]
Chongqing Airlines Chongqing[93]
Citilink Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta[94]
Drukair Guwahati, Paro[95]
Emirates Dubai–International, Melbourne[96]
Ethiopian Airlines[97][98] Addis Ababa, Kuala Lumpur–International
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi
EVA Air Taipei–Taoyuan
Fiji Airways Nadi
Finnair Helsinki
Firefly Penang[99]
Garuda Indonesia Denpasar,[100] Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Surabaya
Gulf Air Bahrain,[101] Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi[102]
GX Airlines Nanning[103]
Hainan Airlines Haikou[104]
Hebei Airlines Hangzhou[105]
IndiGo Bangalore, Bhubaneswar,[106] Chennai, Delhi,[106] Hyderabad,[107] Kolkata, Mumbai,[108] Tiruchirappalli
Indonesia AirAsia Denpasar, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta,[109] Surabaya,[110] Yogyakarta–International[111]
Japan Airlines Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita
Jeju Air Busan[112]
Jetstar Melbourne,[113] Perth (begins 2 August 2024)[114]
Jetstar Asia Airways Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Denpasar, Haikou,[115] Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Kuala Lumpur–International, Manila, Naha,[116] Osaka–Kansai,[117] Penang, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Surabaya,[118] Wuxi[119]
Juneyao Air Shanghai–Pudong[120]
KLM Amsterdam, Denpasar
Korean Air Seoul–Incheon
Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich
Malaysia Airlines Kuala Lumpur–International, Kuching[121]
Myanmar Airways International Yangon
Myanmar National Airlines Yangon
Pacific Airlines Ho Chi Minh City[122]
Philippine Airlines Manila
Qantas Brisbane, London–Heathrow, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney
Qatar Airways Doha
Royal Brunei Airlines Bandar Seri Begawan
Saudia Jeddah[123]
Scoot Amritsar, Athens, Balikpapan, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Berlin, Cebu, Changsha,[124] Chennai,[125] Chiang Mai, Clark, Coimbatore, Davao, Denpasar, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Haikou,[126] Hangzhou,[127] Hanoi, Hat Yai, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Ipoh, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Jeddah, Jeju,[128] Jinan,[129] Kota Kinabalu, Krabi, Kuala Lumpur–International, Kuantan,[130] Kuching, Kunming,[124] Langkawi, Lombok,[131] Macau, Makassar,[127] Manado, Manila, Melbourne, Miri, Nanchang,[129] Nanjing, Nanning,[126] Ningbo,[126] Osaka–Kansai, Pekanbaru,[127][130] Penang, Perth, Phuket, Qingdao, Sapporo–Chitose, Seoul–Incheon, Shenyang,[126] Surabaya, Sydney, Taipei–Taoyuan, Thiruvananthapuram, Tianjin, Tiruchirappalli, Tokyo–Narita, Vientiane, Visakhapatnam, Wuhan,[127] Xi'an,[126] Yogyakarta–International,[131] Zhengzhou[127]
Shenzhen Airlines Shenzhen
Sichuan Airlines Chengdu–Tianfu[132]
Singapore Airlines[133] Adelaide, Ahmedabad, Amsterdam, Auckland, Bandar Seri Begawan, Bangalore, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Barcelona, Beijing–Capital,[134] Brisbane, Brussels (resumes 5 April 2024),[135] Busan,[136] Cairns, Cape Town, Cebu, Chengdu–Tianfu,[137] Chennai, Chongqing,[137] Christchurch, Colombo–Bandaranaike, Copenhagen, Da Nang, Darwin, Delhi, Denpasar, Dhaka, Dubai–International, Frankfurt, Fukuoka, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Houston–Intercontinental, Hyderabad, Istanbul, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Johannesburg–O. R. Tambo, Kathmandu, Kochi, Kolkata, Kuala Lumpur–International, London–Gatwick (begins 21 June 2024),[138] London–Heathrow, Los Angeles, Malé, Manchester, Manila, Medan, Melbourne, Milan–Malpensa, Mumbai, Munich, Nagoya–Centrair, Newark, New York–JFK, Osaka–Kansai, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Penang, Perth, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Rome–Fiumicino, San Francisco, Seattle/Tacoma, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Shenzhen,[137] Siem Reap,[139] Surabaya, Sydney, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita, Xiamen,[137] Yangon, Zürich
Seasonal: Sapporo–Chitose (resumes 1 December 2024)[140]
Spring Airlines Shanghai–Pudong[141]
SriLankan Airlines Colombo–Bandaranaike
Starlux Airlines Taipei–Taoyuan[142]
Swiss International Air Lines Zürich
Thai AirAsia Bangkok–Don Mueang, Chiang Mai,[143] Hat Yai (begins 1 February 2024),[144] Phuket
Thai Airways International Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi
Thai Lion Air Bangkok–Don Mueang[145]
Thai VietJet Air Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi[146]
TransNusa Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta[147]
TUI Airways[148] Seasonal charter: Birmingham, London–Gatwick, Manchester
Turkish Airlines Istanbul
T'way Air Seoul–Incheon[149]
United Airlines San Francisco
US-Bangla Airlines Dhaka
VietJet Air Da Nang,[150] Hanoi,[151] Ho Chi Minh City[151]
Vietnam Airlines Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City
Vistara Delhi,[152] Mumbai, Pune[153]
XiamenAir Fuzhou, Hangzhou, Xiamen
Zipair Tokyo Tokyo–Narita[154]

