Seymour, Indiana
City
Nickname: 
"Crossroads of Southern Indiana"
Location of Seymour in Jackson County, Indiana.
Location of Seymour in Jackson County, Indiana.
Seymour, Indiana is located in the United States
Seymour, Indiana
Seymour, Indiana
Location of Seymour in the United States
Coordinates: 38°57′26″N 85°53′40″W / 38.95722°N 85.89444°W / 38.95722; -85.89444
Country United States
State Indiana
CountyJackson
TownshipsJackson, Redding, Rockford
FoundingApril 27, 1852
Incorporated (town)April 27, 1852
Incorporated (city)1864
Founded byMeedy Shields
Named forHezekiah Cook Seymour, Civil Engineer
Government
 • TypeMayor–council
 • MayorMatt Nicholson (R)
 • City Council
Council
<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;display:none;">
  • Matthew Wheeler
  • Jerry Hackney
  • Chad Hubbard
  • Seth Davidson
  • Dave Early
  • Drew Story
  • Bret Cunningham
    •  • State SenateEric Koch
     • State HouseJim Lucas
    Area
    [1]
     • City11.425 sq mi (29.59 km2)
     • Land11.42 sq mi (31.42 km2)
     • Water0.005 sq mi (0.01 km2)
    Elevation
    		581 ft ([2] m)
    Population
     (2020)
     • City21,569
     • Density1,777.86/sq mi (686.41/km2)
     • Urban
    		21,579
    Time zoneUTC−05:00 (EST)
     • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
    ZIP Codes
    ZIP codes
    • 47274
    Area code(s)812 & 930
    FIPS code18-68832[3]
    GNIS feature ID2395850[2]
    Websitewww.seymourin.org

    Seymour is a city in Jackson County, Indiana, United States. Its population was 21,569 at the 2020 census.

    The city is noted for its location at the intersection of two major north–south and east–west railroads, which cross each other in the downtown area. The north–south line (the Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad) was built in the 1840s and connected Indianapolis to the Ohio River at Jeffersonville.[4][5] In 1852, Captain Meedy Shields persuaded Hezekiah Cook Seymour into routing the east-west railroad (the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad) through his land, and in return named the city in Seymour's honor. The first settlers arrived in the spring of 1853.[6]

    The companies Aisin USA and Rose Acre Farms are headquartered in Seymour, and Cummins operates a plant in the area. Walmart operates a large distribution center east of the city near the junction of I-65 and US-50. The city is also home to the 2nd largest high school gymnasium in the United States by seating capacity.[7][8] The city is home to a military-grade civilian airport originally built during WWII.

    History

    19th century

    The land near Seymour was first occupied by the Cherokee Indians. The Treaty of Grouseland opened the area to white settlers in 1805. Shortly after the Pidgeon Roost Massacre of 1812, a local battle occurred between settlers and a hostile band of Indian raiders at the Battle of Tipton's Island.[9][10] Between 1811 and 1815, fifteen white settlers were killed by hostile Native Americans. In 1816, there were only 5 white families in the area.[11] In 1817, the State of Indiana established a blockhouse in the area to facilitate trade with the Lenape Indians until the natives ceded the area in the aftermath of the Treaty of St. Mary's.[11] Between 1822 and 1832, the county became almost completely depopulated.[12]

    Seymour was laid out and plated on April 27, 1852, by Meedy and Eliza Ewing Shields, near the 1809 Indian Treaty Corner and approximately two miles south of the village of Rockford, Indiana; the terminus of the north-south railroad at the Driftwood River before the opening of the purchase of 1828 and the construction of the rail-bridge over the White River.[13][14] During the latter 1840's, a north–south railroad connecting the Ohio River at Jeffersonville with Indianapolis was built crossing the Shields' farm. In 1852, an east–west railroad was being surveyed through Jackson County and Meedy Shields persuaded the Ohio and Mississippi Rail Road to run through his property. In exchange for this favor, he agreed to name the town after the railroad's civil engineer, Henry C. Seymour,[15] although some sources mention J. Seymour, who was the surveyor.[16][17] On June 29, 1854, the first train on the new Ohio and Mississippi Railroad stopped in Seymour and fired a celebratory cannon shot. Four men were killed in the resulting explosion from the poorly-aimed fusillade.[6]

    Seymour was derisively referred to as a "mule crossing"[18][6] because its slow initial development and lack of interest from the railroad companies. The town did not see significant development until the state legislature, led by the efforts of local landowner and Indiana State Senator Meedy Shields, passed a law in 1857 requiring all trains to stop at railroad-railroad intersections. By increasing safety statewide in a time before widespread semaphore use, it increased the value of land around such intersections and made them safer for warehousing.[19]

    Meedy Shields advertised in Cincinnati and Louisville newspapers offering a free lot and $100 to any congregation to establish a church in the city. Charles White of the Presbyterian Church was the first to answer in 1855.[6] In 1858, Blish Mill opened as the first mill in town. By 1881, Seymour would have three mills within the city limits.[6] The large grain tower still stands near the railroad intersection near the center of town.

    Seymour was once a stop on the Underground Railroad. On April 20, 1860, an Adams Express package shipped from Nashville, Tennessee, and addressed to "Hannah Johnson [care of] Levi Coffin" burst open at Seymour while en route to Cincinnati. Levi Coffin was a leading Hoosier abolitionist and the unofficial leader of the Underground Railroad.[20] The package contained a person fleeing slavery and looking for freedom in the North. A similar incident occurred earlier in Kentucky. The true identity of "Hannah Johnson" remains a mystery. Although Indiana was a "free state", Article XIII of the state constitution of 1851 made it illegal for African Americans to settle in Indiana[21] and the Fugitive Slave Act permitted bounty hunters to capture and return people to slavery. The fugitive, later identified as Alexander McClure, was arrested and returned to Louisville and then to his owner in Nashville, Tennessee.[22][23]

    The Civil War

    Black and White of Meedy Shields
    Meedy Shields

    During the American Civil War, despite southern Indiana's strong Copperheads political sentiment,[24] the city of Seymour and the surrounding area raised three separate infantry regiments for service in the Union Army. Volunteers from Seymour were organized at Camp Heffron in Seymour.[25] The entirety of the 50th Indiana Infantry Regiment was commanded by former Indiana Secretary of State, Colonel Cyrus L. Dunham,[26] as well as portions of the 10th Indiana Cavalry Regiment. Captain Fielder A Jones, who would end the war as a Brigadier General, led company H of the 6th Indiana Infantry Regiment.[27][28]

    By 1865, Fielder Jones of the 8th Indiana Cavalry was promoted to colonel, only a couple of months before being brevetted to Brigadier General. Early in the war, Jones had been "body shot" by a bushwhacker. He later killed, W. A. Carter recalled decades later. "No Surrender" Jones survived his wound, then later raised another infantry unit of Jackson County men who elected him colonel. "When the company was organized, a group of Seymour women made a beautiful silk American flag and presented it to the Colonel. The presentation was made on the platform of what was then the O&M railroad station located in what [later became] the east warehouse of the Travis Carter Company at the corner of Fourth and Broadway. Mrs. George Williams, wife of one of Seymour's first jewelers, made the presentation speech. 'The enemy will never get this flag while I live,' the Colonel declared in accepting the flag and he kept his word." Carter said the flag came back with General Jones and his company, but other stories said Jones never returned to Seymour. After being mustered out, Jones headed to Missouri to practice law.[29]

    In 1863, Captain Meedy Shields trained local minutemen militia units in response to Morgan's Raid while several regiments of infantry were sent from the state capitol in Indianapolis.

