Saint Sylvester's Day
Feast of Saint Sylvester
Saint Sylvester as depicted in the 13th century Livre d'images de madame Marie
Also calledSilvester
Observed byAnglicanism, Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Lutheranism, Reformed
TypeChristian
SignificanceFeast Day of Pope Saint Sylvester I
Final day of the Gregorian calendar
CelebrationsFireworks, Theatre-going, Feasting, Making a toast, Partying[1]
ObservancesAttending a Watchnight Mass, often held around midnight
Date31 December (Western Christianity)
2 January (Eastern Christianity)
FrequencyAnnual
Related toNew Year's Eve, Christmastide, New Year's Day, Feast of the Naming and Circumcision of Jesus, Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God

Saint Sylvester's Day, also known as Silvester or the Feast of Saint Sylvester, is the day of the feast of Pope Sylvester I, a saint who served as Pope from 314 to 335. Medieval legend made him responsible for the conversion of emperor Constantine. Among the Western churches, the feast day is held on the anniversary of Saint Sylvester's death, 31 December, a date that, since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, has coincided with New Year's Eve. For these Christian denominations, Saint Sylvester's Day liturgically marks the seventh day of Christmastide.[2] Eastern churches celebrate Sylvester's feast on a different day from the Western churches, i.e. on 2 January. Saint Sylvester's Day celebrations are marked by church attendance at a Watchnight Mass that is often held around midnight, as well as fireworks, partying, and feasting.[1]

Pope Sylvester I

Saint Sylvester with the Emperor Constantine the Great

Under the reign of Pope Sylvester I, several of the magnificent Christian churches were built, including the Basilica of Saint John Lateran, Santa Croce Church, and Old St. Peter's Basilica, among others.[3] During the papacy of Sylvester I, the Nicene Creed, which is recited by communicants of the vast majority of the world's Christian denominations, was formulated.[3] Sylvester is said to have healed, in the name of Christ, the emperor Constantine the Great of leprosy.[3] After dying, Sylvester was buried on 31 December in the Catacomb of Priscilla.[3]

Regional traditions

The German city of Rottenburg am Neckar decorated for Christmas and Silvester
Saint Sylvester's Day fireworks in Kraków

Several countries, primarily in Europe, use a variant of Silvester's name as the preferred name for the holiday; these countries include Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, and Slovenia.[4]

Austria and Germany

In the capital of Austria, Vienna, people walk pigs on leashes for their Saint Silvester's Day celebration in hope to have good luck for the coming year.[5] Many Christian households in Germany mark Saint Silvester's Day by practicing the custom of Bleigiessen using Silvesterblei (Silvester lead), in which Silvesterblei is melted over a flame in an old spoon and dropped into a bowl of cold water; one's fortune for the coming year is determined by the shape of the lead.[6] If the lead forms a ball (der Ball), luck will roll one's way, while the shape of a star (der Stern) signifies happiness.[7]

Belgium

Christians of Belgium have a tradition that a maiden who does not finish her work by the time of sunset on Saint Silvester's Day will not get married in the year to come.[5]

Brazil

Along with exploding fireworks, the Saint Silvester Road Race, Brazil's oldest and most prestigious running event, takes place on Saint Sylvester's Day and is dedicated to him.[8]

Israel

In Israel, New Year's Eve is referred to as Silvester to distinguish it from Rosh Hashanah—the Jewish New Year—which occurs in either September or October.[9][4]

As some Israelis consider Pope Sylvester to have been an antisemite, the observation of New Year's Eve has been divisive among parts of the country's Jewish population, and celebrations tend to be relatively modest in comparison to other countries.[10][9][4] In 2014, a report by a wearable technology manufacturer found that an average of 33% of Israelis went to bed before midnight on 31 December; notably, the Silvester is not an official holiday in Israel and January 1st is a regular workday, unless falling on a weekend.[11][4]

Soviet diaspora (such as Russian Jews) that celebrate Novy God—a secular observance of the New Year with elements of Christmas that was established by the Communist Party[12]—have sometimes been criticized for celebrating an anti-semitic holiday. In the mid-2010s, campaigns emerged to promote the holiday to first and second-generation immigrants in Israel, as well as non-Russians, in an effort to build cultural awareness.[13]