    Cargo

    AirlinesDestinations
    AeroLogic[155] Bahrain, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,[156] Bangalore,[156] Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Leipzig/Halle
    Air Atlanta Icelandic[157] Dubai–Al Maktoum, Frankfurt, Hahn, Hong Kong, Johannesburg–O. R. Tambo,[158] Liège, Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta,[158] Seoul–Incheon
    Air Hong Kong Hong Kong[159]
    Air Premia Seoul–Incheon[160]
    ANA Cargo Tokyo–Narita
    Asia Cargo Airlines[161][162] Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Beirut, Dili, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Kuala Lumpur–International, Macau, Manila, Zürich
    Asiana Cargo[163] Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Seoul–Incheon
    Atlas Air[164] Amsterdam, Liège, Seoul–Incheon, Tokyo–Narita, Xiamen
    Cargolux[165] Anchorage, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Chicago–O'Hare, Dubai–Al Maktoum, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur–International, Los Angeles, Luxembourg, Riyadh, Taipei–Taoyuan, Zhengzhou
    Cathay Cargo[166] Hanoi, Hong Kong, Penang, Phnom Penh
    China Airlines Cargo Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Manila, Penang, Taipei–Taoyuan
    China Cargo Airlines[167] Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Shanghai–Pudong
    DHL Aviation Cincinnati,[168] Darwin,[169] Honolulu,[168] Los Angeles,[168] Melbourne,[168] Sydney,[168] Taipei-Taoyuan[170]
    Emirates SkyCargo[171] Dubai–Al Maktoum,[172] Hong Kong, Melbourne, Sydney
    EVA Air Cargo Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Penang, Taipei–Taoyuan[173]
    FedEx Express[174] Anchorage, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Clark, Dubai–International, Guangzhou, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Indianapolis, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Memphis, Osaka–Kansai, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Penang, Sydney,[175] Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Narita
    Hong Kong Air Cargo Hong Kong[176]
    Kalitta Air[177] Bahrain, Cincinnati, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Melbourne, Nagoya–Centrair, Sydney
    K-Mile Air[178] Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta
    Korean Air Cargo[179] Kuala Lumpur–International, Manila, Penang, Seoul–Incheon
    My Indo Airlines[180] Balikpapan, Bandar Seri Begawan, Haikou,[181] Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Kuala Lumpur–International, Semarang, Shenzhen, Surabaya[182]
    MY Jet Xpress Airlines[183] Kuala Lumpur–International, Penang
    Nippon Cargo Airlines Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Hong Kong, Tokyo–Narita[184]
    Polar Air Cargo[155] Anchorage, Cincinnati, Hong Kong, Nagoya–Centrair, Seoul–Incheon, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Narita
    Qatar Airways Cargo[185] Doha, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Macau,[186] Melbourne, Nagoya–Centrair, Osaka–Kansai[187]
    Raya Airways Kuala Lumpur–Subang
    SF Airlines Hangzhou,[188][189] Shenzhen
    Silk Way West Airlines[190] Baku, Cairo, Port Moresby[190][191]
    Singapore Airlines Cargo[192] Amsterdam, Anchorage, Auckland, Beijing–Capital, Bangalore, Brussels, Chennai, Chengdu–Tianfu, Chongqing, Dallas/Fort Worth, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Johannesburg–O. R. Tambo, London–Heathrow, Los Angeles, Melbourne, Mumbai, Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta, Shanghai–Pudong, Sharjah, Shenzhen, Sydney, Taipei–Taoyuan
    Suparna Airlines Cargo[193] Shanghai–Pudong, Tianjin
    Tasman Cargo Airlines Melbourne[194]
    Tianjin Air Cargo Nanning,[195] Sanya[196]
    Turkish Cargo Istanbul
    UPS Airlines[197] Anchorage, Hanoi, Hong Kong, Louisville, Penang, Seoul–Incheon, Shenzhen, Sydney
    YTO Cargo Airlines Hangzhou,[198][199] Huai'an