    Due to its strategic location along rail lines, and with the large cities of Indianapolis, Chicago, and Detroit to the north and St. Louis to the west, Seymour was an important waypoint for the movement of men and supplies to the front during the war. On January 20, 1864, during the transfer of Confederate prisoners of war, six officers escaped. One was later recaptured in town.[30] The New York Times reports that on January 22, 1864, a "Soldier's riot" took place, wherein two soldiers were killed and several others were injured.[31]

    b/w photo of Colonel Samuel Wells, 50th Indiana Infantry Regiment
    Colonel Samuel Wells, 50th Indiana Infantry Regiment

    The 50th Indiana Infantry Regiment lost 3 officers and 54 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 3 officers and 158 enlisted men by disease for a total of 218 casualties during the war. Colonel Dunham, a Democrat, was accused of harboring Confederate sympathies and mustered out of the regiment in 1863 under a cloud of suspicion.[32] Lt. Colonel Heffron, who was poorly regarded by the men of the regiment, was also dismissed from the army and replaced by Major Samuel T Wells, a Vallonia, Indiana, native, Mexican-American war veteran, and former Jackson County Sheriff.[33] Wells would go on to command the regiment after Durham's resignation until the 50th was dissolved and all men transferred to the 52nd Indiana Infantry Regiment which was also garrisoned in Mobile, Alabama, and remained there until the war's end.[34]

    During the Civil War, Seymour and Jackson County fielded a total of 2,571 volunteers for the Union cause.[27]

    The Reno Era

    After the war, local veterans organized the Ellsworth Post 20 of the G.A.R. At its zenith, the post included two hundred and twenty-two local citizens who had served the Union during the war as members. During its long existence, the organization included many prominent community members. The Ellsworth Post was active in local charities, organized burial services for local veterans, and conducted official observances on Decoration Day. The final member of the post, James H Boak, lived to be 98 years old. He died in 1942, closing one of the longest-running G.A.R. chapters in existence.[35]

    An infamous local murder occurred in January 1866, when a traveling merchant, Moore Woodmansee, 42, on his way to Cincinnati, disappeared while staying at the Rader House. The Rader House was operated by proprietor Captain George Rader, a purported Reno Associate, and was the center of gambling, theft, prostitution, and a string of mysterious disappearances. Months after he disappeared, the headless body of Woodmansee was found downriver in the East Fork of the White River; then known as the Driftwood River. Rader was implicated in the murder. Two local witnesses were murdered. Rader and his son-in-law were ultimately acquitted but forced to leave town.[36][37]

    Billy Yank
    Billy Yank, the statue honoring Seymour's Civil War veterans was newly restored in 2023 after being vandalized and stored for more than 40 years.

    A robbery of the Adams Express Car on the east-west Ohio and Mississippi line near Brownstown was reported in July 1866. That night, the perpetrators were chased by a local vigilance committee of 300 men that continued into the Rockford area.[30] Three days later, the Reno brothers had been identified as the gang's leaders and newspapers were recounting the notorious deeds of the family.[38] Later that year, Seymour was the site of the world's first successful peacetime train robbery, in which the train was moving. It was committed by the local Reno Gang, on October 6, 1866, just east of town, starting in the Adams Express Company car of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. Some members of the gang were later lynched at Hangman's Crossing outside town.[39] The insolvent Ohio and Mississippi Railroad was reorganized in 1867 as the Ohio and Mississippi Railway.

    About 1876, a general strike of approximately 500 railroad men occurred at Seymour and nearby North Vernon, Indiana, led by armed brakemen, engineers, and other railroad employees who had not been paid for two and a half months by the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. A paper reported that the communities of Seymour and North Vernon were armed and in revolt. A contingent of US Marshals and detectives was sent from Cincinnati to end the strike. All passenger and cargo service through Seymour and North Vernon was suspended during the strike.[40] The Ohio and Mississippi Railway was purchased in 1893 by B&O Southwestern Railroad.

    The town's first high school was built in 1871 on the vacant lot of the disbanded civil war encampment. Frank B Shields, a Seymour native, former MIT professor, and inventor of Barbasol shaving cream, subsequently donated the adjacent land needed for the construction of the James Shields memorial gym.[41]

    In 1880, the Seymour Weekly Democrat noted that Seymour boasted a population of nearly 5,000, four schools including Shields High School, a Catholic School and two German schools with 700 students; four hotels including the newly build Jonas, the Faulconer, the City Hotel and the Mansion House.[42]

    During the years prior to the turn of the 20th century, Seymour saw a significant influx of Dutch and German migrants of the Lutheran faith. These migrants eventually established many successful local farms and businesses. These pioneers' influence continues today and can be seen in the city's annual Oktoberfest celebration.[43]

    20th century

    Seymour Indiana Public Library ca 1910
    Seymour Indiana Public Library, ca 1910

    Seymour fielded its own minor league team, the Seymour Reds, beginning in 1900. Pee Wee Reese once played with the Seymour Reds before being called up to the majors. The team had its own field, Redlands Park, north of Shields City Park.[44][45][46]

    The Ahlbrand Carriage Company, a builder of buggies and custom coaches was incorporated in Seymour by Ephriam, Albert, and Walter Ahlbrand of Seymour.[47][48]

    bw/ advertisement for Ahlbrand Carriage Co
    Ahlbrand Carriage Co catalogue entry

    The Seymour Public Library opened to the public in January 1905, following a grant of $10,000 from the Carnegie Foundation in 1903 led by the Public-School Superintendent and President of the Seymour Public Library Board, Professor H.C. Montgomery. Efforts to bring a library to Seymour began twenty years early in 1881. Early library collections were housed in a local bookshop and then at Shields High School until the new Carnegie Library opened. The public library was part of more than $2.6 million in grants issued in the state of Indiana for more than 160 libraries: more than any other state.[49]

    In 1913, the Great Flood hit Seymour causing widespread death and destruction. It was the deadliest natural disaster to ever hit the area. The East Fork of the White River reached 27.50 feet (8.38 m) above the level recorded in the flood of 1884.[50]

    In 1914, H. Vance Swope, a landscape artist who spent his youth in Seymour, donated many of his own works and paintings he acquired during his career to Seymour's Art League. Eventually, those works became part of the H. Vance Swope Gallery in the new Public Library.[51] This collection contains important works by Charlotte B. Coman and other favorites from Swope.

    WWI and WWII

    Black and White photo of Beechcraft AT-10 Wichita in flight from above
    Beechcraft AT-10 Wichita, ca 1943

    On May 7, 1915, leading city-industrialist and scion of the Thompson family, Eldridge Blish Thompson died during the sinking of the ocean liner RMS Lusitania.[52][53] A memorial scholarship was funded in his name by his family at Seymour's Shields High School for any student accepted to Yale University.[54] The sinking of the ocean liner was an important factor in President Woodrow Wilson's decision to ask Congress for a declaration of war in April 1917.

