Reconstruction of a Xiongnu chief warrior, 2nd century BCE-1st century CE, by archaeologist A.N. Podushkin. Central State Museum of Kazakhstan.[1][2]
Chanyu (simplified Chinese: 单于; traditional Chinese: 單于; pinyin: Chányú) or Shanyu (Chinese: 善于), short for Chengli Gutu Chanyu (Chinese: 撐犁孤塗單于; pinyin: Chēnglí Gūtu Chányú), was the title used by the supreme rulers of Inner Asian nomads for eight centuries until superseded by the title "Khagan" in 402 CE.[3] The title was most famously used by the ruling Luandi clan of the Xiongnu during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) and Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE). It was later also used infrequently by the Chinese as a reference to Tujue leaders.
Etymology
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"Chanyu from Heaven" Tiles, Inner Mongolia Museum
According to the Book of Han, "the Xiongnu called the Heaven (天) 'Chēnglí' (撐犁) and they called a child (子) gūtú (孤塗). As for Chányú (單于), it is a "vast [and] great appearance" (廣大之貌).".[4]
L. Rogers and Edwin G. Pulleyblank argue that the title chanyu may be equivalent to the later attested title tarkhan, suggesting that the Chinese pronunciation was originally dān-ĥwāĥ, an approximation for *darxan.[5] Linguist Alexander Vovin tentatively proposes a Yeniseian etymology for 撐犁孤塗單于, in Old Chinese pronunciation *treng-ri kwa-la dar-ɢwā, from four roots: **tɨŋgɨr- "high",[6][7] *kwala- "son, child", *tɨl "lower reaches of the Yenisei" or "north", and *qʌ̄j ~ *χʌ̄j "prince"; as a whole "Son of Heaven, Ruler of the North".[8][9]
List of Xiongnu Chanyus
| Title | Reconstructed Han period's late Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese pronunciations[10] | Personal Name | Reign | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Touman (頭曼單于/头曼单于) | *do-mɑnᴬ | 220–209 BC | ||
| Modu Chanyu (冒頓單于/冒顿单于) | *mouᴴ-tuən/mək-tuən < *mûh-tûn/mə̂k-tûn[lower-alpha 1] | 209–174 BC | ||
| Laoshang Chanyu (老上單于/老上单于) | *louB-dźaŋC | Jiyu (稽鬻) | 174–161 BC | |
| Junchen Chanyu (軍臣單于/军臣单于) | *kun-gin | 161–126 BC | ||
| Yizhixie Chanyu (伊稚斜單于/伊稚斜单于) | *ʔi-ḍiᴴ-ja | 126–114 BC | ||
| Wuwei Chanyu (烏維/乌维) | *ʔɑ-wi | 114–105 BC | ||
| Er Chanyu (兒[lower-alpha 2]單于/儿单于) | *ńe | Wushilu (烏師廬/乌师庐) | 105–102/101 BC | |
| Xulihu Chanyu (呴犛湖/呴犁湖) / Goulihu (句犁湖) | *hɨo-li-gɑ / *ko-li-ga | 102/101–101/100 BC | ||
| Qiedihou (且鞮侯)[lower-alpha 3] | *tsiɑ-te-go | 101/100–96 BC | ||
| Hulugu Chanyu (狐鹿姑單于/狐鹿姑单于) | *ɣuɑ-lok-kɑ | 96–85 BC | ||
| Huyandi Chanyu (壺衍鞮單于/壺衍鞮单于) | *ɣɑ-janB/H-te | 85–68 BC | ||
| Xulüquanqu Chanyu (虛閭權渠單于/虚闾权渠单于) | *hɨɑ-liɑ-gyan-gɨɑ | 68–60 BC | ||
| Woyanqudi Chanyu (握衍朐鞮單于/握衍朐鞮单于) | *ʔɔk-janB/H-hɨo-te | Tuqitang (屠耆堂/ 屠耆堂) | 60–58 BC | |
| Huhanye Chanyu (呼韓邪單于/呼韩邪单于) | *hɑ-gɑn-ja | Jihoushan[12]: 59 ( 稽侯狦) | 58 – 31 BC Tuqi 屠耆單于, 58–56 BC Hujie 呼揭單于, 57 BC Juli 車犂單于, 57–56 BC Wuji 烏籍單于, 57 BC Runzhen 閏振單于, 56–54 BC Zhizhi Chanyu 郅支單于, 55 – 36 BC Yilimu 伊利目單于, 49 BC | |
| Fuzhulei Ruodi Chanyu[12]: 86 (復株纍若鞮[lower-alpha 4]單于/复株累若鞮单于) | *ńak-te | Diaotaomogao (彫陶莫皋/雕陶莫皋)[12]: 86 | 31–20 BC | |
| Souxie Chanyu[12]: 86 (搜諧若鞮單于/搜谐若鞮单于) | *so-gɛi / *ṣu-gɛi | Jumixu[12]: 86 (且麋胥) | 20–12 BC | |
| Juya Chanyu[12]: 87 (車牙若鞮單于/车牙若鞮单于) | *kɨɑ-ŋa | Jumoju[12]: 87 (且莫車/攣鞮且莫車) | 12–8 BC | |
| Wuzhuliu Chanyu[12]: p. 87 (烏珠留若鞮單于/乌珠留若鞮单于) | *ʔɑ-tśo-liu | Nangzhiyasi/Zhi [14] (囊知牙斯) | 8 BC – 13 AD | |
| Wulei Chanyu[12]: 105–107 (烏累若鞮單于/乌累若鞮单于) | *ʔɑ-lui | Xian (鹹/挛鞮咸) | 13–18 AD | |
