XIII Commonwealth Games
Host cityEdinburgh, Scotland
Nations27
Athletes1,660
Events161 events in 10 sports
Opening24 July 1986
Closing2 August 1986
Opened byElizabeth II
Queen's Baton Final RunnerAllan Wells
Main venueMeadowbank Stadium

The 1986 Commonwealth Games (Scottish Gaelic: Geamannan a 'Cho-fhlaitheis 1986) was held in Edinburgh, Scotland, between 24 July and 2 August 1986. This was the second Commonwealth Games to be held in Edinburgh. Thirty two of the eligible fifty nine countries (largely African, Asian and Caribbean states) boycotted the event because of the Thatcher government's policy of keeping Britain's sporting links with apartheid South Africa.

Organisation

Unlike the 1970 Games in Edinburgh, which were popular and successful, the 1986 Games are ill-famed for the wide political boycott connected with them and the resulting financial mismanagement.[1]

Controversies

In addition to the boycott, further controversy arose when it was revealed that through this much-reduced participation and the resultant decline in anticipated broadcasting and sponsorship revenues, the Organising Committee was facing a big financial black hole. The boycott ended any prospect of securing emergency government assistance. Businessman Robert Maxwell stepped in to offer funding, taking over as chairman; but although he promised to invest £2m, his contribution was just £250,000. On a budget of £14m, the Games opened with a deficit of £3m, which later grew to £4.3m, and instead of putting enough money into the event to save it, the new chairman of the Games asked creditors to forgo half the payment due to them to keep the event out of liquidation. The debt was finally paid off in 1989, with the city of Edinburgh losing approximately £500,000.[2]

Several athletes were excluded because they breached the amateurism rules, most notably lawn bowlers Phil Skoglund from New Zealand and Willie Wood from Scotland, both of whom have competed in subsequent Games.

Participating teams

Due to the boycott only 27 teams from across the Commonwealth were represented at the 1986 Games.

Participating Commonwealth countries and Territories
Participating Commonwealth countries and territories

^ Note: Bermuda withdrew from the games to join the boycott after the opening day of competition.[3]

Debuting Commonwealth countries and territories

Boycott

1986 Commonwealth Games boycotting countries dark red

Thirty two of the eligible fifty nine countries (largely African, Asian and Caribbean states) boycotted the event because of the Thatcher government's policy of keeping Britain's sporting links with apartheid South Africa in preference to participating in the general sporting boycott of that country. Consequently, Edinburgh 1986 witnessed the lowest turnout since Auckland 1950.[4] Bermuda was a particularly late withdrawal, as its athletes had appeared in the opening ceremony and in the opening day of competition before the Bermuda Olympic Association decided to formally withdraw.[5]

Commonwealth countries and territories that boycotted the Games

Opening ceremony

The theme of the opening ceremony celebrated the "Spirit of Youth" and included 6500 Scottish schoolchildren taking part in a series of large Mass Games-style Gymnastics routines. The theme song "Spirit of Youth" was written by Gerard Kenny. The ceremony began on the esplanade of Edinburgh Castle from which hundreds of schoolchildren ran down the Royal Mile, through Holyrood Park to Meadowbank Stadium.[7]

Venues

Medals by country

  *   Host nation (Scotland)

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 England (ENG)524349144
2 Canada (CAN)513431116
3 Australia (AUS)404635121
4 New Zealand (NZL)8161438
5 Wales (WAL)651223
6 Scotland (SCO)*3121833
7 Northern Ireland (NIR)24915
8 Isle of Man (IOM)1001
9 Guernsey (GUE)0202
10 Eswatini (SWZ)0101
11 Hong Kong (HKG)0033
12 Malawi (MAW)0022
13 Botswana (BOT)0011
 Jersey (JEY)0011
 Singapore (SIN)0011
Totals (15 entries)163163176502