    During World War I, nine Seymour natives died in combat.[55] Seymour's first municipal airport, the White River Valley Flying Field, was located on the Henry Ahlert farm (once owned by the Renos) near the White River north of the city.[56]

    In 1934, Seymour police officer John Pfaffenberger was shot and killed by three assailants after he attempted to stop their car after they stole a few dollars worth of fuel from a gas station east of town. One defendant, Nashville, Indiana, native Edward Coffin, was subsequently sentenced to death and sent to Indiana's electric chair for the murder of Officer Pfaffenberger. His co-defendants were sentenced to lengthy prison terms.[57]

    During World War II, the US government purchased 2,500 acres (1,000 ha) of land southwest of town for use as an airfield. Freeman Army Airfield operated from 1942 to 1946. The base was first used for twin-engine training. The first class graduated on April 29 and went on to fly multi-engine aircraft such as the B-24 Liberator, B-17 Flying Fortress, B-29 Superfortress, and various other medium bombers and transport aircraft. Twin-engine training continued with a total of 19 classes of students graduating from Freeman Field using a total of 250 Beechcraft AT-10 Wichita trainers. The last graduates were in May 1944; 4,245 total cadets.[58][59][60]

    Black and White photo of Sikorsky R-4
    Sikorsky R-4, ca 1945

    Freeman Army Airfield was the first helicopter base in the US.[61] The first instructor pilots arrived on June 30 and preparations for the helicopter training were made in great secrecy, as in 1944 very few people had seen one and the technology was new and revolutionary.[61] The group assigned to coordinate their arrival was known as "Section B-O". A total of six Sikorsky R-4 helicopters were assigned for training, flown directly to Freeman from the Sikorsky plant at Bridgeport, Connecticut. This was the longest-distance flight of any formation of helicopters at the time.[61]

    The Freeman Field Mutiny occurred in 1945, in which African American members of the 477th Bombardment Group attempted to integrate an all-white officers' club at Freeman Army Air Corps Base. The mutiny is generally regarded by historians of the Civil Rights Movement as an important step toward full integration of the armed forces and as a model for later efforts to integrate public facilities through civil disobedience.[62]

    Color photo of Gus Grissom, astronaut
    Gus Grissom, astronaut

    Nearing the end of WWII, Freeman Field was designated the Foreign Aircraft Evaluation Center for US Army Air Technical Intelligence.[63] After the end of the war in Europe, captured German and Italian aircraft were collected by "Operation Lusty". Freeman Field was also charged with the mission to receive and catalog United States equipment for display at the present and for the future AAF museum.[64] However, these operations, including the helicopter training missions were moved to other locations, and Freeman Field was deactivated and deeded to the city of Seymour in 1946. Future astronaut Gus Grissom enlisted as an aviation training cadet at Freeman Field in 1944.[65][66]

    Mid century

    During the last week of June 1952, the city of Seymour held a week-long centennial celebration that included concerts, parades, a re-enactment of the Reno Brothers train robbery, contests, and a play entitled "The Seymour Story".[67] The B&O Railroad loaned Engine #25 and several cars from their Baltimore Museum for use in the Reno reenactment scenes,[68] and the event was featured in B & O Magazine.[69] During the event, local industries paid their employers in silver dollars to commemorate the event.[70]

    Beginning in 1959, the city's former high school, Shields High School, was moved to the new Seymour High School west of town. By 1970, the school corporation completed the construction of the second-largest school gymnasium in the United States.[71][7] In 1981, the gym was renamed the "Lloyd E Scott" gymnasium in honor of the Indiana Hall of Fame basketball coach.[72]

    Interior of Lloyd Scott Gym, ca 2013
    Interior of Lloyd Scott Gym, ca 2013

    Shortly after opening a local franchise in the area, on October 20, 1965, during a ceremony in Seymour, Colonel Harland Sanders, owner and originator of Kentucky Fried Chicken was initialed as a member alongside thirteen local residents into the local Elks Lodge, #462. Sanders had a long association with Seymour through cousins and a nephew living in town.[73][74][75]

    Seven Seymour servicemen were killed in action during the Vietnam War.[76] The highest-ranking soldier killed in action from Seymour was Command Sergeant Major William Henry Clevenger, United States Army who enlisted in the United States Army during World War II. He was awarded the Silver Star and the Distinguished Flying Cross.[77][78]

    Late century

    In 1970, future Rock and Roll Hall of Famer John Mellencamp graduated from Seymour High School. He briefly attended nearby Vincennes University before returning to Seymour and working for the local telephone company while pursuing a music career.[79] On October 2, 1976, at the behest of Mellencamp's new management and record label, the city of Seymour dedicated its Oktoberfest parade to young Mellencamp. The mayor declared that day "Johnny Cougar Day" and the city celebrated by parading "Johnny Cougar" through downtown to help promote his debut album, the Chestnut Street Incident.[80]

    A series of murders occurred in the Seymour area that were linked to Rose Acre Farms. Theresa Osborne, Mike Reece, and Carrie Croucher, all Rose Acre employees with ties to founder David Rust, all died under mysterious circumstances.[81] Theresa Osborne's body was found in the trunk of her burnt and abandoned vehicle weeks after her disappearance. The deaths remained under investigation for years and were the focus of a series of articles from journalists at the Louisville Courier-Journal. Local authorities investigated the deaths, but no charges were ever brought against David Rust, who died in 2004.[82]

    On August 15, 1981, Seymour police officer Jack Osborne died after being hit by a motorist at the scene of a traffic accident on Interstate 65. He was the third Seymour police officer to die in the line of duty.[83]

    On March 29, 1983, Christopher Moritz resigned as mayor after a judge found him guilty of four counts of accepting bribes while in office. He was sentenced to five years in prison and barred from holding public office for ten years. Moritz began serving his sentence on December 8, 1984.[84] Donald Scott served the remaining balance of Moritz's term until William Bailey assumed office.[85]

    In 1985, Mellencamp released "Small Town" a song written about his hometown. It reached #6 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart.[86] MTV included the associated music video in frequent rotation. This video, and approximately five others, were filmed in around the Seymour area during this time. The videos included shots of Riverview Cemetery, Rockford, the Rok-Sey Arena, downtown Seymour, and cameos of many locals. This, with the release of his "Rain on the Scarecrow" single and music video, increased awareness of the plight of rural American farmers in general and life in Seymour specifically.[87][88] Many regional and national media outlets produced segments about Seymour during this timeframe.

