Security service is a service, provided by a layer of communicating open systems, which ensures adequate security of the systems or of data transfers[1] as defined by ITU-T X.800 Recommendation.
X.800 and ISO 7498-2 (Information processing systems – Open systems interconnection – Basic Reference Model – Part 2: Security architecture)[2] are technically aligned. This model is widely recognized [3] [4]

A more general definition is in CNSS Instruction No. 4009 dated 26 April 2010 by Committee on National Security Systems of United States of America:[5]

A capability that supports one, or more, of the security requirements (Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability). Examples of security services are key management, access control, and authentication.

Another authoritative definition is in W3C Web service Glossary [6] adopted by NIST SP 800-95:[7]

A processing or communication service that is provided by a system to give a specific kind of protection to resources, where said resources may reside with said system or reside with other systems, for example, an authentication service or a PKI-based document attribution and authentication service. A security service is a superset of AAA services. Security services typically implement portions of security policies and are implemented via security mechanisms.

Basic security terminology

Information security and Computer security are disciplines that are dealing with the requirements of Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, the so-called CIA Triad, of information asset of an organization (company or agency) or the information managed by computers respectively.

There are threats that can attack the resources (information or devices to manage it) exploiting one or more vulnerabilities. The resources can be protected by one or more countermeasures or security controls.[8]

So security services implement part of the countermeasures, trying to achieve the security requirements of an organization.[3][9]

Basic OSI terminology

In order to let different devices (computers, routers, cellular phones) to communicate data in a standardized way, communication protocols had been defined.

The ITU-T organization published a large set of protocols. The general architecture of these protocols is defined in recommendation X.200.[10]

The different means (air, cables) and ways (protocols and protocol stacks) to communicate are called a communication network.

Security requirements are applicable to the information sent over the network. The discipline dealing with security over a network is called Network security.[11]

The X.800 Recommendation:[1]

  1. provides a general description of security services and related mechanisms, which may be provided by the Reference Model; and
  2. defines the positions within the Reference Model where the services and mechanisms may be provided.

This Recommendation extends the field of application of Recommendation X.200, to cover secure communications between open systems.

According to X.200 Recommendation, in the so-called OSI Reference model there are 7 layers, each one is generically called N layer. The N+1 entity ask for transmission services to the N entity.[10]

At each level two entities (N-entity) interact by means of the (N) protocol by transmitting Protocol Data Units (PDU). Service Data Unit (SDU) is a specific unit of data that has been passed down from an OSI layer, to a lower layer, and has not yet been encapsulated into a PDU, by the lower layer. It is a set of data that is sent by a user of the services of a given layer, and is transmitted semantically unchanged to a peer service user . The PDU at any given layer, layer 'n', is the SDU of the layer below, layer 'n-1'. In effect the SDU is the 'payload' of a given PDU. That is, the process of changing a SDU to a PDU, consists of an encapsulation process, performed by the lower layer. All the data contained in the SDU becomes encapsulated within the PDU. The layer n-1 adds headers or footers, or both, to the SDU, transforming it into a PDU of layer n-1. The added headers or footers are part of the process used to make it possible to get data from a source to a destination.[10]

OSI security services description

The following are considered to be the security services which can be provided optionally within the framework of the OSI Reference Model. The authentication services require authentication information comprising locally stored information and data that is transferred (credentials) to facilitate the authentication:[1][4]