    Operational statistics

    Operational statistics (1980–1989)
    Year Passenger
    movements    		 Passenger %
    change over
    previous year    		 Airfreight
    movements
    (tonnes)    		 Airfreight %
    change over
    previous year    		 Aircraft
    movements    		 Aircraft %
    change over
    previous year    		 Notes
    19807,294,549Steady 0.0——75,971Steady 0.0
    19818,152,158Increase 11.7%——71,365Decrease 6.1%
    19828,611,812Increase 5.6%——68,159Decrease 4.5%
    19838,679,152Increase 0.8%——67,594Decrease 0.8%
    19849,465,651Increase 9.1%——70,674Increase 4.5%
    19859,856,830Increase 4.1%——73,223Increase 3.6%
    198610,067,719Increase 2.1%352,806Steady 0.073,022Decrease 0.3%
    198711,203,793Increase 11.3%419,099Increase 18.8%76,276Increase 4.5%
    198812,595,286Increase 12.4%512,509Increase 22.3%82,930Increase 8.7%
    198914,136,367Increase 12.3%577,610Increase 12.7%87,421Increase 5.4%
    Sources:[200][201][202]
    Operational statistics (1990–1999)
    Year Passenger
    movements    		 Passenger %
    change over
    previous year    		 Airfreight
    movements
    (tonnes)    		 Airfreight %
    change over
    previous year    		 Aircraft
    movements    		 Aircraft %
    change over
    previous year    		 Notes
    199015,620,758Increase 10.5%623,841Increase 8.0%97,675Increase 11.7%
    199116,285,039Increase 4.3%643,209Increase 3.1%108,728Increase 11.3%
    199218,100,155Increase 11.1%719,004Increase 11.7%125,526Increase 15.4%
    199319,987,214Increase 10.4%838,416Increase 16.6%136,762Increase 8.9%
    199421,644,677Increase 8.3%1,009,764Increase 20.4%145,334Increase 6.3%
    199523,196,240Increase 7.2%1,105,773Increase 9.5%156,334Increase 7.6%
    199624,514,248Increase 5.7%1,190,457Increase 7.6%166,749Increase 6.7%
    199725,174,344Increase 2.7%1,336,254Increase 12.2%172,672Increase 3.5%
    199823,803,180Decrease 5.4%1,283,660Decrease 4.0%165,242Decrease 4.3%1997 Asian financial crisis
    199926,064,645Increase 9.51,500,393Increase 16.8165,961Increase 0.4
    Sources:[203][201][202]
    Operational statistics (2000–2009)
    Year Passenger
    movements    		 Passenger %
    change over
    previous year    		 Airfreight
    movements
    (tonnes)    		 Airfreight %
    change over
    previous year    		 Aircraft
    movements    		 Aircraft %
    change over
    previous year    		 Notes
    200028,618,200Increase 9.81,682,489Increase 12.1173,947Increase 4.8
    200128,093,759Decrease 1.831,507,062Decrease 11.6179,359Increase 3.1September 11 attacks
    200228,979,344Increase 3.21,637,797Increase 8.7174,820Decrease 2.5
    200324,664,137Decrease 14.91,611,407Decrease 1.6154,346Decrease 11.72002–2004 SARS outbreak
    200430,353,565Increase 23.01,775,092Increase 10.1184,932Increase 19.8
    200532,430,856Increase 6.81,833,721Increase 3.3204,138Increase 10.3
    200635,033,083Increase 8.01,931,881Increase 5.4214,000Increase 4.8
    200736,701,556Increase 4.81,918,159Decrease 0.7221,000Increase 3.3
    200837,694,824Increase 2.71,883,894Decrease 1.8232,000Increase 5.0
    200937,203,978Decrease 1.31,633,791Decrease 15.3240,360Increase 3.6Financial crisis of 2007–2008
    Sources:[204][205][206]
    Operational statistics (2010–2019)
    Year Passenger
    movements    		 Passenger %
    change over
    previous year    		 Airfreight
    movements
    (tonnes)    		 Airfreight %
    change over
    previous year    		 Aircraft
    movements    		 Aircraft %
    change over
    previous year    		 Notes
    201042,038,777Increase 13.01,813,809Increase 11.0263,593Increase 9.7
    201146,543,845Increase 10.71,865,252Increase 2.8301,711Increase 14.5
    201251,181,804Increase 10.01,806,225Decrease 3.2324,722Increase 7.6
    201353,726,087Increase 5.01,850,233Increase 2.4343,800Increase 5.9
    201454,093,070Increase 0.81,843,799Decrease 0.3341,386Decrease 0.7
    201555,448,964Increase 2.51,853,087Increase 0.5346,334Increase 1.5
    201658,698,039Increase 5.91,969,434Increase 6.3360,490Increase 4.1
    201762,219,573Increase 6.02,125,226Increase 7.9373,201Increase 3.5
    201865,600,000Increase 5.52,150,000Increase 1.4386,000Increase 3.4
    201968,300,000Increase 4.02,010,000Decrease 6.5382,000Decrease 1.0
    Sources:[207][208][209][210][211][212][213][214][215][20]
    Operational statistics (2020–2022)
    Year Passenger
    movements    		 Passenger %
    change over
    previous year    		 Airfreight
    movements
    (tonnes)    		 Airfreight %
    change over
    previous year    		 Aircraft
    movements    		 Aircraft %
    change over
    previous year    		 Notes
    202011,800,000Decrease 82.81,540,000Decrease 23.3125,000Decrease 67.2COVID-19 pandemic
    20213,053,000Decrease 74.11,947,000Increase 26.1109,000Decrease 13.2COVID-19 pandemic
    202232,200,000Increase 954.71,850,000Decrease 5.0219,000Increase 100.9