    Future Indiana University basketball coach Teri Moren graduated from Seymour High School in 1987 and was named an Indiana All-Star that year. She led the Seymour Owls to four sectional titles, two regional championships, a semi-state win, and a 1987 state finals appearance.[89]

    Seymour's east-west railroad, controlled by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad since the previous century merged in 1987 into CSX Transportation, creating one of the largest Class I railroads in North America.[90]

    Color photo of the Stardust Theater
    Stardust Theater, ca 1986

    In 1989, the Stardust Theater, a local landmark for fifty years, shuttered its gates for the last time. The 550-spot drive-in first opened on May 19, 1949, and aired its last feature films "Ghostbusters II" and "Karate Kid III" on September 30. The theater was popular for showing movies, cartoons, and dusk-to-dawn movie marathons. The operator of the theater said the decision to close the theater was purely economic, the land the theater sat on was just too valuable. The owner, Florence Carter sold the property to developers who turned the entire site into an outlet mall.[91][92]

    On July 8, 1991, the former Lynn Hotel, a local landmark first opened on July 1, 1883, collapsed due to disrepair and neglect.[93] The city previously purchased the property for $35,000 with an eye on redeveloping the building into city offices. Other groups had offered to purchase and save the property before it was leveled including John Mellencamp, an investment group from California, and local community activists.[94][95][96]

    Despite efforts from local community leaders, the city of Seymour and then-mayor John Burkhart ordered the leveling of the historic Vondee Theater on September 24, 1993. Marina Gill, President of the Historic Preservation Foundation said, "This is just negligence" when asked about the decision to level the structure.[97]

    On May 29, 1997, the former Shields High School, first constructed in 1910, was raised during a botched demolishment of a smaller portion of the building, the girls' gym. The structure was privately owned after the construction of Seymour Middle School, and once housed a private bible college. Building inspectors determined that was too much damage and the structure was unsafe.[98]

    On Christmas Day 1998, the historic Walton Hotel, first known at the Rader House,[99] and then the Faulkner House,[100] the Jonas Hotel, and the Centennial Hotel,[101] burned to the ground in an accidental fire that killed one person. The property was first built in 1854, was one of the oldest structures in Seymour, was in the process of being restored, and was being used as low-income housing at the time of the fire.[102] The structure was the third important historic downtown building to fall during the nineties.

    The American Dream in Seymour, the 21st century

    Thanks to the efforts of then Lt. Governor John Mutz and community leaders at the Jackson County Industrial Development Corporation, Aisin constructed a factory in Seymour in 1986,[103] with production beginning in 1989 with wide public support.[104] Initial estimates suggested 200 new employees, but by 2020, Aisin employed more than 2,000 local residents. This factory has since been expanded and supplies components for Honda, General Motors, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Toyota.[105][106]

    The 106 mi (171 km) north-south railroad line that serves Seymour was purchased by the Louisville and Indiana Railroad from Conrail in March 1994.[107] The Seymour Diamond Crossing is a good place to also watch the east-west railroad line, which CSX upgraded in 2016 for reliable higher speed operation.[108] The Louisville and Indiana Railroad served as a short-line railroad to provide switching services for access to the CSX mainline.[109]

    Immigration from San Sebastián Coatán, Guatemala, began about 1989 as indigenous Chuj people found the American Dream in the United States. As word spread to their families and friends in their hometown of San Sebastián Coatán about the quality of life in Seymour, more families journeyed from their poverty-stricken part of Guatemala to a newer, more fruitful life in the U.S. Immigrants from Guatemala as of 2020 make up more than 10% of the local population.[110]

    In November 2019, the city unveiled a large mural of John Mellencamp, painted on the side of a local guitar store. The store's owner, Larry McDonald, is a longtime friend and former bandmate of Mellencamp. The Mellencamp family donated $50,000 to help turn the former parking lot into a green space so more people could enjoy the mural painted by artist Sue Bliss.[111]

    Folklore

    Travis H Carter, alleged leader of the vigilantes
    Travis H Carter

    Hangman's Crossing, just west of Seymour near a property once owned by a farmer named 'H. Borchherding', a Beech tree once stood. This tree witnessed the final demise of the Reno Gang at the hands of a group of vigilantes allegedly led by town elder Travis Carter. The exact location of the tree is lost to time, but the Indiana Folklore Reader tells us it was near the Borcherding farm, across the road which crossed a tiny stream on 'the old Brownstown Road'.[112] Legend has it that the hanging tree never bore leaves again and some say that Laura Reno had the tree burnt to the ground as nothing remains.[112]

    Local folklore tells us that somewhere near Seymour, the Reno Gang buried $96,000 from their last train robbery. Before it was torn down, the original Reno home near the Riverview Cemetery was an object of curiosity among fortune hunters who would sometimes find small silver coins where the house once stood.[113]

    After they were hanged, legend has it the Reno Brothers were allegedly buried together under a single stone alone atop a hill in the old city cemetery. Outraged, local citizens refused to bury their relatives with the Renos. The Riverview Cemetery was eventually built and many famous former occupants of the city cemetery, like town founder Meedy Shields and his wife Eliza, were laid to rest in Riverview. Later, a Reno plot with headstones for each of the brothers was constructed in the old cemetery close to the road to appease the tourists and the curious.[114]

    b/w screen capture of old newspaper featuring lynching of reno gang members
    Lynch Law!

    Another legend tells us of the demise of a train, its crew, and a passenger car that disappeared into the Blue Hole Quarry in 1913. The train met its fate during a rainstorm and flood that washed away the train trestle and everything on it. Despite the efforts of local authorities, the remains of the train or the crew have never been found.[112][115][116]

    In the March 31, 2001, copy of the Seymour Tribune, readers share their stories of "Martha's Grave", the burial site of an old witch, and one "can see her face in the moss on the north side of the tombstone."[116][117]

    Finally, Freeman field was home to captured Nazi aircraft after World War Two, including captured jet aircraft, V-1 and V-2 rockets. However, the base was closed shortly thereafter, the base commander ordered many aircraft to be buried at the site.[118]

    Geography

    Seymour is located at 38°57′26″N 85°53′20″W / 38.95722°N 85.88889°W / 38.95722; -85.88889 (38.956350, -85.890068).[119]

    According to the 2010 census, Seymour has a total area of 11.425 square miles (29.59 km2), of which 11.42 square miles (29.58 km2) (or 99.96%) is land and 0.005 square miles (0.01 km2) (or 0.04%) is water.[120]

    Topography

    The soil is sandy but generally productive for agriculture and livestock. The local topology is dominated by the East Fork of the White River, a slow-moving, heavily silted, and meandering floodplain. Because of the surrounding low-lying swamplands and agricultural activity, the river is prone to frequent flooding averaging 19 days above flood stage per year; with at least three major floods recorded since 1900.[121]

    Demographics

    Historical population
    CensusPop.Note%±
    1860966—
    18702,372145.5%
    18804,25079.2%
    18905,33725.6%
    19006,44520.8%
    19106,305−2.2%
    19207,34816.5%
    19307,5082.2%
    19408,62014.8%
    19509,62911.7%
    196011,62920.8%
    197013,35214.8%
    198015,05012.7%
    199015,5763.5%
    200018,10116.2%
    201017,503−3.3%
    202021,56923.2%
    Source: US Census Bureau

    2020 census

    As of the census[122] of 2020, there were 21,569 people and 7,866 households in the city. The population density was 1,532.7 inhabitants per square mile (591.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 82.2% White, 2.0% African American, 0.2% Native American, 4.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.0% of the population.