| Huduershidaogao Chanyu[12]: 108–109 (呼都而屍道皋若鞮單于/呼都而尸道皋若鞮单于) | *hɑ-tɑ-ńɨ-śi-douH-kou | Yu (輿/挛鞮舆) | 18–46 AD | |
| Wudadihou (烏達鞮侯/乌达鞮侯)[14]: 878 | *ʔɑ-dɑt-te-ɡo | 46 AD | ||
Notes
- ↑ a.k.a. Batur < Baγatur [11]
- ↑ "underage"[12]
- ↑ a.k.a. Chedihou
- ↑ 若鞮 (pinyin ruòdī), glossed as "respectful to parents;[12]: 107 filial piety"[13] in Hànshū; Pulleyblank reconstructs 若鞮's Early Middle Chinese pronunciation as *njak-tei & instead compares this to Tocharian A ñäkci or Toch. B ñäkc(i)ye "godly, heavenly"
Northern Xiongnu (北匈奴)
| Chinese name | Reign | Note | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Punu Chanyu (蒲奴) | 46–? AD | |||
| Youliu[14] (優留) | ?–87 AD | |||
| Northern Chanyu (北單于) | 88–? AD | |||
| Yuchujian[14] (於除鞬單于) | 91–93 AD | |||
| Feng-hou (逢侯) | 94–118 AD | |||
Southern Xiongnu (南匈奴)
| Chinese name | Data | Personal Name | Reign | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sutuhu/Bi (蘇屠胡/比) Huhanxie the Second (呼韓邪第二) Xiluo Shizhu Ti (醯落尸逐鞮) | brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations with Han China in AD 50 | 48–56/55 AD | ||
| Qiufu Youti/Mo (丘浮尤提) | 55/56–56/57 AD | |||
| Yifa Yulüti/Han (伊伐於慮提) | 56/57–59 AD | |||
| Xitong Shizhu Houti/Shi (醯僮尸逐侯提) | 59–63 AD | |||
| Qiuchu Julinti/Su 丘除車林提 | 63 AD | |||
| Huxie Shizhu Houti/Chang (湖邪尸逐侯提) | 63–85 AD | |||
| Yitu Yulüti/Xuan (伊屠於閭提/宣) | 85–88 AD | |||
| Tuntuhe[14] Shulan[12]: 130–134 Xiulan Shizhu Houti (休蘭尸逐侯提) | 88–93 AD | |||
| Anguo[14] (安國) | started a large scale rebellion against the Han | 93–94 AD | ||
| Shizi[14] (師子) Tingdu Shizhu Houti (亭獨尸逐侯提) | 94–98 AD | |||
| Wanshishizhudi/Tan (萬氏尸逐侯提/檀) | opposed by... ...Feng Shanyu | 98-124AD 98–118 AD | ||
| Wujihoushizhudi/Ba (烏稽尸逐侯提/拔) | ??? | 124–127/128 AD | ||
| Xiuli (休利) Qute Ruoshi Zhujiu (去特若尸逐就)[14] | committed suicide under Chinese pressure | 127/128–140/142? | ||
| Cheniu[14] | Popularly elected | 140–143 AD | ||
| Toulouchu (兜樓儲)[12]: 144 Hulan Ruoshi Zhujiu(呼蘭若尸逐就) | appointed puppet at the Chinese court | 143–147 AD | ||
| Jucheer (居車兒)[14] Yiling Ruoshi Zhujiu (伊陵若尸逐就) | puppet Chinese appointee that escaped Chinese control; incarcerated by Chinese in 158 AD | 147–158 AD (d. 172 AD) | ||
| Tute Ruoshi Zhujiu (屠特若尸逐就)[12]: 145 (True name unknown; the Chinese moniker has negative connotation; confirmed by Chinese Court as Chanyu in 172 AD)</ref> | 158–178 AD | |||
| Huzheng[12]: 145 (呼徵) | 178–179 AD | |||
| Qiangqu (羌渠) | Jiangqu;[14] killed in Xiuchuge Xiongnu rebellion | 179–188 AD | ||
| Yufuluo (於扶羅) | a.k.a. Tezhi Shizhuhou (特至尸逐侯). Homeless puppet Chanyu, overthrown in the Ordos by the unnamed Chanyu of Xiluo 醯落 and Tuge 屠各. Led dozens of refugee Xiongnu tribes to Pingyang (平阳) in Shanxi. | 188–195 AD | ||
| Huchuquan (呼廚泉) | Yufuluo's brother,[14] he ruled over the Pingyang Xiongnu after Yufuluo died. | 195–? | ||
Da Chanyu (大單于)
| Chinese name | Data | Personal Name | Reign | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu Yuan (劉淵) | Founder of the Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Guangwen (光文)[15] | Yuanhai (元海) | 304–? | |
| Liu Cong (劉聰) | Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Zhaowu (昭武) | Xuanming (玄明) | 310–? | |
| Liu Can (劉粲) | Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Yin (隱) | Shiguang (士光) | ?–? | |
| Liu Yin (劉胤) | Han-Zhao state imperial prince | Yisun (義孫) | 325–? | |
| Helian Bobo
(赫連勃勃) |
Founder of the Helian Xia state, a.k.a. Emperor Wulie (武烈) | Qujie (屈孑) | 407–? | |
Chanyu family trees
