Map of the provinces of Ethiopia before 1935. (Derived from Perham, Margery (1969):The Government of Ethiopia)

Semien Province (Amharic: ሰሜን, “North”) was a historical province of northwest Ethiopia. According to Manoel De Almeida Semien was bordered on the north-east and north by Tigray and Tselemt, on the east and south by Abergele, and on the west by Wegera.[1] Alexander Murray include Wag as part of Semien.[2]

History

The first mention of the Simien Mountains comes from the Monumentum Adulitanum, an Aksumite inscription recorded by Cosmas Indicopleustes in the sixth century AD. The inscription describes the area as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow.[3] There is also a note in Cosmas Indicopleustes' work which states that the Simien Mountains was a place of exile for subjects condemned to banishment by the Aksumite king.[4]

16th century

During the second stage of the Adal war where much of Ethiopia was under the occupation of Ahmed Gragn and his army, the headquarters of Emperor Galawdewos and his newly arrived Portuguese allies was in Semien.[5]

17th century

Semien was governed by members of the Amhara royalty and nobility. In 1629, Emperor Susenyos made his son Fasilides governor of Semien Province with the title of Aggafari. The title ‘‘Aggafari of Semien’’ became a normal title for the Crown Prince. Thereafter, the title became an honorific title for the governor of Semien, which came to occupy the fifth place in Ethiopian table of ranks.[6]

Dejazmach Anestasyos, nephew of Fasilides, grandson of Susenyos, became the new governor (Aggafari) of Semien.[7]

Yostos, the eldest son and presumptive heir of Emperor Yohannes I governed Semien before his untimely death in June 1676. His brother, Iyasu the Great, then a prince, succeeded him. Iyasu I later became the Emperor in 1682, and moved to Gondar. Iyasu's sister Eleni, a remarkable figure in Ethiopia's 17th century political history succeeded her brother as governor.[8][9]

18th century

Dejazmach Tasfa of Semien governed the region in the 18th century. His son, Ras Gebre (1771-1815) governed Semien since the early years of the Zemene Mesafint period, for more than four decades. On Amba Hay was their fortress stronghold and the main residence of the family.[10][11][12]

19th century

Succeeding his father Gebre, Dejazmach Haile Maryam Gebre reigned for over a decade before making the way for his son Dejazmach Wube Haile Maryam, who significantly expanded the territory of Semien by conquering the provinces of Tsegede, Welkait and eventually went east of the Tekeze to rule Tigray Province and modern day Eritrea.[11]

Taytu Betul, empress consort to Menelik II and niece of Wube, hailed from Semien province.

Economic history

In his early 19th century writings, traveller Henry Salt noted that coarse carpets were made in Semien, from the wool and hair of sheep and goats. Semien was one of the major provinces for sheepherding. Semien itself was the object of insulting jokes by other provincials. Semenites were even ridiculed as soldiers whose shields were made of sheepskin.[13][14]

According to Wallis Budge 1928 publication, Semien was known for its semi-precious stones such as turquoise, carnelian, jaspers of various colors and agates.[15]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Huntingford, G. W. B. (2017-05-15). Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646: Being Extracts from The History of High Ethiopia or Abassia by Manoel de Almeida Together with Bahrey's History of the Galla. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-05271-5.
  2. ↑ Murray, Alexander (1808). Account of the Life and Writings of James Bruce ...: Author of Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, in the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, & 1773. A. Constable. p. 304.
  3. ↑ Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Geographical Review, 50 (1960), pp. 402-411.
  4. ↑ Wolska-Conus, W., La topographie chrétienne (Paris Press univ. de France 1962)
  5. ↑ Bermudez, J. The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541-1543 as narrated by Castanhoso. Рипол Классик. ISBN 978-1-177-41134-9.
  6. ↑ Uhlig, Siegbert; Bausi, Alessandro; Yimam, Baye; Crummey, Donald; Goldenberg, Gideon, eds. (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 146. ISBN 9783447047463. OCLC 722894586. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Uhlig, Siegbert; Bausi, Alessandro; Yimam, Baye; Crummey, Donald; Goldenberg, Gideon, eds. (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 261. ISBN 9783447047463. OCLC 722894586. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Uhlig, Siegbert; Bausi, Alessandro, eds. (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N. Wiesbaden. pp. 249–250. ISBN 9783447056076. OCLC 921905105.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ↑ Uhlig, Siegbert; Bausi, Alessandro; Yimam, Baye, eds. (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 254. ISBN 9783447052382.
  10. ↑ Pearce, Nathaniel (2014). "II". The Life and Adventures of Nathaniel Pearce: Written by Himself, during a Residence in Abyssinia from the Years 1810–1819; Together with Mr Coffin's Account of his First Visit to Gondar. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 111. ISBN 9781107450516.
  11. 1 2 Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis (2012). Dictionary of African biography vol 1-6. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 180–181. ISBN 9780195382075.
  12. ↑ Uhlig, Siegbert; Bausi, Alessandro; Yimam, Baye (2010). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: O-X. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-06246-6. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Salt, Henry (1809). Voyages and travels to India, Ceylon, the Red Sea, Abyssinia, and Egypt, in the years 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, and 1806. Vol. 3. London: Printed for William Miller, Albemarle-Street, by W. Bulmer and Co., Cleveland-Row, St. James's. p. 162. OCLC 15027465.
  14. ↑ Rosenfeld, Chris Prouty (1986). "The background of Taytu Betul Hayle Maryam". Empress Taytu and Menilek II Ethiopia 1883-1910. Ravens Educational & Development Services. p. 28. ISBN 9780932415103.
  15. ↑ Budge, Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis (1966). A history of Ethiopia, Nubia & Abyssinia. According to the hieroglyphic inscriptions of Egypt and Nubia, and the Ethiopian chronicles. London, Oosterhout: Methuen (1928), N.B. Anthropological Publications (1966). p. 126. OCLC 874381390.


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