    Sources:[216][217][6]

    Annual passenger traffic at SIN airport. See Wikidata query.

    Accidents and incidents

    • On 26 March 1991, Singapore Airlines Flight 117, operated by an Airbus A310, was hijacked by four terrorists. The flight landed in Changi Airport at 22:15. The Singapore Special Operations Force stormed the aircraft, on the morning of 27 March. All four hijackers were killed, with only minor injuries among the 123 passengers and crew that were held hostage for more than eight hours.
    • On 4 November 2010, Qantas Flight 32, operated by an Airbus A380-800, suffered an uncontained engine failure and made an emergency landing at Changi Airport. Upon landing, one of the engines could not be shut down due to ruptured control cables and had to be doused for three hours by airport firefighters to forcefully shut it down. There were no crew or passenger injuries, and all 469 people on board survived this incident.
    • On 27 June 2016, Singapore Airlines Flight 368, a scheduled service from Changi Airport to Milan, Italy carrying 222 passengers and 19 crew, caught fire shortly after it landed. Approximately three hours into the flight, the Boeing 777 turned back after the pilot received an engine oil warning message. Shortly after landing, the right engine and wing were ablaze, with flames engulfing the right side of the jet. No one was injured.[218]
    • On 16 May 2017, a fire broke out at the departure hall in Terminal 2.[219] The fire caused 40 flights at Terminal 2 to be delayed and diverted to Terminal 3.[220] Terminal 2 was closed from 17:30 to 22:45.
    • On 29 November 2017, a tow tug towing a Singapore Airlines aircraft caught fire. This fire was promptly put out by the airport's emergency services. A member of the towing crew was in the aircraft's cockpit when the fire occurred; this crew member evacuated through the aircraft's emergency slides.[221]
    • On 6 February 2018, a KAI T-50 Golden Eagle, part of the Black Eagles aerobatic team taking part in Singapore Airshow 2018, veered off the runway during takeoff and crashed. The resulting fire was put out by emergency services and the pilot was treated for minor injuries. Runway 02L/20R was closed as a result and caused delays at the airport.[222]
    • On 10 September 2023, Air China Flight CA403, a scheduled flight from Chengdu to Singapore, carrying 146 passengers and 9 crew, encountered smoke in the forward cargo and lavatory four hours into the flight. The Airbus A320 made an emergency landing on runway 20L after the pilot received a warning message. Shortly after landing, the left engine fire was put out and nine passengers sustained minor injuries.[223]

    Ground transportation

    Changi Airport was built with ground-transportation considerations in mind from the onset, with the East Coast Parkway beginning at the Benjamin Sheares Bridge built and opened in tandem with the airport, providing a direct link to the city centre. At a distance of about 20 km (12 mi), the expressway was built almost entirely on reclaimed land, thus minimising disruptions to the existing road network in Singapore's eastern coasts.

    Despite the four main passenger terminal buildings being relatively close to each other, the CAAS (Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore) decided to build the Changi Airport Skytrain people-mover system to facilitate quicker and more convenient transfers between the terminals for travellers. The system was upgraded in 2007 with new technologies supplied by Mitsubishi, connecting to Terminal 3 and separating checked-in passengers from the general public on distinct tracks.