    The median household income in the city was $47,949 compared to the median household income of $62,743 in the State of Indiana. 39% of the population was employed in manufacturing or production and 17.4% of the population was involved in the education or healthcare industry.[123]

    The median age in the city was 34.4 years. 28.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 69.1% were aged 21 and over.[124][125]

    The 2020 Census estimates that 7% of the population were veterans.[126]

    2010 census

    As of the census[122] of 2010, there were 17,503 people, 6,907 households, and 4,514 families living in the city. The population density was 1,532.7 inhabitants per square mile (591.8/km2). There were 7,719 housing units at an average density of 675.9 per square mile (261.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 90.3% White, 1.3% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 5.1% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.5% of the population.

    There were 6,907 households, of which 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.3% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.6% were non-families. 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.01.

    The median age in the city was 35.5 years. 25.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.6% were from 25 to 44; 24% were from 45 to 64; and 13.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.

    2000 census

    As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 18,101 people, 7,231 households, and 4,743 families living in the city. The population density was 1,670.3 inhabitants per square mile (644.9/km2). There were 7,709 housing units at an average density of 711.4 per square mile (274.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.4% White, 1.0% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.9% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.9% of the population.

    There were 7,231 households, out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 28.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.99.

    In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.7 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.

    The median income for a household in the city was $36,883, and the median income for a family was $43,357. Males had a median income of $30,638 versus $22,265 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,222. About 8.0% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under age 18 and 11.6% of those age 65 or over.

    Economy

    The economy of Seymour is based primarily on manufacturing and distribution, healthcare, and education. Major manufacturers include Aisin USA, a leader in the field of automotive component manufacturing including a diversified product line of door frames, seat adjusters, molding, and other body components. Cummins, Valeo North America, the Lannett Company, and Silgas Plastics. Home Products Incorporated recently acquired the former Lear Siglar facility that sits atop the defunct Milwaukee Rail yard.[127] Nippon Steel Pipe is an automotive parts supplier of various sizes and shapes of carbon and stainless steel tubing to the automotive industry. NSPA is an Indiana Corporation, that employs over 400 associates at its plant in Seymour, IN.[127]

    Owing to the city's convenient access to I-65 and US-50, Walmart Transportation and Pet Supplies Plus have significant operations based in Seymour.[127] Walmart Distribution is the primary provider of merchandise for all Wal-Mart retail units. The Walmart Distribution Center is fully mechanized and multi-shift operated with receiving, order filling, and shipping departments

    Schneck Medical Center employs more than 1,100 including 200 physicians and 400 volunteers and has operated for over 100 years.[128] The Seymour Community Schools and Rose Acre Farms round out the list of major employers.[127]

    Other employers include retail and service industry providers including franchise and locally owned restaurants that line US-50 headed east out of the city.

    Government

    Exterior of City Hall
    City Hall, ca 2023

    Mayors are elected by city-wide election every four years from qualified candidates who are residents of the city. The first mayor of the city was Captain George Greene, a native of Kentucky, a veteran of the Mexican-American War, and a close ally of Meedy Shields.[129] The City Hall has operated out of the former Southern Indiana Telephone and Telegraph Company since 1985.

    In 2019, a local businessman, former city councilman, 1996 graduate of Seymour High School, and 1998 graduate of Ivy Tech, Matthew Nicholson was elected to his first term as mayor. He carried the election with 1,963 (59.3%) votes versus challenger Rexanne Ude who received 1,350 (40%) votes.[130] Since his election, in addition to his official duties, Nicholson has joined the board of directors for Main Street Seymour, Indiana and regularly contributes to the local newspaper.[131]

    The seven-member city council is the legislative body for the city and has the exclusive responsibility of passing or changing local laws, resolutions, orders, and motions for the city's government. As the fiscal body, the Council has the authority to levy certain taxes and it has the sole responsibility of adopting a city budget each year. The Council also appoints members to certain boards and commissions that serve the community in various areas.[132]

    A chronological list of mayors of the city of Seymour includes;[133]

    • George Green (D), 1865 - 1867[134][129]
    • Alexander A Davison (D) 1867 - 1869[135]
    • Thomas Whitson, 1869 - 1870[134][136]
    • Albert P. Charles, 1870 - 1872
    • Samuel W. Holmes, 1872 - 1874
    • Albert P. Charles, 1874 - 1878
    • Daniel W. Johnson, 1878 - 1884[134][137]
    • Rueben Everhart, 1884 - 1886
    • A.J. Frazer, 1886 - 1888
    • Daniel W. Johnson, 1888 - 1890
    • Frank Bennett, 1890 - 1892
    • Philip Laugel, 1892 - 1894
    • Joseph Basley, 1894 - 1898
    • Alfred W. Mills, 1898 - 1902
    • Dr. J. M. Shields, 1902 - 1904
    • Dr. George G. Graessle, 1904 - 1906
    • Dr. Henry R. Kyte, 1906 - 1910
    • Allen Swope (D), 1910 - 1914[138][139]
    • John A Ross, 1914 - 1918[140][141]
    • Charles W. Burkart (D), 1918 - 1922[142][143]
    • Charles L. Kessler, 1922 - 1926[144][145]
    • Charles E. Miles, 1926 - 1929[lower-alpha 1][147]
    • F. W. Abele, 1929 (12 days)[148]
    • Charles W. Burkart (D), 1929 - 1939[142]
    • Stanley Switzer (R), 1939 - 1942[149]
    • Charles W. Burkart (D), 1943 - 1947[150]
    • Donald L. Heiwig (R), 1948 - 1955[150]
    • John C. Isaacs (D), 1956 - 1963[150]
    • James L. Laupus (R), 1964 - 1971[151]
    • Christopher D. Moritz (D), 1972 - 1975[150]
    • Donald H. Ernest (R), 1976 - 1979[150]
    • Christopher D. Moritz (D), 1980 - 1983[152]
    • Donald F. Scott (D), 1983[lower-alpha 2]
    • William W. Bailey (D), 1983 - 1990[150]
    • John S. Burkhart (D), 1990 - 2003[150]
    • James E. Bullard (D), 2004 - 2007[153]
    • Craig Luedeman (R), 2008 - 2019[154]
    • Matthew Nicholson (R), 2019 - incumbent[155]

    Education

    Color photo of Seymour High School
    Seymour High School

    Seymour Community Schools operates Seymour High School and eight other elementary and secondary schools in the city.[156] The current system-wide school enrollment exceed 5,000 students.[157] The local schools employ 650 people and are managed by a public board consisting of seven members of the community. The current board President is Art Juergens, a retired social studies teacher and coach.[158][159] Three hundred forty-two students graduated in the class of 2023.[160]

    Trinity Lutheran High School, a private educational institution for grades 9–12 that first opened in 2000 on a newly donated 41-acre campus. The school is owned and operated by the South Central Lutheran Association for Secondary Education, Inc., an association of 14 Lutheran congregations in Scott, Jennings, Bartholomew, and Jackson Counties. The school is accredited and in good standing by the National Lutheran School Accreditation (NLSA) organization of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, Cognia, and also recognized as an accredited school by the Indiana Department of Education.[161] Twenty-seven seniors graduated from TLHS's 19th class in May 2023.[162]

