A simile (/ˈsɪməli/) is a figure of speech that directly compares two things.[1][2] Similes differ from metaphors by highlighting the similarities between two things using comparison words such as "like", "as", "so", or "than",[3] while metaphors create an implicit comparison (i.e. saying something "is" something else).[1][4] This distinction is evident in the etymology of the words: simile derives from the Latin word similis ("similar, like"), while metaphor derives from the Greek word metapherein ("to transfer").[5] As in the case of metaphors, the thing that is being compared is called the tenor, and the thing it is being compared to is called the vehicle.[6] Author and lexicographer Frank J. Wilstach compiled a dictionary of similes in 1916, with a second edition in 1924.

Uses

In literature

How far that little candle throws his beams!
So shines a good deed in a naughty world.[10]
Stopping her from going was like trying to catch a bullet with a pair of tweasers, impossible.[10]
Learning to drive was like a deer learning how to walk for the first time. Stumbling until you get it right.[10]

In comedy

Similes are used extensively in British comedy, notably in the slapstick era of the 1960s and 1970s. In comedy, the simile is often used in negative style: "he was as daft as a brush." They are also used in comedic context where a sensitive subject is broached, and the comedian will test the audience with response to subtle implicit simile before going deeper.[11] The sitcom Blackadder featured the use of extended similes, normally said by the title character. For example:

Baldrick: I have a plan, sir.
Blackadder: Really, Baldrick? A cunning and subtle one?
Baldrick: Yes, sir.
Blackadder: As cunning as a fox who's just been appointed Professor of Cunning at Oxford University?

In languages other than English

Given that similes emphasize affinities between different objects, they occur in many cultures and languages.

Arabic

Sayf al-Din al-Amidi discussed Arabic similes in 1805: "On Substantiation Through Transitive Relations".

Vietnamese

Thuy Nga Nguyen and Ghil'ad Zuckermann (2012) classify Vietnamese similes into two types: Meaning Similes and Rhyming Similes.

The following is an example:

Nghèo

/ŋɛu

như

ɲɯ

con

kɔn

mèo

mɛu/

Nghèo như con mèo

/ŋɛu ɲɯ kɔn mɛu/

"Poor as a cat"

Whereas the above Vietnamese example is of a rhyming simile, the English simile "(as) poor as a church mouse" is only a semantic simile.[12]

Telugu

In Telugu, simile is known as upamaalankaaramu (ఉపమాలంకారము). Based on the components of the sentence in which the comparison is made, they are classified into complete (పూర్ణోపమాలంకారము- puurnopamaalankaaramu) and incomplete (లుప్తోపమాలంకారము- lupthopamaalankaaramu) similes. The classic example of a complete simile is: ఆమె ముఖము చంద్రబింబము వలెనున్నది (Her face looks like a moon).

See also

For a list of words relating to similes, see the English similes category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

  1. 1 2 3 The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms (2nd ed.). Bedford/St. Martins. 2003. pp. 447–448. ISBN 978-0312259105.
  2. ↑ "Simile". Literary Terms. 22 June 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  3. ↑ "LitCharts".
  4. ↑ "Oxford Reference: metaphor and simile". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  5. ↑ "Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  6. ↑ "What Is A Simile?". English Like A Native. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
  7. ↑ Burns, Robert. "A Red Red Rose". Glen Collection of Printed Music, Vol. 5. National Library of Scotland. p. 415. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
  8. ↑ Murfin, Ross; Ray, Supryia M. (2003). The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms (2nd ed.). Bedford/St. Martins. pp. 135. ISBN 978-0312259105.
  9. ↑ Milton, John (1852). Henry John Todd (ed.). The Poetical Works of John Milton: With Notes of Various Authors; and with Some Account of the Life and Writings of Milton, Derived Principally from Original Documents in Her Majesty's State-paper Office. Rivingtons, Longman and Company. p. 62.
  10. 1 2 3 William Hall, ed. (1850). Encyclopædia of English Grammar: Designed for the Use of Schools, Academies, and Private Learners. Scott and Bascom. p. 352.
  11. ↑ "What Is A Simile?". Funny Similes!. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
  12. ↑ See p. 98 in Thuy Nga Nguyen and Ghil'ad Zuckermann (2012), "Stupid as a Coin: Meaning and Rhyming Similes in Vietnamese", International Journal of Language Studies 6 (4), pp. 97-118.

Further reading

  • Beck, Deborah (2023). The stories of similes in Greek and Roman epic. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108481793.
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