Medals by event

Aquatics

Athletics

Badminton

Bowls

Boxing

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Light Flyweight Scott Olson (CAN) Mark Epton (ENG) Johnston Todd (NIR)
 Wilson Docherty (SCO)
Flyweight John Lyon (ENG) Leonard Makhanya (SWZ) Kerry Webber (WAL)
 Steve Beaupré (CAN)
Bantamweight Sean Murphy (ENG) Roy Nash (NIR) Glen Brooks (SCO)
 John Sollitoe (JER)
Featherweight Billy Downey (CAN) Peter English (ENG) Chris Carleton (NIR)
 Johnny Wallace (NZL)
Lightweight Asif Dar (CAN) Neil Haddock (WAL) Lyton Mphande (MAW)
 Joey Jacobs (ENG)
Light Welterweight Howard Grant (CAN) David Clencie (AUS) Brendan Lowe (NIR)
 Solomon Kondowe (MAW)
Welterweight Darren Dyer (ENG) James McAllister (SCO) John Shaw (CAN)
 Damien Denny (NIR)
Light Middleweight Dan Sherry (CAN) Rick Finch (AUS) Glynn Thomas (WAL)
 Alec Mullen (SCO)
Middleweight Rod Douglas (ENG) Jeff Harding (AUS) Patrick Tinney (NIR)
 George Ferrie (SCO)
Light Heavyweight Jim Moran (ENG) Harry Lawson (SCO) Brent Kosolofski (CAN)
Heavyweight Jimmy Thunder (NZL) Doug Young (SCO) Dominic D'Amico (CAN)
 Eric Cardouza (ENG)
Super Heavyweight Lennox Lewis (CAN) Aneurin Evans (WAL) James Oyebola (ENG)

Cycling

Track

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men
Time Trial Martin Vinnicombe (AUS)00:01:06 Gary Anderson (NZL)00:01:06 Max Rainsford (AUS)00:01:07
Sprint Gary Neiwand (AUS) Alex Ongaro (CAN) Eddie Alexander (SCO)
Individual Pursuit Dean Woods (AUS)00:04:44 Colin Sturgess (ENG)00:04:51 Gary Anderson (NZL)00:04:54
Team Pursuit Australia
Glenn Clarke
Brett Dutton
Bill Hardy
Wayne McCarney
Dean Woods		00:04:27 New Zealand
Gary Anderson
Russell Clune
Stephen Swart
Andrew Whitford		00:04:34 England
Chris Boardman
Gary Coltman
Rob Muzio
Jon Walshaw
Guy Rowland		overtaken
10 Miles (16 Kilometres) Scratch Wayne McCarney (AUS)00:19:41 Dean Woods (AUS)00:19:41 Gary Anderson (NZL)00:19:41

Road

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men
Road Race Paul Curran (ENG)04:08:50 Brian Fowler (NZL)04:08:50 Jeff Leslie (AUS)04:08:50
Team Time Trial England
Alan Gornall
Deno Davie
Keith Reynolds
Paul Curran		02:13:16 New Zealand
Blair Cox
Graeme Miller
Greg Fraine
Paul Leitch		02:14:50 Northern Ireland
Alastair Irvine
Cormac McCann
Joseph Barr
Martin Quinn		02:16:13

Judo (demonstration sport)