    The Immanuel Lutheran School provides private K-8 and is full accreditation through the State of Indiana and the Lutheran Church Missouri-Synod.  In addition to the core curriculum, Immanuel's comprehensive education offers a full fine arts program including music, band, art, and physical education. Students attending ILS have the option of enrolling in either Trinity Lutheran High School to finish their secondary education or enrolling at Seymour High School.[163]

    The St. Ambrose Catholic School is a private school associated with St. Ambrose Church of Seymour Indiana. The School is a member of the Archdiocese of Indianapolis. The current facility opened in 1958 but the Archdiocese has offered private Catholic educational services to the community since 1858. Enrollment is open for students K-8. The school is overseen by St. Ambrose School Commission is an advisory committee that works with the school principal and pastor on the advancement of the school.  The commission has nine members and meets six times per year. The school provides services in both English and Spanish. The school is fully accredited by the State of Indiana and nationally through Cognia.[164]

    Seymour Public Library, a branch of the Jackson County Public Library.[165]

    Parks and Recreation

    Shields Park, ca 2023

    The recreation department of the city of Seymour operates five parks, including the 12-acre Shields Park that is home to a skate park and a public pool.

    Shields Park is the oldest public park in the city and was formally known as City Park. It is located on North Park Street. In 1924, Anna M. Gaiser donated the site of her father's plant nursery to be Gaiser Park.[166]

    Kessler Park was donated by the Kessler family in 1978.[167]

    Additionally, the recreation department operates 3 plazas, one recreation field located near Freeman Field and Mellencamp Plaza below the large mural of John Mellencamp in the downtown area that was completed in 2019. The department also provides a memorial tree and bench program to honor deceased residents. In addition to the numerous parks, plazas, and recreational facilities, the recreation department also provides 14 miles of bike and walking trails around the city.[168]

    Culture

    The Actors Community Theatre of Seymour (ACTS) is a non-profit organization founded in 2013. Its first production was in March 2014.[169] ACTS is dedicated to the propagation and preservation of the theatrical arts in the area and has an ongoing schedule of theatrical performances.

    The Southern Indiana Center for the Arts (SICA) is a not-for-profit organization operated by a volunteer board of directors and an executive director owned by the Mellencamp family since 1991 that provides art education and helps draw attention to the area of Jackson County as an art-conscious region.[170]

    The Oktoberfest celebrates the city's German heritage and has been held annually since 1973. The first Oktoberfest was organized by the Seymour Chamber of Commerce and featured Bavarian music, carnival rides, food and exhibit booths, parades, a hot air balloon race, baby contest and a Biergarten.[171][172]

    Scoop the Loop is a local weekend car show that started in 2011 but can trace its origins back to the years following WWII.[173][174] In Seymour, like many small towns in America, with the rise of car culture, rock and roll, and teenagers with free time, cruising downtown to meet and make new friends and show off cars became a way of life in Seymour.[175] Seymour used to be so popular for cruising that teens would come from eleven surrounding counties.[176] But, starting in the 80s, some local merchants complained and alleged illegal activities were occurring.[177] In the 90s, without any city ordinance to prohibit the activity, the local government would block many of the roads downtown and popular parking lots.[178][179] This effectively killed the practice in Seymour as happened in nearby Columbus, North Vernon, and Seymour. But, cruising was reborn in 2011 by local cruising enthusiasts two started a yearly event held on one Saturday each August. Ironically, local merchants and restaurants support the event as a way to draw customers back to the downtown area.[180]

    The H. Vance Swope Memorial Art Gallery was created at the bequest of the artist, who spent his youth in Seymour and whose father was once the postmaster, and relative of then-mayor Allen Swope and contains works by regional artists as well as an extensive collection of landscapes by Swope.[181]

    pork tenderloin sandwich
    pork tenderloin sandwich

    Local comfort food is a deep part of Seymour's culture. This includes local hotspots like The Townhouse Cafe, which first opened in 1962.[182] They have been serving locals their favorites for breakfast since then. In 2023, it was voted best home cooking, best breakfast, and best catering, and won honors for its tenderloins, burgers, and atmosphere.[183] The Fish Stand, first opened its doors in 1962.[184] Locals have been coming to the small unassuming local landmark restaurant on Ewing Street since then for fried fish and comfort food. The stand resides in a building first constructed in 1878 and needed major repairs when the current owners bought the property in 2013 that included new flooring, a new kitchen, and a new roof.[185] Larrison's Diner, a local institution, has been serving local teenagers and adults-alike a steady diet of comfort food like burgers, fries, tenderloin sandwiches, and Big Red soda for more than fifty years. The diner was used as a filming location for Falling from Grace, starring John Mellencamp. The diner is also popular among his fans who might catch a glimpse of him at his favorite booth from time to time.[186][187]

    Until 2019, Seymour was the last town in the United States to celebrate Victory over Japan Day with a local parade. Beginning in 1946, the parade was held annually for 73 years until the local VFW voted to discontinue the tradition.[188]

    Seymour is home to many vibrant social, service and philanthropic organizations such as the Elks Lodge,[189] the Jackson County Masonic Lodge,[190] the Order of the Eastern Star,[191] the Seymour Lions,[192] the Rotary Society,[193] the Moose Lodge,[194] the Rotary Society,[195] the Phi Beta Psi,[196] Knights of Columbus,[197] and the Jackson County Sertoma Club.[198]

    National Register of Historic Places

    Color photo of the Farmers Club in Seymour, Indiana on a sunny day framed by small trees
    Farmers Club, Seymour, Indiana

    The city is home to six structures listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Farmers Club was built by the Blish family and donated to the city as a memorial to city founder Meedy Shields and was included in the National Register in 1983.[199] The building was constructed from Bedford limestone, brick, and steel and at the time of its construction it was the only building of its kind in the midwest. Meedy Shields Blish (1855 - 1922) was inspired to provide a local place of comfort and relaxation to area farmers while they were bringing produce and grain to market in the city.[200] The building formally open on October 8, 1914. Since then it has been used as the club, the building also housed the Seymour Red Cross, the city of Seymour, the Seymour Police Department, and the Seymour Chamber of Commerce.[201][202][203]

    The First Presbyterian Church of Seymour was constructed in 1884 and is of Late Gothic Style architecture and includes stained glass by the Jacoby Art Glass Company. At the time of its construction, it was the tallest spire in the city.[204] It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.[205]

    First Presbyterian Church

    The T. Harlan and Helen Montgomery House is a grade five historic building of Dutch Colonial Revival design located at 628 North Poplar Street has 5 bedrooms and 2 and a half baths. The house is currently owned by the Schneck family. It last sold in 1979 for $49,000[206] and was placed on the registry in 2010.[207]

    The Seymour Commercial Historic District consists of 79 contributing buildings and 4 contributing structures in the central business district of Seymour. The district developed between about 1876 and 1945 and includes notable examples of Italianate, Romanesque Revival, and Classical Revival style architecture. The entire district was placed on the register in 1995 although the Jonas Hotel later burnt to the ground and no longer exists.[102]