| Chanyu Xiongnu rulers family trees | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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See also
References
- ↑ Museum notice
- ↑ Kradin, Nikolay N. (23 January 2020). "Some Aspects of Xiongnu History in Archaeological Perspective". 7thInternational Conference on the Medieval History of the Eurasian Steppe: 149–165. doi:10.14232/sua.2019.53.149-165.
Nonetheless, among archaeologists, there are many supporters of the Xiongnu migration to the West. In recent years, S. Botalov (2009) constructed a broad picture of the migration of the Xiongnu to the Urals, and then Europe. In Kazakhstan, A.N. Podushkin discovered the Arysskaya culture with a distinct stage of Xiongnu influence (2009). Russian archaeologists are actively studying the Hun sites in the Caucasus (Gmyrya 1993; 1995)
Podushkin, A.A. 2009. Xiongnu v Yuznom Kazakhstane. In: Nomady kazakhstanskikh stepey: etnosociokulturnye protsessy i kontakty v Evrazii skifo sakskoy epokhi: Edited by Z. Samashev, Astana: Ministry of Culture and Information of the Kazakhstan Republic: 147‒154 - ↑ Taskin V.S. "Materials on history of Dunhu group nomadic tribes", Moscow, 1984, p. 305,306, (Таскин В.С. "Mатериалы по истории древних кочевых народов группы Дунху") (in Russian)
- ↑ Book of Han, Vol. 94-I, 匈奴謂天為「撐犁」，謂子為「孤塗」，單于者，廣大之貌也.
- ↑ Universität Bonn. Seminar für Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft Zentralasiens: Zentralasiatische Studien, Vol. 24–26, p.21
- ↑ Georg, Stefan (2001): Türkisch/Mongolisch tengri "Himmel/Gott" und seine Herkunft. Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 6: 83–100.
- ↑ Starostin, Sergei A., and Merritt Ruhlen. (1994). Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons. In M. Ruhlen, On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92. [Partial translation of Starostin 1982, with additional comparisons by Ruhlen.]
- ↑ "Once again on the Etymology of the title qaɣan", in Studia Etyologica Crocoviensia, (2007) vol. 12, p. 177-185
- ↑ "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary", in Altaica Budapestinensia MMII, Proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Budapest, June 23–28, pp. 389–394.
- ↑ Schuessler, Axel (2014). "Phonological Notes on Hàn Period Transcriptions of Foreign Names and Words". Studies in Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Dialect, Phonology, Transcription and Text. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica (53).
- ↑ Hirth F. Sinologische Beitrage zur Geschichte der Turk-Volker. Die Ahnentafel Attila's nach Johannes von Thurocz. Bull. Imp. Acad, series V, vol. XIII, 1900, No 2, pp. 221–261.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Bichurin N.Ya. (1851). Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times. Vol. 1. p. 46
- ↑ Pulleyblank, E. G. "Chinese and Indo-Europeans." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 1/2 (1966): 9–39. www.jstor.org/stable/25202896.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", Australian National University Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No.4, Canberra 1984, "The Division and Destruction of the Xiongnu Confederacy, Rafe de Crespigny, Publications, Faculty of Asian Studies, ANU". Archived from the original on 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
- ↑ Archived 2011-11-30 at the Wayback Machine note 208
Further reading
- Yap, Joseph P. (2019). The Western Regions, Xiongnu and Han, from the Shiji, Hanshu and Hou Hanshu. ISBN 978-1792829154.
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