Rowing

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men
Single sculls England
Steve Redgrave		7:28 Australia
Richard Powell		7:33 New Zealand
Eric Verdonk		7:39
Double sculls Canada
Bruce Ford
Pat Walter		6:19 Australia
Paul Reedy
Brenton Terrell		6:21 England
Carl Smith
Allan Whitwell		6:34
Coxless pair England
Andy Holmes
Steve Redgrave		6:40 New Zealand
Barrie Mabbott
Ian Wright		6:43 Scotland
Ewan Pearson
David Riches		6:43
Coxless four Canada
Grant Main
Kevin Neufeld
Paul Steele
Pat Turner		6:01 New Zealand
Andrew Stevenson
Shane O'Brien
Neil Gibson
Don Symon		6:01 England
Graham Faultless
Richard Ireland
Mostyn Field
Humphry Hatton		6:06
Coxed four England
Martin Cross
Adam Clift
Andy Holmes
Steve Redgrave
Adrian Ellison		6:08 New Zealand
Nigel Atherfold
Chris White
Greg Johnston
Bruce Holden
Andrew Bird		6:10 Australia
Mark Doyle
James Galloway
Mike McKay
James Tomkins
Dale Caterson		6:11
Eights Australia
James Galloway
Malcolm Batten
Andrew Cooper
Mike McKay
Mark Doyle
James Tomkins
Ion Popa
Steve Evans
Dale Caterson		 5:44 England
John Garrett
John Maxey
Jonathan Spencer-Jones
Mark Buckingham
Patrick Broughton
Richard Stanhope
Stephen Peel
Terence Dillon
Vaughan Thomas		5:46 New Zealand
Mike Burrell[11]
Neil Gibson[12]
Barrie Mabbott[13]
Shane O'Brien[14]
Andrew Stevenson[15]
Don Symon[16]
Carl Vincent[17]
Ian Wright[18]
Andy Hay (cox)[19]		 5:48
Lightweight single sculls Australia
Peter Antonie		7:16 Canada
Peter Tattersall		7:27 England
Carl Smith		7:27
Lightweight coxless four England
Christopher Bates
Peter Haining
Neil Staite
Stuart Forbes		6:26 Australia
Simon Cook
Brian Digby
Merrick Howes
Joseph Joyce		6:28 Canada
Dave Henry
Brian Peaker
Bob Thomas
Ryan Tierney		6:36
Women
Single sculls New Zealand
Stephanie Foster		7:43 Canada
Lisa Wright		7:49 England
Gillian Bond		7:53
Double sculls New Zealand
Stephanie Foster
Robin Clarke		7:22 Canada
Heather Clarke
Lisa Robertson		7:49 England
Diane Prince
Claire Parker		7:55
Coxless pair Canada
Kathryn Barr
Andrea Schreiner		7:35 England
Pauline Bird
Flo Johnston		7:42 Australia
Catherine Hall
Alison Smith		7:53
Coxed four Canada
Tina Clarke
Tricia Smith
Lesley Thompson
Jane Tregunno
Jenny Wallinga		6:50 Australia
Deborah Bassett
Susan Chapman-Popa
Robyn Grey-Gardner
Marilyn Kidd
Kaylynn Fry		6:54 England
Joanne Gough
Ann Callaway
Kate Holroyd
Trish Reid
Alison Norrish		7:06
Eights Australia
Annelies Voorthuis
Deborah Bassett
Vicki Spooner
Margot Foster
Marilyn Kidd
Robyn Grey-Gardner
Susan Chapman
Urszula Anne Kay
Kaylynn Fry		6:44 England
Pauline Bird
Alison Bonner
Ann Callaway
Kate Grose
Joanne Gough
Kate Holroyd
Flo Johnston
Alison Norrish
Trish Reid		6:46 Canada
Angela Schneider
Brenda Taylor
Carla Pace
Cathy Harry
Cathy Lund
Gill Saxby
Sandy Coppinger
Sarah Ogilvy
Susan Beck		NTT
Lightweight single sculls Australia
Adair Ferguson		7:45 New Zealand
Philippa Baker		7:46 Canada
Heather Hattin		7:52
Lightweight coxless four England
Alexa Forbes
Gillian Hodges
Lin Clark
Judith Burne		6:55 Australia
Deborah Clingeleffer
Amanda Cross
Virginia Lee
Gayle Toogood		7:00 Canada
Anne Drost
Marni Hamilton
Marlene van der Horst
Wendy Wiebe		7:01