    The Southern Indiana Railroad Freighthouse, has since January 2008 served as the Jackson County Visitor Center, for Jackson County, Indiana. The freight house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 22, 2003.[207]

    George H. Vehslage House is a historic home located at 515 N. Chestnut Street. It was built in 1894, and is a 2-and-one-half-story, Queen Anne style brick dwelling with a limestone foundation. It was placed on the registry in 2010.[205][208]

    Other Significant Buildings in the City

    Color illustration of the Odd Fellows Building, Seymour, IN
    The Odd Fellows Building

    714 W Fifth Street is the boyhood home of John Mellencamp. The 2 bedroom, 1 bath, 1019 square foot ranch style house was built in 1949. It has been privately owned since 1979. The owner has plans to remodel the property and rent it on AirBnB.[209]

    The Travis Carter house at 410 Indianapolis Avenue is the oldest building (1852) still standing in Seymour. Today, it is privately owned, but it once housed the offices of the local Red Cross.[210][211]

    Front exterior color photo of the T. Harlan and Helen Montgomery House.jpg
    T. Harlan and Helen Montgomery House

    The Blish Mill grain towers are the tallest structures in town, they operated from 1858 to 1976.[212]

    The Federal Building was built in 1915, served for many years as the post office, and then as offices for the Seymour Police Department. Today, it is being restored as the Seymour Museum Center.[213]

    At the corner of N. Poplar and Sixth Street the former James Shields Memorial Gym is one of Indiana's ten most endangered landmarks. One of Indiana's largest high school gymnasiums when it was built by Works Progress Administration workers in 1941, the James M. Shields Memorial Gymnasium provided the backdrop for decades of local basketball memories, hosting 21 sectional titles from 1942-1970. A local family purchased the long-vacant property in 1996, and later had to demolish the high school nearby.[214] As of 2023, the gym remains empty. Vandals continue to break windows and cover walls with graffiti, despite the current owner's attempts to secure the property. Though roof leaks have allowed water to infiltrate the building, an architectural assessment showed the steel and concrete gym to be structurally sound.[214]

    Transportation

    Railroads

    The Southern Indiana Railroad Freighthouse in Seymour is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

    The Pennsylvania Railroad succeeded the Jeffersonville Railroad (built northward). A Chessie System caboose sits in front of the Blish Mill grain tower.[215]

    The Ohio and Mississippi Railway, built westward, was acquired by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in 1893.[216] It has been operated by CSX since 1986.[217]

    The Evansville & Richmond Railroad (after 1910 the Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern Railroad (CTH&SE), or "the Milwaukee") was built eastward toward Richmond, reached Seymour in 1890, and connected with New York Central in Westport.[218] Trackage east of Seymour was "cut off" in 1961, and operations to Bedford closed in 1978.[219]

    The Interstate Public Service interurban lines reached Seymour from Columbus in October 1907. Interstate merged into Midland United Company, leased to Indiana Railway, and all trains south of Seymour stopped running to Louisville in September 1939. Operations continued north of Seymour to Indianapolis until a collision on September 8, 1941, that wrecked "the majority of the line's rolling stock".[220]

    Interstates

    US Highways

    Indiana State Roads

    Notable people

    Rob Wiethoff
    Rob Wiethoff
    Pee Wee Reese
    Pee Wee Reese, 1954
    Katie Stam
    Katie Stam, 2014
    Meedy White Shields
    Meedy White Shields
    Teri Moren kneeling at courtside, 2020
    Teri Moren, 2020
    Lisa Kennedy Montgomery
    Lisa Kennedy Montgomery
    John Mellencamp, 2007
    John Mellencamp, 2007
    Edgar Whitcomb
    Edgar Whitcomb

    Notable groups and organizations

    • The Elms, Rock and Roll band active between 2000 and 2010
    • Reno Gang, committed the first peacetime train robbery in the United States in Seymour in 1866

    Nearby points of interest

    Local media

    Radio

    • WLCL : 93.9 FM
    • WXKU : 92.7 FM
    • WZZB : 1390 AM and 99.3 FM
    • WJAA : 96.3 FM
    • W252BY : 98.3 FM is a 100-watt repeater for WHUM-LP[230]
    • WJCP: 97.7 FM and 1460 AM
    • WJLR : 91.5 FM (K-Love)