    Inter-terminal transportation

    Entrance to Changi Airport MRT station from Terminal 3
    Platform B of the station

    Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are connected by the free Skytrain service, which operates from 05:00 to 02:30. During non-operational hours, travellers in the transit areas may transfer within the terminals by foot via the inter-terminal travelators. For travellers in the public areas, a free shuttle bus service will connect the three terminals.[224]

    A complimentary 24-hour Airport Shuttle Bus service plies between Terminal 3 and Terminal 4 in both the public and transit areas. The journey takes approximately 8 to 10 minutes.[225]

    External connections

    Mass Rapid Transit

    The airport is connected to the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) network via a two-stop branch of the East West line from Tanah Merah MRT station, consisting of two stations: Expo, serving the nearby Singapore Expo site; and Changi Airport. Changi Airport MRT station is located underground between Terminal 2 and Terminal 3. Direct, one-train service to the downtown and western parts of Singapore was initially in operation when the station opened on 8 February 2002. This was replaced by the current shuttle service between Tanah Merah and Changi Airport via Expo on 22 July 2003,[226] when it was found that passenger demand for this route was low.

    As announced in the LTA's Land Transport Masterplan, the new Thomson–East Coast line will be extended to Changi Airport Terminal 5 and to the current Changi Airport station, with the current EWL Branch line being converted to be part of the TEL.[227]

    Bus

    There are seven bus services operated by SBS Transit, SMRT Buses, Tower Transit Singapore and Go-Ahead Singapore, making a loop starting from Terminal 3 to Terminal 1, and Terminal 2. Only four bus services will continue to Terminal 4 – Services 24, 34, 36 and 110. Bus stops are located at the basement bus bays of Terminals 1, 2 and 3. For Terminal 4, the bus stop is located next to Car Park 4B.

    Coaches to and from Johor Bahru are also available. Operated by Transtar Travel, the TS1 service will start at coach stands of Terminals 1, 2, and 3, and end at Larkin Terminal.

    There is also a free shuttle bus service plying between Changi Airport (T3) and Changi Business Park. This service is a nine-stop route, running from Mondays to Fridays, except public holidays.[228]

    In addition to buses for passengers serving the terminals, SBS Transit also provides bus services for staff at the Changi Airfreight Centre. Due to the large distance covered by the complex itself (over 2 km (1.2 mi) end-to-end), bus stops are located inside the restricted-access area, and auxiliary police routinely board at the final stop before the complex (at the Police Pass Office) to check passengers for their right to enter. [229]

    Taxis

    Taxis are available at taxi stands located in the arrival halls of each terminal. There is an additional airport surcharge for all trips originating from the airport.[230] Limousine and other transportation options are available at the Ground Transport Concierge.[231]

    Private transportation

    All pick-ups by private transportation occur at the arrival pick-up points of each terminal.[232][233] Car rental counters are located in the arrival halls of each terminal.[234]

    By foot or bicycle

    A new 3.5 km (2.2 mi) Changi Airport Connector, which opened on 11 October 2020, links the airport to East Coast Park. Bicycle rental services are available along with other facilities such as pay-per-use showers and bicycle lockers at HUB & SPOKE Changi Airport. Along the way is a 1 km (0.62 mi) long Changi Jurassic Mile where there is a permanent display of life-sized dinosaurs. Admission is free.[235][236][237]

    See also

    References

    Notes

    1. ↑ Runway 02L is 4,000 m (13,000 ft) and 20R is 3,260 m (10,700 ft) with a displaced threshold of 740 m (2,430 ft). Thus aircraft landing on 20R will have to avoid touching down on the displaced threshold but may use it for departures.
    2. ↑ This AIP Supplement informs aircraft operators and pilots that Runway 02C/20C and new taxiways at Singapore Changi Airport will be open for flights effective from 30 November 2023, 2000UTC.[3]
    3. ↑ This AIP Supplement informs aircraft operators and pilots of closure of Runway 02R/20L, taxiway closures and taxiways restricted for use by the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) only at Singapore Changi Airport from 30 November 2023, 2000UTC to 15 May 2024, 2359UTC.[4]

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    Bibliography

    • Winchester, Clarence, ed. (1938), "Singapore's great airport", Wonders of World Aviation, pp. 128–130, illustrated description of the newly opened Singapore Airport
    Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Changi Airport.

    Media related to Singapore Changi Airport at Wikimedia Commons

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