Shooting

Pistol

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men/Open
50m Free Pistol Greg Yelavich (NZL)551 Phil Adams (AUS)
 Ho Kar Fai (HKG)		549
50m Free Pistol – Pairs Canada
Tom Guinn
Claude Beaulieu		1099 England
Paul Leatherdale
Richard Wang		1090 Australia
Phil Adams
Bengt Sandström		1085
25m Centre-Fire Pistol Bob Northover (ENG)583 Phil Adams (AUS)582 Rod Hack (AUS)580
25m Centre-Fire Pistol – Pairs Australia
Phil Adams
Rod Hack		1165 England
Bob Northover
Michael Cutler		1157 New Zealand
Rex Hamilton
Barry O'Neale		1153
25m Rapid-Fire Pistol Pat Murray (AUS)591 Adrian Breton (GGY)588 Mark Howkins (CAN)585
25m Rapid-Fire Pistol – Pairs England
Brian Girling
Terry Turner		1169 Australia
Pat Murray
Jack Mast		1152 Canada
Mark Howkins
André Chevrefils		1150
10m Air Pistol Greg Yelavich (NZL)575 Tom Guinn (CAN)574 Gilbert U (HKG)574
10m Air Pistol – Pairs England
Paul Leatherdale
Ian Reid		1143 Australia
Phil Adams
Bruce Favell		1143 New Zealand
Greg Yelavich
Barrie Wickins		1140

Rifle

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men/Open
50m Rifle Prone Alan Smith (AUS)599 Alister Allan (SCO)598 Gale Stewart (CAN)
 John Knowles (SCO)		597
50m Rifle Prone – Pairs Canada
Michael Ashcroft
Gale Stewart		1175 Australia
Donald Brook
Alan Smith		1171 Wales
Terry Wakefield
Colin Harris		1165
50m Rifle Three Positions Malcolm Cooper (ENG)1170 Alister Allan (SCO)1167 Jean-François Sénécal (CAN)1150
50m Rifle Three Positions – Pairs England
Malcolm Cooper
Sarah Cooper		2278 Canada
Jean-François Sénécal
Michael Dion		2276 Scotland
Alister Allan
Bill MacNeill		2241
Full Bore Rifle Stan Golinski (AUS)396 Alain Marion (CAN)396 John Bloomfield (ENG)395
Full Bore Rifle – Pairs Canada
Bill Baldwin
Alain Marion		583 Australia
James Corbett
Stan Golinski		583 Northern Ireland
David Calvert
Martin Millar		582
10m Air Rifle Guy Lorion (CAN)588 Sharon Bowes (CAN)583 Malcolm Cooper (ENG)582
10m Air Rifle – Pairs Canada
Guy Lorion
Sharon Bowes		1167 Australia
Wolfgang Jobst
Anton Wurfel		1151 England
Malcolm Cooper
Robert Smith		1146

Shotgun

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men/Open
Trap Ian Peel (ENG)195 Peter Boden (ENG)192 Roland Phillips (WAL)192
Trap – Pairs England
Peter Boden
Ian Peel		185 Northern Ireland
Tom Hewitt
Eamon Furphy		183 Australia
Terry Rumbel
Domingo Diaz		183
Skeet Nigel Kelly (IOM)196 Joe Neville (ENG)
 Brian Gabriel (CAN)		195
Skeet – Pairs England
Joe Neville
Ken Harman		195 Canada
Brian Gabriel
Don Kwasyncia		193 New Zealand
John Woolley
Jeff Farrell		189