    Print

    See also

    References

    1. ↑ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    2. 1 2 U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Seymour, Indiana
    3. 1 2 "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
    4. ↑ "1853 Jeffersonville Railroad Company". www.thesharegallery.co.uk. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
    5. ↑ Bogle, Victor M. (1962). "Railroad Building in Indiana, 1850-1855". Indiana Magazine of History. 58 (3): 211–232. ISSN 0019-6673. JSTOR 27789009.
    6. 1 2 3 4 5 "History of Seymour". Seymour Weekly Democrat. May 26, 1881. p. 4. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
    7. 1 2 Benbow, Dana Hunsinger (March 8, 2019). "You'd better sit down: Indiana's largest high school basketball gym changes after seating count". The Indianapolis Star.
    8. ↑ "Seymour: When it comes to hosting big games, it has few peers". www.indystar.com. March 2, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
    9. ↑ "History of Seymour, IN (pt 4)". The Tribune. May 6, 1935. p. 3. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
    10. ↑ "Tipton Island". The Tribune. July 4, 1913. p. 1. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
    11. 1 2 "History of Seymour" Newspapers.com, Seymour Weekly Democrat, May 26, 1881, https://www.newspapers.com/article/seymour-weekly-democrat-history-of-seymo/94990904/
    12. ↑ "History of Jackson County". indianamemory.contentdm.oclc.org. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
    13. ↑ "Indian Treaty Corner – Indiana Historical Markers on Waymarking.com". www.waymarking.com. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
    14. ↑ History of Jackson County, Indiana: From the Earliest Time to the Present, with Biographical Sketches, Notes, Etc., Together with an Extended History of the Northwest, the Indiana Territory and the State of Indiana. Unigraphic. 1886. p. 459.
    15. ↑ Jackson County, Names Extracted from “A History of the Colored People of Jackson County Indiana” (1956), by K. L. Combs and Chelsea Sutton. Accessed December 9, 2022.
    16. ↑ "City of Seymour Indiana Tourism Information". www.seymourin.org. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
    17. ↑ "Seymour, Indiana - City Information, Fast Facts, Schools, Colleges, and More". citytowninfo.com. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
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    19. ↑ https://libsysdigi.library.uiuc.edu/oca/Books2007-06/unitedstatesrail00homa/unitedstatesrail00homa_djvu.txt
    20. ↑ "HHE determination report no. HHE-75-187-329, Cincinnati Enquirer, Cincinnati, Ohio". September 1, 1976. doi:10.26616/nioshhhe75187329. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    21. ↑ IHB (December 15, 2020). "Article 13 – Negroes and Mulattoes". IHB. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
    22. ↑ IHB (December 7, 2020). "Alexander McClure". IHB. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
    23. ↑ The Underground Railroad in Indiana, p. 3. https://www.in.gov/dnr/historic-preservation/files/ugrr_history.pdf
    24. ↑ "George Greene, Copperhead". Seymour Times. March 5, 1863. p. 1. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
    25. ↑ Rebber, Elizabeth. Seymour, a Pictorial History. St. Louis, Mo.: G. Bradley Publ., 1991, p. 24
    26. ↑ "50th Indiana Infantry in the American Civil War".
    27. 1 2 "Civil War Service". The Tribune. March 30, 1917. p. 6. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
    28. ↑ "Captain Fielder Jones". The Tribune. September 25, 1920. p. 2. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
    29. ↑ Sellers, Charlotte (2007). Saving Seymour Stories: Tales From the First 50 Years. Seymour Museum Inc.
    30. 1 2 The Cincinnati Enquirer (Cincinnati, Ohio) · January 20, 1864, Wed · p/ 2, Downloaded on February 11, 2022
    31. ↑ The New York Times (New York, New York) · January 22, 1864, Fri · p. 1, Downloaded on March 9, 2022
    32. ↑ From Kentucky; Brigandage Bullies Arrested Cyrus L. Dunham The Cumberland Presbyterians comparison of Prices A Convert's Confessions, &c. The New York Times Louisville, Tuesday, May 27, 1862
    33. ↑ "Page 34". indianamemory.contentdm.oclc.org. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
    34. ↑ Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co.), 1908.
    35. ↑ The Tribune (Seymour, Indiana) · December 28, 1942, Mon · p. 6, Downloaded on February 14, 2022
    36. ↑ The Tribune (Seymour, Indiana) · October 2, 1991, Wednesday · p. 13, Downloaded on January 3, 2022
    37. ↑ Jackson County Banner (Brownstown, Indiana) · September 10, 1873, Wednesday · p. 4 Downloaded on January 3, 2022
    38. ↑ The Cincinnati Enquirer (Cincinnati, Ohio) · July 23, 1868, Thu · p. 8, Downloaded on February 11, 2022
    39. ↑ The Tribune (Seymour, Indiana) · July 29, 1952, Tue · p. 6, Downloaded on January 24, 2022
    40. ↑ The Cincinnati Enquirer (Cincinnati, Ohio) · August 12, 1876, Sat · p. 8, Downloaded on February 11, 2022
    41. ↑ The Tribune (Seymour, Indiana) · February 8, 1995, Wed · p. 4, Downloaded on March 5, 2022
    42. ↑ "Seymour as it is". Seymour Weekly Democrat. June 10, 1880. p. 2. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
    43. ↑ "Food | Seymour Oktoberfest, Inc. | United States". Seymour Oktoberfest. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
    44. ↑ The Tribune (Seymour, Indiana) · November 29, 1963, Fri · p. 6, Downloaded on February 7, 2022
    45. ↑ The Tribune (Seymour, Indiana) · August 13, 1937, Fri · p. 2, Downloaded on February 7, 2022
    46. ↑ Seymour Daily Democrat (Seymour, Indiana) · March 9, 1900, Fri · p. 5, Downloaded on February 7, 2022
    47. ↑ "Alhbrand Carriage Company". The Tribune. March 31, 2010. p. 8. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
    48. ↑ "The Ahlbrand Carriage Company". Seymour Daily Democrat. February 23, 1900. p. 4. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
    49. ↑ The Tribune (Seymour, Indiana) · June 3, 1937, Thu · p. 1, downloaded on January 15, 2022
    50. ↑ "Flood!". The Tribune. June 11, 2008. p. 5. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
    51. ↑ "Gift Announced for Art League" Newspapers.com. The Tribune, December 3, 1914. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tribune-gift-announced-for-art-leagu/125465505/
    52. ↑ "e blish thomapson2". The Tribune. June 16, 1915. p. 1. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
    53. ↑ Lockett, M. Judith Sargeant (June 18, 2011). "Mr. Elbridge Blish Thompson". The Lusitania Resource. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
    54. ↑ "Thompson Scholarship". The Tribune. November 16, 1915. p. 1. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
    55. ↑ Gold star honor roll. A record of Indiana men and women who died in the service of the United States and the allied nations in the world war. 1914–1918
    56. ↑ Rebber, Elizabeth. Seymour, a Pictorial History. St. Louis, Mo.: G. Bradley Publ., 1991, p. 160
    57. ↑ The Tribune (Seymour, Indiana) · December 13, 1989, Wednesday · p. 18, Downloaded on January 23, 2022
    58. ↑ Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.
    59. ↑ Maurer, Maurer (1982). Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II, Office of Air Force history (1982). ISBN 0-8317-1501-4
    60. ↑ Manning, Thomas A. (2005), History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002. Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas OCLC 71006954, 29991467
    61. 1 2 3 Thole, Lou (2001), Forgotten Fields Of America Volume 2. Pictorial Histories Publishing, Missoula ASIN B001KS2PLS
    62. ↑ "How Tuskegee Airmen Fought Military Segregation With Nonviolent Action". HISTORY. January 20, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
    63. ↑ SAMUEL, W. W. E. American Raiders : The Race to Capture the Luftwaffe's Secrets. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2004. ISBN 9781578066490. Disponível em: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=nlebk&AN=221064&site=eds-live&scope=site. Acesso em: 27 maio. 2023.
    64. ↑ Thole, Lou (2001), Forgotten Fields of America Volume 2. Pictorial Histories Publishing, Missoula ASIN B001KS2PLS
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    68. 1 2 Rebber, Elizabeth. Seymour, a Pictorial History. St. Louis, Mo.: G. Bradley Publ., 1991, p. 166
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    92. ↑ "Stardust writes 'The End'" Newspapers.com. The Tribune, September 30, 1989. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tribune-stardust-writes-the-end/125484571/.
    93. ↑ "Landmark Crumbles" Newspapers.com. The Tribune, July 8, 1991. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tribune-landmark-crumbles/125420050/.
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    112. 1 2 3 Indiana Folklore: A Reader. United States: Indiana University Press, 1980.
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    134. 1 2 3 "Jackson County History" Newspapers.com. The Tribune, May 2, 2011. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tribune-jackson-county-history/125822581/.
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    142. 1 2 The Tribune (Seymour, Indiana) · 2 Oct 1959, Fri · Page 1, Downloaded on Mar 4, 2022
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    145. ↑ "Obituary for KITES KESSLER" Newspapers.com. The Tribune, September 12, 1940. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tribune-obituary-for-kites-kessler/126278282/.
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    147. ↑ "Charles Miles elected" Newspapers.com. The Tribune, January 2, 1926. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tribune-charles-miles-elected/126277705/.
    148. ↑ "Able is Mayor" Newspapers.com. The Tribune, January 30, 1929. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tribune-able-is-mayor/126277853/.
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    150. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The Tribune (Seymour, Indiana) · 5 Nov 2003, Wed · Page 1, Downloaded on Mar 4, 2022
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    224. ↑ http://chrisbakergolf.com/about/
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    228. ↑ Covered bridge remains to move — Jackson span set for park in Indy Associated Press August 22, 2008
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    Notes

    1. ↑ Charles E Miles Died will in office.[146]
    2. ↑ Mr. Scott served for 42 days to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Christopher Moritz until the mayor-elect could be sworn in.[150]
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