Authentication
These services provide for the authentication of a communicating peer entity and the source of data as described below.
Peer entity authentication
This service, when provided by the (N)-layer, provides corroboration to the (N + 1)-entity that the peer entity is the claimed (N + 1)-entity.
Data origin authentication
This service, when provided by the (N)-layer, provides corroboration to an (N + 1)-entity that the source of the data is the claimed peer (N + 1)-entity.
Access control
This service provides protection against unauthorized use of resources accessible via OSI. These may be OSI or non-OSI resources accessed via OSI protocols. This protection service may be applied to various types of access to a resource (e.g., the use of a communications resource; the reading, the writing, or the deletion of an information resource; the execution of a processing resource) or to all accesses to a resource.
Data confidentiality
These services provide for the protection of data from unauthorized disclosure as described below
Connection confidentiality
This service provides for the confidentiality of all (N)-user-data on an (N)-connection
Connectionless confidentiality
This service provides for the confidentiality of all (N)-user-data in a single connectionless (N)-SDU
Selective field confidentiality
This service provides for the confidentiality of selected fields within the (N)-user-data on an (N)-connection or in a single connectionless (N)-SDU.
Traffic flow confidentiality
This service provides for the protection of the information which might be derived from observation of traffic flows.
Data integrity
These services counter active threats and may take one of the forms described below.
Connection integrity with recovery
This service provides for the integrity of all (N)-user-data on an (N)-connection and detects any modification, insertion, deletion or replay of any data within an entire SDU sequence (with recovery attempted).
Connection integrity without recovery
As for the previous one but with no recovery attempted.
Selective field connection integrity
This service provides for the integrity of selected fields within the (N)-user data of an (N)-SDU transferred over a connection and takes the form of determination of whether the selected fields have been modified, inserted, deleted or replayed.
Connectionless integrity
This service, when provided by the (N)-layer, provides integrity assurance to the requesting (N + 1)-entity. This service provides for the integrity of a single connectionless SDU and may take the form of determination of whether a received SDU has been modified. Additionally, a limited form of detection of replay may be provided.
Selective field connectionless integrity
This service provides for the integrity of selected fields within a single connectionless SDU and takes the form of determination of whether the selected fields have been modified.
Non-repudiation
This service may take one or both of two forms.
Non-repudiation with proof of origin
The recipient of data is provided with proof of the origin of data. This will protect against any attempt by the sender to falsely deny sending the data or its contents.
Non-repudiation with proof of delivery
The sender of data is provided with proof of delivery of data. This will protect against any subsequent attempt by the recipient to falsely deny receiving the data or its contents.

Specific security mechanisms

The security services may be provided by means of security mechanism:[1][3][4]

The table1/X.800 shows the relationships between services and mechanisms

Illustration of relationship of security services and mechanisms
Service Mechanism
EnciphermentDigital signatureAccess controlData integrityAuthentication exchangeTraffic paddingRouting controlNotarization
Peer entity authenticationYY··Y···
Data origin authenticationYY······
Access control service··Y·····
Connection confidentialityY.····Y·
Connectionless confidentialityY·····Y·
Selective field confidentialityY·······
Traffic flow confidentialityY····YY·
Connection Integrity with recoveryY··Y····
Connection integritywithout recoveryY··Y····
Selective field connection integrityY··Y····
Connectionless integrityYY·Y····
Selective field connectionless integrityYY·Y····
Non-repudiation. Origin·Y·Y···Y
Non-repudiation. DeliveryY·Y···Y

Some of them can be applied to connection oriented protocols, other to connectionless protocols or both.

The table 2/X.800 illustrates the relationship of security services and layers:[4]

Illustration of the relationship of security services and layers
Service Layer
1234567*
Peer entity authentication··YY··Y
Data origin authentication··YY··Y
Access control service··YY··Y
Connection confidentialityYYYY·YY
Connectionless confidentiality·YYY·YY
Selective field confidentiality·····YY
Traffic flow confidentialityY·Y···Y
Connection Integrity with recovery···Y··Y
Connection integrity without recovery··YY··Y
Selective field connection integrity······Y
Connectionless integrity··YY··Y
Selective field connectionless integrity······Y
Non-repudiation Origin······Y
Non-repudiation. Delivery······Y

Managed security service

Managed security service (MSS) are network security services that have been outsourced to a service provider.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 X.800 : Security architecture for Open Systems Interconnection for CCITT applications
  2. ↑ ISO 7498-2 (Information processing systems – Open systems interconnection – Basic Reference Model – Part 2: Security architecture)
  3. 1 2 3 William Stallings Crittografia e sicurezza delle reti Seconda edizione ISBN 88-386-6377-7 Traduzione Italiana a cura di Luca Salgarelli di Cryptography and Network security 4 edition Pearson 2006
  4. 1 2 3 4 Securing information and communications systems: principles, technologies, and applications Steven Furnell, Sokratis Katsikas, Javier Lopez, Artech House, 2008 - 362 pages
  5. ↑ CNSS Instruction No. 4009 dated 26 April 2010
  6. ↑ W3C Web Services Glossary
  7. ↑ NIST Special Publication 800-95 Guide to Secure Web Services
  8. ↑ Internet Engineering Task Force RFC 2828 Internet Security Glossary
  9. ↑ Network security essentials: applications and standards, William Stallings, Prentice Hall, 2007 - 413 pages
  10. 1 2 3 X.200 : Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Basic Reference Model: The basic model
  11. ↑ Simmonds, A; Sandilands, P; van Ekert, L (2004). "An Ontology for Network Security Attacks". Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3285: 317–323
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