In the mathematical discipline of descriptive set theory, a scale is a certain kind of object defined on a set of points in some Polish space (for example, a scale might be defined on a set of real numbers). Scales were originally isolated as a concept in the theory of uniformization,^[1] but have found wide applicability in descriptive set theory, with applications such as establishing bounds on the possible lengths of wellorderings of a given complexity, and showing (under certain assumptions) that there are largest countable sets of certain complexities.

Formal definition

Given a pointset A contained in some product space

${\displaystyle A\subseteq X=X_{0}\times X_{1}\times \ldots X_{m-1}}$

where each X_k is either the Baire space or a countably infinite discrete set, we say that a norm on A is a map from A into the ordinal numbers. Each norm has an associated prewellordering, where one element of A precedes another element if the norm of the first is less than the norm of the second.

A scale on A is a countably infinite collection of norms

${\displaystyle (\phi _{n})_{n<\omega }}$

with the following properties:

If the sequence x_i is such that

x_i is an element of A for each natural number i, and

x_i converges to an element x in the product space X, and

for each natural number n there is an ordinal λ_n such that φ_n(x_i)=λ_n for all sufficiently large i, then

x is an element of A, and

for each n, φ_n(x)≤λ_n.^[2]

By itself, at least granted the axiom of choice, the existence of a scale on a pointset is trivial, as A can be wellordered and each φ_n can simply enumerate A. To make the concept useful, a definability criterion must be imposed on the norms (individually and together). Here "definability" is understood in the usual sense of descriptive set theory; it need not be definability in an absolute sense, but rather indicates membership in some pointclass of sets of reals. The norms φ_n themselves are not sets of reals, but the corresponding prewellorderings are (at least in essence).

The idea is that, for a given pointclass Γ, we want the prewellorderings below a given point in A to be uniformly represented both as a set in Γ and as one in the dual pointclass of Γ, relative to the "larger" point being an element of A. Formally, we say that the φ_n form a Γ-scale on A if they form a scale on A and there are ternary relations S and T such that, if y is an element of A, then

${\displaystyle \forall n\forall x(\varphi _{n}(x)\leq \varphi _{n}(y)\iff S(n,x,y)\iff T(n,x,y))}$

where S is in Γ and T is in the dual pointclass of Γ (that is, the complement of T is in Γ).^[3] Note here that we think of φ_n(x) as being ∞ whenever x∉A; thus the condition φ_n(x)≤φ_n(y), for y∈A, also implies x∈A.

The definition does not imply that the collection of norms is in the intersection of Γ with the dual pointclass of Γ. This is because the three-way equivalence is conditional on y being an element of A. For y not in A, it might be the case that one or both of S(n,x,y) or T(n,x,y) fail to hold, even if x is in A (and therefore automatically φ_n(x)≤φ_n(y)=∞).

Applications

Scale property

The scale property is a strengthening of the prewellordering property. For pointclasses of a certain form, it implies that relations in the given pointclass have a uniformization that is also in the pointclass.

Periodicity

Notes

References

• Moschovakis, Yiannis N. (1980), Descriptive Set Theory, North Holland, ISBN 0-444-70199-0
• Kechris, Alexander S.; Moschovakis, Yiannis N. (2008), "Notes on the theory of scales", in Kechris, Alexander S.; Benedikt Löwe; Steel, John R. (eds.), Games, Scales and Suslin Cardinals: The Cabal Seminar, Volume I, Cambridge University Press, pp. 28–74, ISBN 978-0-521-89951-2