Weightlifting

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men
Flyweight – Overall Greg Hayman (AUS)212.5 Charlie Revolta (SCO)185 Alan Ogilvie (SCO)177.5
Bantamweight – Overall Nick Voukelatos (AUS)245 Clayton Chelley (NZL)217.5 Teo Yong Joo (SIN)215
Featherweight – Overall Ray Williams (WAL)252.5 David Lowenstein (AUS)250 Jeffrey Brice (WAL)235
Lightweight – Overall Dean Willey (ENG)315 Ron Laycock (AUS)307.5 Langis Côté (CAN)290
Middleweight – Overall Bill Stellios (AUS)302.5 Louis Payer (CAN)300 Neil Taylor (WAL)270
Light Heavyweight – Overall Dave Morgan (WAL)350 Robert Kabbas (AUS)325 Peter May (ENG)317.5
Middle Heavyweight – Overall Keith Boxell (ENG)350 David Mercer (ENG)342.5 Guy Greavette (CAN)340
Sub Heavyweight – Overall Denis Garon (CAN)360 Duncan Dawkins (ENG)332.5 Andrew Saxton (ENG)327.5
Heavyweight – Overall Kevin Roy (CAN)375 Gino Frantangelo (AUS)372.5 Andrew Davies (WAL)370
Super Heavyweight – Overall Dean Lukin (AUS)392.5 David Bolduc (CAN)347.5 Charles Garzarella (AUS)342.5

Wrestling

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men
Light Flyweight Ron Moncur (CAN) Duncan Burns (ENG) David Connelly (SCO)
Flyweight Chris Woodcroft (CAN) James McAlary (AUS) Nigel Donohue (ENG)
Bantamweight Mitch Ostberg (CAN) Steve Reinsfield (NZL) Brian Aspen (ENG)
Featherweight Paul Hughes (CAN) Dan Cumming (AUS) Stephen Bell (NZL)
Lightweight Dave McKay (CAN) Zsigmund Kelevitz (AUS) Steve Cooper (ENG)
Welterweight Gary Holmes (CAN) Geoffrey Marsh (AUS) Fitz Walker (ENG)
Middleweight Chris Rinke (CAN) Wally Koenig (AUS) Tony Bull (ENG)
Light Heavyweight Noel Loban (ENG) Doug Cox (CAN) Graeme English (SCO)
Heavyweight Clark Davis (CAN) Robert Algie (NZL) David Kilpin (ENG)
Super Heavyweight Wayne Brightwell (CAN) Albert Patrick (SCO) Keith Peache (ENG)

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The forgotten story of … Robert Maxwell's 1986 Commonwealth Games | Sport | theguardian.com". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  2. ↑ "Glasgow makes final call for 2014 Games - Athletics - Scotsman.com". News.scotsman.com. 9 May 2007. Archived from the original on 17 May 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  3. ↑ Fraser, Graham (25 April 2014). Glasgow 2014: The Bermuda boycott of 1986 that still hurts Archived 11 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine. BBC Sport. Retrieved on 19 August 2015.
  4. ↑ "Scottish independence referendum will increase interest in Glasgow 2014, it is claimed | Glasgow 2014". insidethegames.biz. 29 February 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  5. ↑ Fraser, Graham (25 April 2014). Glasgow 2014: The Bermuda boycott of 1986 that still hurts Archived 11 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine. BBC Sport. Retrieved on 2 November 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 "8 More Nations Join Boycott of Commonwealth Games; Total Now 23". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  7. ↑ "Power From Within – Commonwealth Games 1986 Opening Ceremony – YouTube". youtube.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Bell, Daniel (2003). Encyclopedia of international games. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. p. 122. ISBN 0-7864-1026-4.
  9. ↑ "Barry Buddon Training Centre from The Gazetteer for Scotland". www.scottish-places.info. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  10. ↑ Ducker, Chris (30 July 1986). "Colossus of Oz fills the stage". Evening Post. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  11. ↑ "Mike Burrell". New Zealand Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  12. ↑ "Neil Gibson". New Zealand Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  13. ↑ "Barrie Mabbott". New Zealand Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  14. ↑ "Shane O'Brien". New Zealand Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  15. ↑ "Andrew Stevenson". New Zealand Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  16. ↑ "Don Symon". New Zealand Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  17. ↑ "Carl Vincent". New Zealand Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  18. ↑ "Ian Wright". New Zealand Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  19. ↑ "Andrew Hay". New Zealand Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
Preceded by
Brisbane		 Commonwealth Games
Edinburgh
XIII Commonwealth Games		 Succeeded by
Auckland
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