Italy

On Saint Sylvester's Day, "lentils and slices of sausage are eaten because they look like coins and symbolize good fortune and the richness of life for the coming year."[14]

Switzerland

On the morning of Saint Sylvester's Day, the children of a Christian family compete with one another to see who can wake up the earliest; the child who arises the latest is playfully jeered.[5] Men have, for centuries, masqueraded as Silvesterklaus on Saint Sylvester's Day.[15]

Ossetia

As late as the 19th century, the nominally Christian Ossetians - an ancient Iranian people of the Caucasus descended from the Scythian nomads of the steppes – still had a class of shaman-like soothsayers called Burkudzauta or Kurysdzauta who would, on the eve of Saint Sylvester's Day, undertake dream journeys to the land of the dead in order to wrest from the warlike dead a bountiful harvest in the year to come. This practice was first documented in the year 1824 by pioneering ethnographer and orientalist Julius Klaproth. [16] Italian historian Carlo Ginzburg has noted (in his work Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath) marked parallels between this Ossetian 'combat in ecstasy' and those formerly practiced by the benandanti of Friuli and also by certain other shaman-like figures in Hungary and the Balkans.[17]

References

  1. 1 2 Berkmoes, Ryan Ver; Cole, Geert; Berry, Oliver; Else, David (2009). Western Europe. Lonely Planet. p. 551. ISBN 9781741049176. The German New Year's Eve is called Silvester in honour of the 4th-century pope under whom the Romans adopted Christianity as their official religion; there's partying all night long.
  2. ↑ Watts, Isaac (1 November 2013). Joy to the World: The Forgotten Meaning of Christmas. Paraclete Press. p. 49. ISBN 9781612615301.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Kathy Coffey; Donna M. Crilly; Mary G. Gox; Marry Ellen Hynes; Julie M. Krakora; Corinna Laughlin; Robert C. Rabe (16 February 2012). Companion to the Calendar, Second Edition. LiturgyTrainingPublications. p. 154. ISBN 9781568542607.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Cohen, Ariel (31 December 2014). "Celebrating an anti-Semitic pope on Sylvester". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 Crump, William D. (25 April 2014). Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide. McFarland. p. 215. ISBN 9781476607481.
  6. ↑ "SILVESTER – NEW YEAR'S EVE". mrshea.com. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  7. ↑ "2.0 Silvesterbraeuche – Neujahrsbraeuche". silvestergruesse.de. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  8. ↑ Cau, Jean; Bost, Jacques Laurent; Chambry, D.; Wagret, Paul (1979). Brazil. Nagel Publishers. p. 214. ISBN 9782826307273. On New Year's Eve there are fireworks in the streets, and at midnight begins the marathon known as the 'St Sylvester's Day race'.
  9. 1 2 "The 4th-century Pope and the Great Jewish War Over New Year's Day". Haaretz. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  10. ↑ Kershner, Isabel (30 December 2018). "New Year's Fete From Russia Irks Some in Israel: 'It's Not a Jewish Holiday'". The New York Times.
  11. ↑ "On New Year's Eve, Israelis hit hay early". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  12. ↑ Weber, Hannah (25 December 2020). "Yolka: the story of Russia's 'New Year tree', from pagan origins to Soviet celebrations". The Calvert Journal. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  13. ↑ Kershner, Isabel (30 December 2018). "New Year's Fete From Russia Irks Some in Israel: 'It's Not a Jewish Holiday'". The New York Times.
  14. ↑ dePaola, Tomie (18 October 2011). Strega Nona's Gift. Penguin Books. p. 33. ISBN 9781101653159.
  15. ↑ Spicer, Dorothy Gladys (1973). Festivals of Western Europe. Library of Alexandria. p. 253. ISBN 9781465579997.
  16. ↑ Klaproth, Julius Voyage au Mont Caucase et en Géorgie, 2 vols, Paris, 1823 vol. II pp. 223 ff.
  17. ↑ Ginzburg, Carlo (2004). Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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